Primary Water Source Research Articles

Investigation of Sterile Mining Dumps Resulting from Ore Exploitation and Processing in Maramures County, Romania

Abandoned sterile dumps can be a significant source of environmental pollution, therefore the distribution of trace elements throughout mining is vital. Monitoring environmental factors in closed mining perimeters aims to track the quality of discharged waters in the emissary and assess acid mine drainage, the quality of the soil and vegetation, stability, and the condition of the land surfaces within the perimeter of the sterile deposits. One of the primary sources of land, water and air pollution is sterile mining dumps. Knowing the source of pollution is the first step in adequately managing the affected areas. This paper investigates the physical–chemical properties and the concentrations of heavy metals in sterile dumps resulting from mining. We studied one sterile dump that was the result of ore processing and whose surface was covered with abandoned mixed ore concentrate (Pb, Zn), located in the Băiuț mining area (Romania), and a second sterile mining dump that was the result of exploration and exploitation work in the Ilba mining area (Romania). In order to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the studied sterile dumps and to determine the concentration of heavy metals, 27 sterile samples and one soil sample were taken from the Băiuț dump. Additionally, 10 sterile samples and one soil sample were collected from the Ilba dump. Aqua regia extractable concentrations of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. At the same time, using a portable XRF, we analyzed selected samples from each site for total metal concentrations. Furthermore, from each site, one sample was analyzed by FT–IR spectrometry. The pH values in both sterile dumps were highly acidic (≤3.5) and the content of heavy metals was generally increased.

Assessment of groundwater quality in Vavuniya and Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka using multivariate statistical techniques and a Water Quality Index

Abstract Groundwater is the primary source of potable water in the Northern province of Sri Lanka. Extensive development projects, comprising resettlements after the civil war, resulted in more groundwater extraction. This study focused to assess water quality considering drinking by developing a Water Quality Index (WQI), applying Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and developing spatial distribution maps. Findings revealed more than 50% of samples reported total dissolved solid (TDS), hardness, and alkalinity values above the Sri Lankan drinking water quality standards (SLS 614:2013). 7 and 13% of sampling sites were in the ‘Excellent’ and ‘Poor’ subclasses, respectively. PCA results explained >77% of variability by the first four principal components (PCs). PC1 and PC2 reflect geogenic processes while PC3 reflects natural processes like high rainfall and PC4 indicates anthropogenic pollution sources. HCA rendered 122 sampling sites into three clusters. An integrated map of the WQI and three clusters discovers a predominant analysis of potable water quality, highlighting the deterioration of groundwater quality mainly in the study area's 18 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs). Artificial recharging at the household level and introducing proper sanitation facilities and regulations in agricultural practices shall be implemented to improve the WQI further.

Origin and evolution of intercrystalline brine in the northern Qaidam Basin based on hydrochemistry and stable isotopes

The Kunteyi Basin, located in northern Qaidam, is known as a significant potash ore deposit in China. It is of great significance to study the origin of the potassium-rich intercrystalline brine to support the exploitation of potassium salts. In this study, the major ion concentrations and isotopic ratios (δ2H, δ18O, and δ11B) of intercrystalline brine were used to analyze the evolution of the brine. The results show that the intercrystalline brine has a much higher concentration of total dissolved solids compared with the oil-field brine. Most of the ions are enriched except Ca2+ and Br−. The value of δ2H and δ18O are much negative while the δ11B values are positive. The analysis of CNa/CCl, CBr/CCl, Cl/(Na + K + Mg) and isotopes ratios, indicate that (1) Atmospheric precipitation is the primary source of water in brine; (2) The salinity of the brine is mainly influenced by halite dissolution; (3) The study area was influenced by the deep hydrothermal fluids. The thermal water recharged the Pleistocene layer, reacted with polyhalite, and formed Mg- and K-rich brine. The solution rose along the channel formed by the Shuangqiquan Fault and was supplied to the shallow intercrystalline brine.

