Primary Radical Research Articles

Post-Metastasis Survival of Patients with High-Risk Localized and Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Undergoing Primary Treatment in the United States: A Retrospective Study.

Patients with high-risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer (HR-LPC/LAPC) have increased risk of metastasis, leading to reduced survival rates. Segmenting the disease course [time to recurrence, recurrence to metastasis, and post-metastasis survival (PMS)] may identify disease states for which the greatest impacts can be made to ultimately improve survival. Evaluate real-world PMS of patients with HR-LPC/LAPC who received primary radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT) with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Electronic health records from an oncology database were used to assess PMS. Risk of death was estimated using theKaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) were used to analyze the impact of treatment and time to metastasis (TTM) on PMS. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for patients with HR-LPC/LAPC versus the US general male population. Overall, 5008 patients with HR-LPC/LAPC were identified, and 1231 developed metastases after primary treatment (RP, n = 885; RT only, n = 262; RT+ADT, n = 84). Age-adjusted PMS HR between the RP and RT only cohorts was 1.19 (p = 0.077) and between RP and RT+ADT cohorts was 1.32 (p = 0.078). TTM was unrelated to PMS in unadjusted (HR 1.01, p = 0.2) and age-adjusted models (HR 0.99, p = 0.3). Relative to pre-metastasis SMRs, post-metastasis SMRs increased eightfold and fivefold in patients treated with RP and RT±ADT, respectively. PMS was unrelated to TTM in patients with HR-LPC/LAPC, suggesting PMS may be independent of the trajectory to development of metastases. Given PMS may be a fixed length of time, delaying the development of metastasis may improve survival in patients with HR-LPC/LAPC.

Radicals in Annulation of Mixed Benzoyl Phosphonium‐Iodonium Ylide and Acetylenes Explored by EPR‐ST Spectroscopy

AbstractAnnulation of mixed phosponium‐iodonium ylides and compounds with a triple bond is an interesting example of the synthesis of different types of heterocycles in one‐pot, metal‐free systems at ambient temperature to give substituted oxazoles in the reaction with nitriles and phosphorus‐containing λ5‐phosphinolines and substituted furans in the reaction with acetylenes. The iodonium group in the mixed ylides provides the possibility for the radical initiation of the reaction. Herein, we investigated the generation of primary radicals and the formation of phosphorus‐containing products in the photolysis of benzoyl phosphonium‐iodonium ylide alone and in its reaction with acetylenes in DCM by EPR and 31P NMR spectroscopies with the use of two most popular spin traps, PBN and DMPO. The results allowed us to account the crucial difference in the registered radicals in the two systems for the aggregation of the components, with ylide molecules forming a core and acetylene molecules being a shell of the aggregates in DCM, in which the annulation occurs. The peculiarities of the reactions of PBN and DMPO with generated radicals are discussed.

Activation of peroxymonosulfate by Fe based metal organic framework for selective degradation of phenol in water

Phenol is a common pollutant in various wastewater, which is required to be removed to a certain standard before the wastewater can be discharged. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) are an effective technology for phenol removal, with efficacy contingent upon the activation methods and materials employed. In this study, Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) constructed with carboxylic acid as a ligand were synthesized by a solvothermal method, which can form chelates with ferrous ions. Fe-MOFs showed the activity similar to the homogeneous catalyst thus improving their activation efficiency, and can be used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for phenol degradation in water. The effects of catalyst dosage, PMS and phenol concentration, temperature, and pH on the degradation efficiency were investigated. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the 96 % of phenol can be rapidly removed in 5 min. SO4·− was determined as the primary radical. Fe species on Fe-MOFs acted as the key active sites. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis suggested enhanced charge redistribution, fostering electron-rich sites that facilitate electron transfer in AOPs, thus boosting phenol degradation. The Fe-MOFs/PMS system enables iron recycling and efficient phenol degradation in water, indicating the potential for phenol-contaminated water treatment.

