Primary Plate Research Articles

Formation and Evolution of the Pacific‐North American (San Andreas) Plate Boundary: Constraints From the Crustal Architecture of Northern California

AbstractThe northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ) drives a fundamental plate boundary transformation from convergence to translation; producing a series of strike‐slip faults, that become the San Andreas plate boundary. We find that the 3‐D structure of the Pacific plate lithosphere in the vicinity of the MTJ controls the location of San Andreas plate boundary formation. At the time of initiation of the Pacific‐North America plate boundary (∼30 Ma), the sequential interaction with the western margin of North America of the Pioneer Fracture Zone, soon followed by the Mendocino Fracture Zone, led to the capture of a small segment of partially subducted Farallon lithosphere by the Pacific plate, termed the Pioneer Fragment (PF). Since that time, the PF has translated with the Pacific Plate along the western margin of North America. Recently developed, high‐resolution seismic‐tomographic imagery of northern California indicates that (a) the PF is extant, occupying the western half of the slab window, immediately south of the MTJ; (b) the eastern edge of the PF lies beneath the newly forming Maacama fault system, which develops to become the locus for the primary plate boundary structure after approximately 6–10 Ma; and (c) the location of the translating PF adjacent to the asthenosphere of the slab window generates a shear zone within and below the crust that develops into the plate boundary faults. As a result, the San Andreas plate boundary forms interior to the western margin of North America, rather than at its western edge.

Modified one third tubular plate (spring plate) augmented with reconstruction plates for treatment of comminuted posterior wall acetabular fractures, Short to midterm outcomes of 24 patients.

To evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of employing a spring plate augmented by a traditional 3.5 mm reconstruction plate for the treatment of comminuted posterior wall acetabular fractures. A prospective case series was performed on 24 patients with comminuted fractures of the posterior wall. After an average of 6 days, the patients underwent surgery. Eighteen patients were fixed with one spring plate, six patients were fixed with two spring plates, and all were reinforced with a 3.5-mm reconstruction plate. Each case was followed once every three months until the fracture healed and then regularly every six months thereafter. There were 21 men and 3 women. The average follow-up period was 14 months, and the median age was 34.5 years. The main reason for injuries was motor vehicle collisions. The mean operation time was 107.5 min. The clinical results were evaluated by the MAP and m HHS, and the means were 10.2 (5-12) and 86 (64-96), respectively. Only two patients developed avascular necrosis and were treated by total hip replacement, another three (12.5%) had mild arthritis. Comminuted acetabulum posterior wall fractures can be stabilized with spring plates. It could be used in conjunction with the primary reconstruction plate as a viable alternative for stable and anatomical reduction. High patient satisfaction and good functional results make this approach effective.

Role of multi-variant deformation-induced HCP plates in cryogenic mechanical properties of an FCC high entropy alloy

We investigated the temperature-dependent mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of the Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.2Ti0.1V0.1Mo0.1 alloy from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures. As the deformation temperature decreased, both the strength and strain-hardening rate increased, while ductility tended to decrease. The higher strength of the material deformed at 123 K, compared to that deformed at 223 K, can be attributed to the larger number of multivariant HCP plates and higher hetero deformation induced (HDI) strengthening in the former. Multivariant deformation-induced HCP plates were the primary deformation mechanisms at all deformation temperatures, and cryogenic deformation activated intersecting shear, defined as the primary HCP plate being sheared by the secondary HCP plate. This mechanism contributed to stress relaxation and enhanced deformation accommodation. The reduced ductility observed in the material deformed at 123 K may be attributed to coarse edge and grain boundary cracks, which were more pronounced when the TRIP effect was enhanced.

Effect of an Orthogonal Locking Plate and Primary Plate Working Length on Construct Stiffness and Plate Strain in an In vitro Fracture-Gap Model.