Use of the water quality index and multivariate analysis to assess groundwater quality for drinking purpose in Ratnapura district, Sri Lanka

Groundwater is a key source of freshwater for communities in many nations, including Sri Lanka. However, with the current trends of population growth and climate change, stress on groundwater is increasing at an alarming rate. Groundwater quality in Sri Lanka has already been depleted over time as a result of both anthropogenic and natural factors, and there is a significant likelihood that such issues will get worse in the near future. The overall groundwater quality in Ratnapura district has not been the subject of any prior studies, despite the fact that many residents depend on groundwater as their primary source of water. Under these circumstances, this groundwater quality study was conducted to assess the groundwater quality in Ratnapura district with respect to the drinking water quality standards. In this study, available data on 10 water quality parameters from 50 groundwater sources was utilized to analyze the groundwater quality using several statistical and graphical methods. In particular, the Water Quality Index (WQI), geostatistical modeling, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and spatial autocorrelation analysis were used to assess the overall water quality and potential causes for variations over the area. Overall results revealed significant deterioration of groundwater quality in the eastern and south-eastern areas of the district. Multivariate analysis results revealed substantial differences between groundwater in the wet zone and the dry zone of the district, implying increased mineralization of groundwater in the dry zone. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that both climate and soil properties have a substantial impact on groundwater quality variation across the district. Future hydrogeological research in the area, as well as water engineers, policy makers, government officials, donor agencies, etc., will benefit from the findings of this study.

Atmospheric water transport connectivity within and between ocean basins and land

Abstract. The global atmospheric water transport from the net evaporation to the net precipitation regions has been traced using Lagrangian trajectories. A matrix has been constructed by selecting various group of trajectories based on their surface starting (net evaporation) and ending (net precipitation) positions to show the connectivity of the 3-D atmospheric water transport within and between the three major ocean basins and the global landmass. The analysis reveals that a major portion of the net evaporated water precipitates back into the same region, namely 67 % for the Indian Ocean, 64 % for the Atlantic Ocean, 85 % for the Pacific Ocean and 72 % for the global landmass. It has also been calculated that 58 % of the net terrestrial precipitation was sourced from land evaporation. The net evaporation from the subtropical regions of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific oceans is found to be the primary source of atmospheric water for precipitation over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the corresponding basins. The net evaporated waters from the subtropical and western Indian Ocean were traced as the source for precipitation over the South Asian and eastern African landmass, while Atlantic Ocean waters are responsible for rainfall over North Asia and western Africa. Atlantic storm tracks were identified as the carrier of atmospheric water that precipitates over Europe, while the Pacific storm tracks were responsible for North American, eastern Asian and Australian precipitation. The bulk of South and Central American precipitation is found to have its source in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The land-to-land atmospheric water transport is pronounced over the Amazon basin, western coast of South America, Congo basin, northeastern Asia, Canada and Greenland. The ocean-to-land and land-to-ocean water transport through the atmosphere was computed to be 2×109 and 1×109 kg s−1, respectively. The difference between them (net ocean-to-land transport), i.e. 1×109 kg s−1, is transported to land. This net transport is approximately the same as found in previous estimates which were calculated from the global surface water budget.

Relationship between hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs and seismic activity in the Jinshajiang fault zone, Southeast Tibetan Plateau

Significant anomalous hydrogeochemical changes in hot spring water are detected during strong seismic cycles. It is now necessary to clarify the relationship between tectonic movements, earthquakes and the evolution of hot springs. In this paper, laboratory analyses of major, trace elements, δD, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr values of 28 hot spring waters in the Jinshajiang fault zone (JSJFZ) in the northwestern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block were conducted. The results showed that the primary source of water for JSJFZ hot springs was atmospheric precipitation. The geothermal reservoir temperature variation based on the silicon enthalpy mixing model ranged from 73 to 272°C. And the circulation depth range was 1.2–5.4 km. The segmentation characteristics of the 87Sr/86Sr values were related to the influence of source rocks on groundwater cycle processes. A conceptual model of the hydrologic cycle of hot springs explained the spatial distribution of earthquakes associated with tectonic movements. The Batang segment had the strongest water-rock reaction, the highest reservoir temperature and the deepest circulation depth; meanwhile, it was also an earthquake prone area. The fluid circulation of the JSJFZ corresponds well with the seismicity, which indicates that the hydrological characteristics of the hot spring water in a fracture zone play a crucial role in receiving information on seismic activity.