Boosted photocatalytic degradation performance of TiO2 with enriched oxygen vacancies

In this study, TiO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) was prepared through a hydrothermal method in the presence of polyphenylsulphone (PPSU). Introduction of PPSU results in enriched OVs within TiO2 and boosted the level of ∙O2-, dramatically ameliorating photogenerated charges separation efficiency and elevating photocatalytic activity. Compared with the reference TiO2, PPSU-TiO2 exhibits enhance activity in photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC). Analysis reveals that ∙O2- serves as the primary active free radicals in RhB degradation by PPSU-TiO2. Furthermore, PPSU-TiO2 maintains high activity over seven successive cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. Therefore, adding PPSU into the synthesis system of TiO2 is proved to be an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic performance.

Mercury Reduction by Agricultural Organic Waste-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter: Kinetic Analysis and the Role of Light-Induced Free Radicals.

Agricultural organic wastes can leach dissolved organic matter (DOM) into surrounding water bodies, establishing them as significant sources of aquatic DOM. Given the importance of DOM in the biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg), this DOM may further mediate divalent Hg (Hg(II)) reduction, a process that remains poorly understood. This study investigated the Hg(II) reduction using DOM derived from six representative agricultural wastes, categorized into livestock manure (chicken, pig, cow) and crop straw (rice, corn, rapeseed), with systematic considerations of the kinetics of reduction processes and the involvement of key free radicals. Results revealed that photoreduction was the primary pathway for Hg(II) reduction, with pig manure DOM exhibiting the highest efficiency at 36%. Key DOM quality parameters, such as protein-like components, have been identified as critical determinants of Hg(II) photoreduction capacity. Furthermore, free radicals induced by DOM could either enhance or inhibit Hg(II) reduction capacities. Specifically, in livestock manure, the superoxide anion (O2•-)·was identified as the primary radical promoting Hg(II) photoreduction of pig manure DOM. In crop straw, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were found to inhibit Hg(II) photoreduction, whereas O2•- promoted the Hg(II) photoreduction of rice straw DOM. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of agricultural organic wastes in the biogeochemical cycling of Hg within aquatic ecosystems.

Insight into the oxidation mechanism of coconut globulin by atmospheric cold plasma focusing on side chain amino acids

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP), a novel non-thermal processing technology, generates active substances that stimulate protein oxidation in protein-based foods. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism through which ACP initiates amino acid oxidation on protein side chains remains ambiguous. This study primarily aimed to elucidate the mechanism of ACP-induced oxidation of coconut globulin, focusing on the process of amino acid oxidation. Analysis of protein oxidation products indicated a positive correlation between the extent of protein oxidation and the voltage and duration of ACP treatment. By analyzing the composition of amino acids and active ingredients, the study identified that the most significant changes amino acids were methionine, cysteine, and arginine, and •OH was the primary free radicals. The findings from oxidation kinetics and dynamic simulation indicated that •OH predominantly oxidized methionine, followed by L-cysteine and L-arginine. These results offer theoretical framework for understanding protein oxidation by ACP and suggest potential applications in protein-based food.

Study of ilmenite and zero valent iron nanoparticles for persulfate activation in disinfection of wastewater

This study examines the activation of persulfate (PS) using two different iron sources, namely ilmenite (ILM) and zero valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI), under UV-A radiation, to eliminate Enterococcus sp. in simulated wastewater in a recirculating batch reactor. The best combination of PS/ILM/UV-A was found with a PS concentration of 5 mM and an ILM concentration of 5 g/L, resulting in a 2.76- log reduction of Enterococcus sp. after 120 min. Lower dosages of oxidant and catalyst were required in the PS/ZVI/UV-A system (3 mM PS and 0.1 g/L ZVI), achieving the complete inactivation of Enterococcus sp. in 60 min. ZVI was more effective at inactivating Enterococcus sp. colonies than ILM. Additionally, the treatment performed better at neutral pH than in acidic or basic conditions, which could facilitate applications on a larger scale. Furthermore, ZVI could be recovered with minimal loss of efficacy thanks to its magnetic properties. The mechanistic study indicated that SO4•- radicals are the primary radicals involved in the elimination of Enterococcus sp. through PS activation. Phytotoxicity studies showed that the process is not phytotoxic to Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) germination but is to Raphanus sativus (radish).