The aim of this study was to compare stiffness and strain of an in vitro fracture-gap model secured with a primary 3.5-mm locking compression plate (LCP) at three primary plate working lengths without and with an orthogonal 2.7-mm LCP. Primary plate screw configurations modeled short working length (SWL), medium working length (MWL), and long working length (LWL) constructs. Construct stiffness with and without an orthogonal plate during nondestructive four-point bending and torsion, and plate surface strain measured during bending, was analyzed. Single plate construct stiffness was significantly, incrementally, lower in four-point bending and torsion as working length was extended. Addition of an orthogonal plate resulted in significantly higher bending stiffness for SWL, MWL, and LWL (p < 0.05) and torsional stiffness for MWL and LWL (p < 0.05). Single plate construct strain was significantly, incrementally, higher as working length was extended. Addition of an orthogonal plate significantly lowered strain for SWL, MWL, and LWL constructs (p < 0.01). Orthogonal plate application resulted in higher bending and torsional construct stiffness and lower strain over the primary plate in bending in this in vitro model. Working length had an inverse relationship with construct stiffness in bending and torsion and a direct relationship with strain. The inverse effect of working length on construct stiffness was completely mitigated by the application of an orthogonal plate in bending and modified in torsion.

Youth soccer players: patterns of injury involving the primary growth plates of epiphyses.

Youth soccer (football) is immensely popular internationally. Earlier participation, sport sub-specialization, and year-around practice have led to an increased incidence of injury from both acute trauma and repetitive overuse. The growth plates (physes) of the immature skeleton are particularly vulnerable to injury and delayed diagnosis can lead to future growth disturbance and long-term morbidity. Familiarity with the various components of the growth plate complex necessary for ensuring normal endochondral ossification is fundamental in understanding the various patterns of imaging findings following injury. This review discusses the zonal columnar arrangement of the growth plate proper and the contrasting function of the vasculature within the subjacent epiphysis and metaphysis. This is followed by an evidence-based discussion of the common patterns of injury involving the epiphyseal primary growth plate observed among youth soccer players: subcategorized into physeal fractures (direct injury) and physeal stress injuries (indirect insult to subjacent metaphysis). In this section, the role of imaging and characteristic imaging features will be discussed. While the normal physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms can be applied to other growth plates, such as primary growth plates underlying theapophyses and secondary growth plates surrounding the secondary ossificiation centers, which also undergo endochondral ossification, the current review is focused on injuries involving theprimary growth platesunderlying epiphyses.

Bone reconstruction with modified Masquelet technique in open distal femoral fractures: a case series.

Large bone defects require complex treatment, multidisciplinary resources, and expert input, with surgical procedures ranging from reconstruction and salvage to amputation. The aim of this study was to provide the results of a case series of open comminuted intra-articular distal femoral fractures with significant bone loss that were managed by early fixation using anatomical plates and a modified Masquelet technique with the addition of surgical propylene mesh. This retrospective study included all patients referred to our institution with OTA/AO C3 distal femur open fractures and meta-diaphyseal large bone loss between April 2019 and February 2021. We treated the fractures with irrigation and debridement, acute primary screw and plate fixation in the second look operation, and Masquelet method using shell-shaped antibiotic beads supplemented by propylene surgical mesh to keep the cements in place. The second step of the procedure was conducted six to eight weeks later with bone grafting and mesh augmentation to contain bone grafts. Surprisingly, hard callus formation was observed in all patients at the time of the second stage of Masquelet procedure. All five patients' articular and meta-diaphyseal fractures with bone loss healed without major complications. The average union time was 159 days. The mean knee range of motion was 5-95 degrees. The average Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS) was 49 out of 80. Combination of early plate fixation and the modified Masquelet technique with polypropylene mesh is an effective method for managing large bone defects in open intra-articular distal femoral fractures with bone loss, resulting in shorter union time possibly associated with the callus formation process. This technique may also be applicable to the management of other similar fractures specially in low-income and developing areas.

Automated multi-functional system for the characterization of plate valves in reciprocating compressors

At present, there are two independent technologies and equipment for the test of the reciprocating compressor plate valve: the sealing test and blowing test. This method has single function and complicated test operation and may rely on theoretical calculations, which reduces the reliability of the test conclusion because the motion law of valve disk during opening and closing is extremely complicated. The existing test methods cannot meet the needs of more in-depth and accurate research, development and improvement of the plate valve. This study proposes a test device and method that can not only quantitatively test the performance of the plate valve but also qualitatively test the dynamic process of the suction valve plate, which can greatly reduce the testing time provide more intuitive and accurate valve plate motion tracks and valve paths. This paper takes the primary plate suction valve as the test object and adopts the automated multi-functional system to accurately obtain the valve’s sealing property, effective flow area, thrust coefficient, flow coefficient, drag drop, valve gap Mach number, initial opening pressure difference, maximum opening, and residence time of the valve plate on the valve lift guard to provide necessary data for valve design and performance evaluation. The test results of valve opening time are verified by industrial reciprocating compressor, which proves the accuracy and practicability of the system.