Nitrate Pollution and Expansion of Free-Floating Plants in 3 Lower Wisconsin River Oxbow Lakes

Marshall DW, Wade K, Unmuth JL. 2023. Nitrate pollution and expansion of free-floating plants in 3 Lower Wisconsin River oxbow lakes. Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XX–XX. The Lower Wisconsin State Riverway (LWSR) in southwest Wisconsin is one of the highest quality large river floodplain ecosystems in the Midwest and is designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. Oxbow lakes are important features of this floodplain ecosystem but many had become highly eutrophic by about 2011. Free-floating plants (FFP), comprised of duckweeds and filamentous algae, expanded in many groundwater-fed oxbow lakes along the LWSR. Beginning in 2013, we investigated possible causes of eutrophication. Our water pollution investigation indicated the primary oxbow water source is groundwater that flows beneath the cropland intensive Pleistocene sand terrace. The sand terrace aquifer delivers large amounts of NO3-N with concentrations that exceeded the federal and state Drinking Water Enforcement Standard (10 mg/L). Aquifer total phosphorus concentrations were orders of magnitude lower. NO3-N:total phosphorus (TP) ratios in terrace groundwater often exceeded 500:1. Estimated NO3-N loading rates were variable and ranged from 2989 kg/yr discharged to a 5.5 ha oxbow lake up to 33,091 kg/yr discharged to a 35 ha floodplain flowage. The results suggest coordinated groundwater and surface water quality protections are needed, and potentially Clean Water Act enforcement. Strategies designed to protect domestic water supplies beneath the sand terrace can reduce NO3-N pollution in the oxbow lakes. Addressing this issue could begin with adopting recommended surface water nitrogen criteria and developing FFP impairment criteria for LWSR oxbow lakes.

Evaluation of the physicochemical parameters on the water quality of the major rivers of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines

<abstract> <p>The province of Zamboanga del Norte is endowed with ample water resources which are the primary sources of domestic water for the people in the area. Nevertheless, these water resources face several man-made and industrial activities that generate unwanted pollution. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of the major rivers of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines were investigated to know the present condition and assess the overall water quality. The physicochemical parameters that were investigated includes pH, temperature, nitrate-nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub>-N), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphates ($ {\mathrm{P}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $) and total mercury (Hg). The results of the water analyses revealed that the pH, temperature, nitrate as NO<sub>3</sub>-N and the total Hg were within the acceptable range prescribed by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and World Health Organization (WHO). However, there was a significant increase of the total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations of 138±58.9,142.3±36.6 and 243±9.5 mg/L, respectively from downstream, midstream and upstream of Sindangan river. The total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations exceeded the permissible limit of 25–65 mg/L recommended by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Furthermore, the data showed that all values of the total phosphates for all the river systems exceeded the prescribed limit. Thus, to maintain the water quality of these rivers, proper monitoring and government intervention are very much required.</p> </abstract>

Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Huai Luang River in Udon Thani, Thailand, Using the Water Quality Index

This study aimed to analyze the surface water quality of the Huai Luang River using the water quality index (WQI) method. Five parameters were analyzed to assess the water quality of the Huai Luang River; they were dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total coliform bacteria (TCB), fecal coliform bacteria (FCB), and ammonia (NH3). The Huai Luang River is the municipality’s primary consumption water source in Udon Thani province, Thailand. WQI classifications were calculated by using the surface water quality standards program of Thailand’s Pollution Control Department (PCD-WQI). The results showed that the water quality in the Huai Luang River was bad status, in the WQI range of 54-60 scores. The major sources of pollutants in the Huai Luang River were wastewater from communities, agriculture, and animal farms are the main contributors to water pollution. Seasonal water quality variations were observed at each monitoring site from March 2022 to February 2023. WQI concentration in the rainy season (March to June) was generally among the highest (57 score) compared with other seasons (56 score in winter and 54 score in summer). While the WQI concentration of the upstream sampling site (domestic wastewater) had the lowest (55 score) compared with the other sites (59 score for midstream and 60 score for downstream). Therefore, this research study presented valuable information on WQI for the Huai Luang River for water quality management by administrators and local community participation.