Mn and P co-doped biochar catalyst for persulfate efficient degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride：Process and mechanism

A novel manganese/phosphorus-doped biochar (Mn/P-C) catalyst was prepared for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Characterization of the catalyst revealed that Mn/P-C possessed stacked, complex pleated sheets and surface oxygen-containing functional groups, providing abundant active sites. Mn/P-C exhibited superior adsorption and catalytic properties. Nearly complete removal of TCH was achieved under optimal conditions: a PMS concentration of 2 mM, pH 6.51, and catalyst dosage of 0.5 g/L within 120 minutes of reaction time. The reaction rate constant of the system was 0.060 min−1, which was 13.79 times higher than that of pure biochar. XPS characterization before and after the reaction, quenching experiment, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiment comprehensively verified the reaction pathway mechanisms. The primary radicals involved were SO4•- and O2•-, while the 1O2 non-radical transfer pathway was also generated on the catalyst surface, enhancing electron transfer and accelerating catalytic degradation. UPLC-MS/MS was used to investigate the main degradation intermediates and the possible transformation pathways were proposed. The toxicity of TCH and its intermediates was evaluated by the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method. Theoretical calculations provided deeper insights into TCH degradation pathways through DFT computational analysis. This study confirms that doping biochar with transition metals and nonmetals can synergistically enhance the degradation efficacy of PMS-activated biochar catalysts, providing a novel approach for the application of carbon-based material catalysts in persulfate activation.

Enantioselective Decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp3) Cross-Coupling of Aliphatic Redox-Active Esters with gem-Borazirconocene Alkanes.

Asymmetric decarboxylative cross-couplings of carboxylic acids are powerful methods for synthesizing chiral building blocks essential in medicinal chemistry and material science. Despite their potential, creating versatile chiral alkylboron derivatives through asymmetric decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling from readily available primary aliphatic acids and mild organometallic reagents remains challenging. In this study, we present a visible light-induced Ni-catalyzed enantioconvergent C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of unactivated primary aliphatic acid NHPI esters with gem-borazirconocene alkanes, producing a diverse array of valuable chiral alkylboron building blocks. The method boasts a broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and the ability for late-stage modification of complex drug molecules and natural products with high enantioselectivity, showcasing its synthetic potential. Mechanistic investigations suggest a nickel-catalyzed enantioconvergent radical cross-coupling pathway, wherein the primary radical from a redox-active ester is generated through single-electron reduction with ZrIII species. This represents an unprecedented example of enantioselective radical C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling in the absence of photocatalysts.

Molecular–level insights into the synergistic activation of peracetic acid by ultraviolet and ferrous ions for the degradation of sedimentation sludge water in drinking water treatment plants based on Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Sedimentation sludge water (SSW) from sedimentation tanks in drinking water treatment plants contains significant amounts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and precursors of disinfection byproducts, raising increasing concerns about the safety of finished water following SSW recycling. This study explores the alterations in bulk properties and molecular characteristics of DOM in SSW treated with ultraviolet (UV)/ferrous ions (Fe2+) and peracetic acid (PAA) using fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT–ICR MS). The primary reactive species, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and acylperoxy radicals (CH3C(O)OO·) achieved degradation rates of up to 82.0%, eliminating 84.5% of total fluorescent components and reducing molecular intensity and apparent molecular count by 90.9% and 69.8%, respectively. This treatment significantly reduced the aromaticity of DOM, leading to the formation of more oxidized and stable compounds. Reaction mechanisms indicate that ·OH and CH3C(O)OO· primarily facilitate oxygen addition and dehydrogenation, while CH3C(O)OO· promotes decarboxylation through weak electron transfer processes. The treatment preferentially removes complex DOM containing nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms, which are key precursors of disinfection byproducts. These findings enhance our understanding of DOM transformations during UV/Fe2+/PAA treatment and provide valuable insights into the safe recycling of SSW.