Functional Outcomes in Surgically Treated Clavicle Fractures: A Longitudinal Observational Study.

Introduction The clavicle is the most unique long bone and has a significant incidence in terms of fractures. Operative fixation for clavicle fractures has seen a steep rise in terms of technique as well as type of implant. Although extensive studies have been carried out in relation to clavicle fractures and their treatment modalities, no proper guidelines or approach has been identified as ideal, and hence, this study was carried out to evaluate operative fixation as a viable strategy. Objective The objective of this article was to assess functional outcomes of plate fixation in clavicle fractures. Materials and methods This longitudinal prospective observational study included 30 patients treated for clavicle fractures with plate fixation in the Orthopedics Department of Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust (HIHT), Jollygrant, Dehradun, over a period of one year. Functional outcomes were assessed as Constant-Murley shoulder scores, and complications were recorded. Radiological assessment was done on thebasis of time to union through follow-up skiagrams. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package version 17.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, New York).Continuous variables are presented as mean±SD, and categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages.Continuous variablesand constant score values over time within the groups were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's post hoc testing. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of patients undergoing surgical fixation of clavicle fractures was 36 ± 12.53 years, ranging from 18-65 years. Of the entire study group, 83.3% were males and 16.7% were females. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common cause of clavicle fracture, constituting 76.7% of the entire study population, followed by fall on the floor (20.0%), and one patient sustained trauma by being hit by a bull (3.3%). Our study demonstrated a mean Constant score of 73.87 ± 2.64, 82.80 ± 2.20, and92.40 ± 2.37 at one-month, two-month, and four-monthfollow-up times, respectively, which was found to be statistically significant in terms of progression (p value<0.001). The mean union time of clavicle fractures in our study population was 12.1 weeks. Two patients in our study developed implant impingement. Conclusion Our study revealed that patients with clavicle fractures treated with plate fixation had statistically significant good functional outcome (Constant) scores at sequential follow-ups, consistent with available literature. Mean union time was also comparable to existing literature. Non-union was not noted in our study, and only two cases developed implant impingement. Hence, we conclude that early primary plate fixation for displaced clavicle fractures is a promising technique with good overall functional outcomes and patient satisfaction, especially in young, active patients.

Vibration Analysis of a Plate Embedded or Attached with Acoustic Black Hole Using a Virtual Spring Energy Method

Acoustic black hole (ABH) with the power-law profile has the advantages of strong designability and vibration suppression. This study provides a novel virtual spring energy method (VEM) to solve the vibration characteristics of a plate embedded or attached with acoustic black hole. Firstly, the virtual springs in this study can deal with boundary conditions, continuity conditions, and periodic conditions. After solving the kinetic and potential energy of a plate cell embedded with acoustic black hole, the periodic structure’s kinetic and potential energy need not be calculated repeatedly. The method is verified by the finite element method. Secondly, to overcome the stiffness reduction owing to the varying thickness of ABH in the primary bearing structure, a composite ABH structure called “Plate–ABH” is proposed, in which a damping layer is designed with an ABH profile and attached to the primary plate structure. The two layers connect each other through the virtual springs. The vibration characteristics of the composite ABH plate are given by employing the VEM. The composite ABH structure shows strong damping ability and lighter weight compared with a plate attached with the uniform thickness damping layer. Plate–ABH can be effectively used in the engineering of vibration reduction.