Sources and microbiological quality of domestic water in three rural communities in the southern Caribbean.

This study investigated the sources and microbiological quality of domestic water used by rural communities of Speightstown, Barbados; Carriacou, Grenada; and Nariva, Trinidad. The primary water source was harvested rainwater in Carriacou, and the public water supply for Nariva and Speightstown. Secondary water supplies of the communities came from untreated sources including rainwater, wells, boreholes and springs. E. coli was detected at higher frequencies in water from Carriacou (41.3%) and Nariva (47.4%) than Speightstown (3.6%). Generally, more untreated samples of rainwater (44.6%) and surface/ground water (58.3%) were E. coli positive than treated water obtained from the public supply (9.9%). These findings demonstrate the increased risk to residents in rural communities of the Caribbean who utilize untreated rainwater and environmental sources such as springs and wells. These results demonstrate the usefulness of traditional methods such as the compartment bag test in determining the microbiological quality of domestic water in resource-challenged rural communities of the Caribbean.

914: SEPSIS IN THE STREAM: SEVERE LEGIONELLA AND HISTOPLASMA PNEUMONIA ACQUIRED FROM SPRING WATER

Introduction: Legionnaires’ disease (LD) and pulmonary histoplasmosis are important causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Both infections are acquired via inhalation from a myriad of reported contaminated environmental sources. Herein, we present a case of concurrent LD and pulmonary histoplasmosis ultimately linked to contaminated spring water used in a home continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, highlighting the importance of source identification and proper patient education on device maintenance. Description: A 67-year-old male with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was admitted to our ICU for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring endotracheal intubation after one week of dyspnea associated with fevers, vomiting, and diarrhea. Vital signs on arrival were significant for fever of 102.8°F, vasopressor-dependent hypotension, and refractory hypoxemia despite maximal ventilator support. Thoracic CT revealed bilateral multifocal consolidations and urine legionella antigen test was positive, confirming the diagnosis of LD. He was also diagnosed with possible pulmonary histoplasmosis after serum histoplasma antigen resulted positive. Treatment included salvage ARDS supportive measures and broad-spectrum antimicrobials, including levofloxacin and amphotericin B. His ICU course was complicated by a prolonged ventilator wean requiring tracheostomy. Upon further questioning, the patient’s family revealed he used a nearby spring as his primary water source, including in his home CPAP device. He ultimately transitioned to a step-down unit with plans for outpatient pulmonary follow-up on discharge. Discussion: Legionella pneumonia and pulmonary histoplasmosis both represent significant and potentially fatal causes of CAP. Environmental reservoirs remain the primary source of infection and may persist since investigations are often reserved for large outbreaks. Our case highlights a source of both legionella and histoplasmosis not previously reported. It demonstrates the value of taking a thorough history while recognizing non-traditional sources of both infections. It also highlights the importance of emphasizing proper device maintenance. Increased awareness of risk factors for these infections enables earlier diagnosis and treatment and ideally improves outcomes.

Biomonitoring as a tool in assessing the water quality of Ghodha Pachad Dam (district Bhopal, M.P.) during summer season

Macrozoobenthos comprise an important group of aqua fauna by way of their contribution to ecosystem stability, besides acting as potential bio indicators of trophic status. Numerous plants and animals that have benthic aquatic and terrestrial components-which are essential for life-find habitat in rivers. The Ghodha Pachad Dam, which is found in the Bhopal district's Huzur tehsil, was the subject of the current study. Rainwater is the primary source of water for this dam. In this investigation, two sampling locations were used. To determine the Ghodha Pachad Dam's level of contamination, samples were taken and examined. The study's objective was to evaluate the water quality using Macrozoobenthos. Utilizing the BMWP and ASPT Scoring Index as well as physicochemical characteristics recommended by APHA, the water quality was evaluated. A total of 21 species of macrozoobenthos were observed in Ghodha Pachad Dam belonging to three phyla viz., phylum Arthropoda, phylum Mollusca and phylum Annelida BMWP and ASPT scores, combined with biological and physico-chemical characteristics of the water, can be used to correlate the level of contamination at the dam.