Effect of flaxseed oil cyclolinopeptides on lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and lipid profile during in vitro digestion of high-fat beef

This study investigated the influence of flaxseed oil cyclolinopeptides (CLs) on lipid and protein oxidation during high-fat meat digestion. Fourteen CLs were identified in flaxseed oil through UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, with dominant CLA, CLB, CLE, and CLM. During in vitro digestion, CLs inhibited lipid oxidation products (lipid hydroperoxide, Malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal) and protein carbonylation. Compared to other groups, the lipid (16.28 ± 0.35) and protein (17.5 ± 0.6) oxidation was significantly inhibited, and antioxidant activity was remarkably increased when the CLs content reached 200 mg/kg. Through untargeted lipidomic analysis using Q-Exactive, it was observed that CLs mitigated the formation of oxidized triglycerides (OxTG) products and enhanced the hydrolysis of lipids to generate sphingolipid and polyunsaturated fatty-acids enriched glycerophospholipids imparting nutritional value to meat. Electron spin-resonance and fluorescence quenching showed that primary radicals such as alkyl and alkoxy radicals during high-fat meat digestion with flaxseed oil CLs significantly mitigate their formation. These findings collectively indicate that consuming CLs enriched flaxseed oil could reduce lipid oxidation and enhance the nutritional value of high-fat meat during digestion.

A highly efficient Co-based catalyst for peroxymonosulfate activation for rapid degradation of RhB over a wide pH range

Cobalt-based materials have been demonstrated to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for peroxymonosulfate activation in degrading many refractory organic pollutants. In this study, a new cobalt-based catalyst was prepared using cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O) as the Co2+ source, 2,3-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid and 3,6-DI-4-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4-PYTZ) as ligands. This catalyst was employed as a peroxymonosulfate activator for the degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB). The results indicated that the prepared Co-based catalyst can effectively degrade RhB dye in aqueous solution by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Specifically, when the initial concentration of RhB was 20 mg/L, its degradation rate exceeded 98 % within merely 9 min. The factors influencing the activation of PMS by the Co-based catalyst were examined, including PMS concentration, reaction temperature, solution pH, and the concentration of organic pollutants. Stability and reusability tests demonstrated that the prepared catalyst exhibited good stability, with the degradation rate of RhB remaining above 97 % after four repetitive experiments. Free radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses revealed that sulfate radicals (SO4−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) are the primary reactive radicals accountable for the degradation process. Additionally, it displayed excellent adaptability over a wide pH range, particularly within the pH levels ranging from 5 to 9. This study demonstrates that the prepared Co-based catalyst can serve as a stable and effective option for degrading organic dyes in wastewater treatment applications.

Structure and Kinetics of Organic Acid Radicals Formed in Reaction with •OH Radicals.

The study investigated •OH-derived radicals from certain organic acids employed in nuclear fuel processing and separation using EPR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry methods. Hydroxyl radicals were generated through a Fenton-like reaction within the EPR resonator under both acidic and basic conditions, allowing for the detection of neutral and radical anions, respectively. The spectral assignment and analysis were conducted using a combination of literature data and quantum chemical calculations employing DFT theory with B3LYP or LPBE functionals and the L2a_3 basis set. The reaction of the •OH radical with lactic and glycolic acids yielded primary C-centered radicals through hydrogen abstraction from these acids. In contrast, the •OH radical exclusively generated secondary radicals from oxalic acid, whereas for citric acid, it resulted in both primary and secondary species induced by decarboxylation. The EPR spectrum of acetohydroxamic acid, upon reaction with the •OH radical, displayed a complex pattern featuring primary •N-type and N-O•-type radicals. The decay pathways of the generated radicals were primarily attributed to radical-radical reactions, with the extracted reaction rate constants generally falling within the typical range observed for such reactions. The EPR parameters calculated for potential radicals using B3LYP and LPBE functionals with L2a_3 basis set demonstrated good accuracy for neutral radicals, albeit requiring minor adjustments for radical anions.