The Bolgoda Ecosystem: A laboratory in the neighbourhood

The Bolgoda wetland complex [Figure: 1] is located on the southwest boundary of the Colombo District and is considered the largest freshwater resource in the Western Province. In detail, Bolgoda (north) Lake and Bolgoda South Lake, which the Bolgoda river connects, are two vast freshwater bodies that cover an area of approximately 400 square kilometers. In addition to Bolgoda Lakes, the Bolgoda Basin consists of five other lakes: Boralesgamuwa, Gamanpila, Kes-bewa, Uyanwatta, and Walgama and the Lunawa Lagoon. This wetland complex has been listed in the “1001 Natural wonders of the world: you must see before you die”, published in 2017 by Michael Bright (Ed.), due to its ecological, social, and economic significance. Bolgoda wetland usually receives considerable rainfall throughout the year, with peaks during the monsoons. Weras river, which travels through a major garbage dumpsite and an industrial zone, delivers the primary water source to the Bolgoda Lakes and the rain and runoffs from two small streams named Panape Ela and Rambana Ela fed by Maha Oya [1]. Further connections of the Bolgoda hydrological system exist through Bolgoda Canal & Kirulapone Canal to Kelani Riv¬er, through Keppu Ela to Kalu Ganga, and through Thalpitiya Ela to the ocean south of Panadura Estuary.

India's achievement towards sustainable Development Goal 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) in the 2030 Agenda

BackgroundClean water and sanitation are global public health issues. Safe drinking water and sanitation are essential, especially for children, to prevent acute and chronic illness death and sustain a healthy life. The UN General Assembly announced the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets for the 2030 Agenda on 25 September 2015. SDG 6 is very important because it affects other SDG (1, 2,3,5,11,14 and 15). The present study deals with the national and state-wise analysis of the current status and to access deficiency of India's achievement towards SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation for all) for the 2030 agenda based on targets 6.1, 6.2,6.4,6.6 from 2012 to 2020.Materials and methodsData of different indicators of SDG 6 are collected from different secondary sources—NSS 69th (2012) and 76th (2018) round; CGWB annual report 2016–2017 and 2018-2019; NARSS (2019–2020); SBM-Grameen (2020). To understand overall achievement towards SDG 6 in the 2030 agenda, the goal score (arithmetic mean of normalised value) has been calculated.Major findingsAccording to NSS data, 88.7% of Indian households had enough drinking water from primary drinking water sources throughout the year, while 79.8% of households had access to toilet facilities in 2018. As per the 2019–2021 goal score for States and UTs in rural India based on SDG 6 indicator, SDG 6 achiever States and UTs (100%) are Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.ConclusionDrinking water and sanitation for all ensure a healthy life. It is a matter of concern for the government, policymakers, and people to improve the condition where the goal score and indicator value of SDG 6 are low.

Manure Waste Management to Produce and Utilize Biogas Efficiently and Effectively in a Smart Eco-Social Village in Bandung

The river is one of the primary sources of fresh water. It serves purposes for irrigation systems in agriculture, fulfilling domestic needs (water drinking, washing), transportation medium, energy production, and leisure. In West Bandung, the Cikapundung River becomes the source of life to sustain the population. More than 50% of the population upstream Cikapundung lives as agriculture and dairy farmers. Unfortunately, due to those activities, the river condition is considered unhealthy. Agriculture and dairy farmers discharge their wastes into the river instead of employing them for biogas, despite biogas's role in ensuring farming sustainability. Thus, Chemical Engineering Department and Student Society (HMPSTK) of Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR) constructed a system involving biodigester to produce biogas from agricultural waste (cow manure and organic waste) as a prototype solution for this issue. The community service program was divided into seven stages: a) Problem identification, b) Location survey and advocacy, c) Sample collection, d) Research, e) Construction of a biogas digester, f) Socialization with the local community, and g) Follow-up of the outcomes. In fact, a 5,000 Liter of fiberglass bio-digester was successfully installed in Cibodas Village, Maribaya, Lembang, with the help of PRIMARY (Program Biogas Rumah), a local biogas contractor. The mixture of livestock manures and organic waste of a 3:1 ratio produced the largest biogas volume. Biogas generated from biodigester was applied for cooking and lighting kerosene lamps. The result showed that no leakage was observed until 3-years of installation of the biodigester. However, it is suggested that a continuous and solid system involving multiple ways of manure processing such as the biogas and vermicompost production as well as the biogas utilization should be designed to encourage not only a eco-friendly solution but also to initiate a circular economy model in the community. Thus, it will be a sustainable solution not only for overcoming the largest issue of Cikapundung Rivers's organic waste disposal but also for the other agriculture and farming in Indonesia.

EPID-12. REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF BRAIN GLIOMA IN ADULTS IN ALABAMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults in the US with an annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAA-IR) of 4.67 to 5.73 per 100,000 persons. There are several sources of carcinogenic contaminants in northeast Alabama and western Georgia with the Coosa River serving as the region’s primary water source. We aimed to examine the incidence rate of glioma, as well as tumor characteristics and overall survival, in northeast Alabama compared to the rest of the state. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study using the UAB Neuro-Oncology clinic database including adult patients ( ≥ 20 years at diagnosis) with histologically confirmed diagnosis of glioma (ICD10: 71.9) residing in the state of Alabama at the time of diagnosis between January 2015 and December 2019. We calculated AAA-IR among residents in counties intersected by the Coosa River in northeast Alabama (exposed group) compared to the rest of the state (non-exposed group). The electronic medical records of the participants were reviewed for patient demographics, insurance status, tumor grade and molecular markers, as well as the vital status. The overall survival was graphically examined using Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS A total of 660 patients were included in this study (528 non-exposed, and 132 exposed). The AAA-IR of glioma in the exposed group was 4.76 per 100,000 persons vs 3.14 per 100,000 persons in the non-exposed group with a 50 % higher incidence rate of glioma in the exposed group (RR = 1.50; 95% CI, 1.22-1.89). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to age at diagnosis, sex, race, surgery type, tumor grade, IDH status, or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a higher incidence of glioma in northeast Alabama. Future geospatial and population-based epidemiological investigations are needed to identify possible regional environmental risk factors and examine temporal sequence.

Jute Fibers Synergy with nZVI/GO: Superficial Properties Enhancement for Arsenic Removal in Water with Possible Application in Dynamic Flow Filtration Systems.

Groundwater is one of the primary sources of water for both drinking and industrial use in northeastern Mexican territory, around 46% of the total, due to the lack of precipitation during the year and solar radiation index. The presence of arsenic in brackish soil and groundwater is a severe health issue, specifically in semi-arid and arid regions in the north of Mexico. Additionally, it represents the only source of drinking water in communities far from big cities, mainly due to the absence of hydric infrastructure. This work presents a new approach to treating polluted water with arsenic. The system based on activating jute fiber with nanoparticles of zero-valent iron immobilized over graphene oxide will allow nZVI particles to preserve their unique qualities for water sanitization. A dynamic flow test was designed to determine the effectivity of activated jute fibers as a water sanitation system. The results showed a reduction in the total arsenic content from 350 ppb to 34 ppb with a filtrate flow of 20 mL/min. The above represents 90% adsorption by the activated fiber. The analyzed sample corresponds to contaminated groundwater taken from Coahuila, Mexico. This sanitation system could be applied to low-income populations lacking robust infrastructure, such arsenic treatment plants.

“Half a flood’s no good”: flooding, viticulture, and hydrosocial terroir in a South Australian wine region