Target trial emulation using new comorbidity indices provided risk estimates comparable to a randomized trial

ObjectivesTo quantify the ability of two new comorbidity indices to adjust for confounding, by benchmarking a target trial emulation against the randomized controlled trial (RCT) result. Study Design and SettingObservational study including 18,316 men from Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden 5.0, diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2008 and 2019 and treated with primary radical prostatectomy (RP, n = 14,379) or radiotherapy (RT, n = 3,937). The effect on adjusted risk of death from any cause after adjustment for comorbidity by use of two new comorbidity indices, the multidimensional diagnosis-based comorbidity index and the drug comorbidity index, were compared to adjustment for the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). ResultsRisk of death was higher after RT than RP (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70–2.21). The difference decreased when adjusting for age, cancer characteristics, and CCI (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.06–1.66). Adjustment for the two new comorbidity indices further attenuated the difference (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.91–1.44). Emulation of a hypothetical pragmatic trial where also older men with any type of baseline comorbidity were included, largely confirmed these results (HR 1.10; 95% CI 0.95–1.26). ConclusionAdjustment for comorbidity using two new indices provided comparable risk of death from any cause in line with results of a RCT. Similar results were seen in a broader study population, more representative of clinical practice.

Synergistic Ag/g-C3N4 H2O2 System for Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), known for being nontoxic, highly stable, and environmentally friendly, is extensively used in photocatalytic degradation technologies. Silver nanoparticles effectively capture the photogenerated electrons in g-C3N4, enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. This study primarily focused on synthesizing graphitic carbon nitride via thermal polymerization and depositing noble metal silver onto g-C3N4 through photoreduction. Methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) were targeted as the pollutants in the photocatalytic experiments under visible light in conjunction with a H2O2 system. The characteristics peaks, structure, and morphology were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). g-C3N4 loaded with 6% Ag exhibited superior photocatalytic performance; the photocatalytic fraction of the degraded materials of the MO and MB solutions reached 100% within 70 and 80 min, respectively, upon adding 1 mL and 2 mL of H2O2. ·OH and ·O2- were the primary active free radicals in the dye degradation process within the synergistic system. Stability tests also demonstrated that the photocatalyst maintained good reusability under the synergistic system.

Studies on the Termination Behavior of Styrenic Free‐Radicals

AbstractIn order to provide more evidence to understand the termination mechanism in styrene free‐radical polymerization, (1‐bromoethyl) benzene and polystyrene with bromide end group (PSt‐Br) synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were used as the model compound and model polymer to study the termination behavior of styrenic radical by atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), and then the NMR chemical shifts of the head‐to‐head enchainment from coupling termination were obtained. SEC and different NMR measurement methods were used to analyze and characterize the products. It is confirmed that there is no bimolecular disproportionation termination between styrenic free radicals, but only coupling termination to form the head‐to‐head enchainment. The proton and carbon chemical shifts of the head‐to‐head enchainment from coupling termination for (1‐bromoethyl) benzene are 2.7–2.86 ppm and ~47.3 ppm. As for the polystyrene through ATRC from PSt‐Br, the corresponding chemical shifts are 2.61–3.29 ppm and ~46.4 ppm, respectively, they are almost the same as the data in our previous paper (~3.05 ppm, ~46.6 ppm) for polystyrene initiated by BPO, proving that the chain termination in free‐radical polymerization of styrene initiated by BPO occurs through primary termination between chain radical and primary radical rather than bimolecular termination between chain radicals.