Floods generate both risks and benefits. In Langhorne Creek, South Australia, a historically-embedded system of shared floodwater management exists among farmers, who rely on semi-regular flood inundations as part of the region’s hydrosocial terroir – a dynamic conjunction of water, landscape, social relations and agricultural practice. Unruly floods coexist with a heavily regulated and precisely measured system of modern water management for viticultural irrigation across the region. Since the mid-twentieth century, groundwater extraction and new pipeline schemes have linked Langhorne Creek to the Murray Darling Basin water management system, which has displaced flooding as the primary source of irrigation water. The associated modernist shift towards the rationalization of water as a measurable resource has acted to sideline flood irrigation. Yet, floods maintain important viticultural, ecological and social roles in Langhorne Creek, adding to the flexibility and resilience of the region in response to water management challenges. The system involves technological and infrastructural components, such as flood gates and channels, but also relies upon the cooperation and coordination of community members. Local vignerons suggest that flood irrigation is environmentally as well as economically beneficial, rejuvenating riparian wetlands along watercourses. A more formal acknowledgement of the specific regional experiences of water management in a wine region like Langhorne Creek helps to fill a gap between emplaced and hydrosocial understandings of flood irrigation and broader assumptions about flooding as wasteful and inefficient.

The abundance of microplastic pollution along the Jajroud river of Tehran: Estimating the water quality index and the ecological risk

The reduction of renewable freshwater and the increased variety of water pollutants have made governments establish well-documented monitoring programs to maintain the quality of water resources. The Jajroud river, as a primary source of surface water, has supplied 30% of the drinking water of Tehran for more than 55 years. The present study aimed to calculate the water quality index (WQI), determine the abundance of microplastics (MPs) pollution and evaluate the induced-ecological risk. Seven samples of water and four samples of wastewater sources from the Jajroud River were collected three times. The physicochemical and microbial properties, the abundance of MPs, and the type of polymer in this river were determined using standard procedures. The WQI ​​exceeded 76.1 in all sampling points, indicating that the water had of good quality. Ammonia was the main factor involved in the reduction of the WQI. The average abundance of MPs in water and wastewater samples was 12.14 ± 10.07 and 30.62 ± 9.33 particles. L-1, respectively. The fibers (70.96%) and 1–2.5 mm (30.25%) were the dominant shape and size of MPs in water, while fibers (73.05%) with sizes smaller than 0.2 mm (29%) were predominate for MPs in wastewater samples. The dominant polymers were polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP), which comprised 65% and 26% of water samples and 68% and 21% of wastewater samples. An ecological risk evaluation showed that the polymer hazard index (PHI) for water and wastewater was in the range of 17.4–22.6 and 201.-24.4, respectively, indicating hazard level III for both. The values of the pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) for water and wastewater samples were lower than 10 and 150, which indicated a hazard level at I and a minor risk, respectively. Organic nitrogen and phosphorous, temperature, NO3–, NO2–, and total organic carbon were determined to be the physicochemical parameters with the most significant influence on MPs abundance in the Jajroud River by regularized canonical correlation analysis (RCCA).

Isolation of Salmonella Sp. and E. Coli from Fermented Milk Product (Nono) in Kuje Area Council (Fct, Abuja, Nigeria) and their Antimicrobial Resistant Status

This study was undertaken to assess the incidence of antimicrobial susceptibility status of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli isolated from a fermented cow milk product (Nono) in Kuje, FCT, Abuja. For the purpose of this study, Kuje was divided into; Kuje North (KN), Kuje East (KE), Kuje West (KW), Kuje Central KC) and Kuje South (KS). In number, a total of 154 fermented samples of the products were collected for bacterial isolation and identification from the regions using conventional bacteriological identification methods. The identified isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility status using four different types of antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The prevalence of Salmonella sp. was 10/154, while that of E. coli was 18/154. The presence of Salmonella isolates was higher in those milk samples products where nearby stream was the primary source of available water for all routine domestic use including milk processing (KE and KN) respectively. All the salmonella isolates were found to be susceptible to gentamicin but 91.3% to amoxicillin, 90.2% to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and 88.9% to tetracycline. Three of the Salmonella isolates showed multiple drug resistance to two drugs. The findings from this research showed that the fermented dairy milk product (nono) obtained from local processing households in Kuje, FCT, Abuja was contaminated with public health important bacterial species; Salmonella species and E. coli. Also of utmost importance is the resistance of the pathogens to certain antimicrobial drugs which call for attention. Therefore, in order to ensure safe quality of fermented milk products are supplied to the FCT, the respective stakeholders engaged in this business need to be educated in basic hygienic practices and the implication of poor sanitation on human health