Assessment of postoperative therapy de-escalation for early-stage, intermediate-risk cervical cancer

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the oncologic outcome of surgically-treated patients with early-stage, intermediate-risk cervical cancer according to postoperative therapy modality.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study queried the Japanese...

Effective peroxymonosulfate activation by lithium cobaltite recovered from spent lithium-ion batteries for enhanced carbamazepine degradation in a wide pH range.

Considering the high cost and complicated recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries (SLIBs), transforming SLIBs into environment functional materials may be a wise approach. Herein, lithium cobaltite (LCO) cathode powders recovered from SLIBs were used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for removing carbamazepine (CBZ). The recovered LCO enables a 98.2% removal efficiency of CBZ (2.5mg/L) within 10min, which was effective at a broader pH range (pH = 5.0-11.0). The influence of key factors (initial pH, PMS, and catalyst dosage) and coexisting substances (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-, and HA) on CBZ degradation were examined in detail. The primary radical species during the degradation of CBZ were proved to be 1O2, SO4-, and.OH that generated from PMS activation initiated by the valence change of Co in recovered LCO. The recovered LCO displayed excellent reusability with about 80.0% removal of CBZ after six cycles. Homogeneous activation of PMS mainly contributed to CBZ degradation in the first run, but the recovered LCO catalyst dominated the heterogeneous activation of PMS for the degradation of CBZ in the second to sixth run. Finally, the CBZ degradation pathways were presented based on the identified intermediates. This research has offered a new strategy of "treating wastes with wastes" to maximize the recycling of electronic wastes to remove emerging pollutants.

HOO• as the Chain Carrier for the Autocatalytic Photooxidation of Benzylic Alcohols.

The oxidation of benzylic alcohols is an important transformation in modern organic synthesis. A plethora of photoredox protocols have been developed to achieve the aerobic oxidation of alcohols into carbonyls. Recently, several groups described that ultraviolet (UV) or purple light can initiate the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols in the absence of an external catalyst, and depicted different mechanisms involving the photoinduction of •O2- as a critical reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, based on comprehensive mechanistic investigations, including control experiments, radical quenching experiments, EPR studies, UV-vis spectroscopy, kinetics studies, and density functional theory calculations (DFT), we elucidate here that HOO•, which is released via the H2O2 elimination of α-hydroxyl peroxyl radicals [ArCR(OH)OO•], serves as the real chain carrier for the autocatalytic photooxidation of benzylic alcohols. The mechanistic ambiguities depicted in the precedent literature are clarified, in terms of the crucial ROS and its evolution, the rate-limiting step, and the primary radical cascade. This work highlights the necessity of stricter mechanistic analyses on UV-driven oxidative reactions that involve aldehydes' (or ketones) generation.

Enhancing the Kinetics of Vapor-based Polymerization by Pulsed Filament Approach.

Initiated chemical vapor deposition is a versatile technique for synthesizing conformal polymer films on both planar and porous surfaces. It can retain functional groups and avoid undesired cross-linking. However, there is still room for enhancing its performance without altering the feed parameters. Here, we investigate a pulsed iCVD approach to improve the deposition process, achieved by switching on and off the resistively heated filament periodically. By strategically switching off the filament, a shortage of thermally activated primary radicals was created, which allowed uninterrupted chain propagation with fewer termination reactions and potentially increased monomer conversion rates. This has caused significantly faster deposition kinetics with a higher molecular weight and longer chain length for poly(glycidyl methacrylate) compared to continuous deposition. Spectra analyses confirmed that the functionality and stoichiometry ratios remained intact throughout the pulsed deposition process. The pulsed iCVD method is therefore a competitive and sustainable tool, demonstrating fast deposition kinetics and a well-preserved functionality.