Analysis of isotropic stiffened plate structure

The analysis of stiffened plate has been carried out using finite element method. The study is divided into static and dynamic analyses. Primarily, free vibration frequencies of the stiffened plate have been determined followed by determination of deflection and von Mises stress for the stiffened plate subjected to the unit uniformly distributed load (1 kN/m2). Further, deflection and von Mises stress are determined, when the plate structure is subjected to hydrostatic loading. The analyses, static and dynamic, have been done using ANSYS Workbench 15.0. A single flat stiffener is used to stiffen the plate structure and the results are evaluated by varying the stiffener geometry, keeping the volume of material almost same as the unstiffened plate. Stiffened plate structure is very popular in the structural engineering domain and has a wide range of engineering applications from ship to aerospace structures. The material used to model stiffener is extracted from the primary plate for keeping the same volume of material. The plate structure is stiffened to reduce the out-of-plane bending even if the same (approximately) amount of material is utilised. Eight-noded plate bending and two-noded beam elements are used to model the plate and stiffener, respectively. The obtained results are compared with the published results and the effect of varying stiffener geometry is further examined. It may be concluded that the response of the stiffened plates are better compared to unstiffened plate even if the same or even less quantity of material is utilised in stiffening. The present findings are useful for the designers when the plate structure is influenced by the surrounding fluid.

Culture of primary human meibomian gland cells from surgically excised eyelid tissue

Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common ocular diseases, with therapeutic treatment being primarily palliative due to our incomplete understanding of meibomian gland (MG) pathophysiology. To progress in vitro studies of human MG, this study describes a comprehensive protocol, with detailed troubleshooting, for the successful isolation, cultivation and cryopreservation of primary MG cells using biopsy-size segments of human eyelid tissue that would otherwise be discarded during surgery. MG acini were isolated and used to establish and propagate lipid-producing primary human MG cells. The primary cell viability during culture procedure was maintained through the application of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase inhibitor (Y-27632, 10 μM) and collagen I from rat tails. Transcriptomic analysis of differentiated primary human MG cells confirmed cell origin and revealed high-level expression of many lipogenesis-related genes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 1 (ELOVL1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). Primary tarsal plate fibroblasts were also successfully isolated, cultured and cryopreserved. Established primary human MG cells and tarsal plate fibroblasts presented in this study have potential for applications in 3D models and bioengineered tissue that facilitate research in understanding of MG biology and pathophysiology.

Multimode coupled failure assessment of an LNGC cargo containment system considering flexible boundary condition

In recent years, there has been a demand for the large-scale membrane type LNGC due to the energy crisis. The cargo containment system (CCS) attached to the LNGC cargo tank is directly exposed to the sloshing load. Different pressure distribution forms may cause different failure modes of insulation box. The separate analysis of a single component or a single failure form cannot fully reflect the strength of CCS. Besides, the traditional numerical model with single insulation box and simply supported condition may overestimate the strength. In this study, a refined CCS numerical model attached to the inner hull structure is proposed. The deformed hull structure under sloshing impact is taken as the flexible boundary condition of CCS. The ultimate shear, bending, crushing and buckling strengths of NO96 CCS are assessed under various structures and boundary conditions. Finally, the multimode coupled analysis is conducted to fully assess the failure of CCS. The results show that the increase of structural stiffnesses can directly improve the ultimate strength. The weak structural and supporting stiffnesses make the buckling failure of insulation box become the most dangerous failure mode. The support from the strong hull structure leads to the shear failure of primary bottom plate. In the rest of loading conditions, the bending failure of primary horizontal plates need to be focused.

Microstructure evolution and properties comparation of industrial grade-maintained 7050-T7451 plate recycled from machining chips

There are 45%–71% machining chips generated during the manufacturing process of aviation components. Most of these MCs are down-grade recycled as cast alloy, causing resource waste. In this work, aviation MCs were added into the melt for grade-maintaining recycling. A systematic evaluation was conducted on the melt quality, microstructure evolution, and properties of industrial recycled 7050-T7451 plates with a capacity of 60t/furnace, as well as a comparison with the primary plates. The composition of the recycled 7050 melt is qualified, and the hydrogen content is below 0.075 mL/100gAl. The results of PoDFA and LiMCA show that the inclusions in the recycled 7050 melt are mainly below 40 μm in diameter, and the number of inclusions is 3 times that of the primary melt. TEM shows that the dispersed phase particles of the recycled plate are more uniform and finer. EBSD shows that the recrystallization ratio of recycled 7050-T7451 plate is 8.3%, much lower than the 23.9% of the primary plate. The mechanical and corrosion properties of the recycled 7050-T7451 all meet the AMS 4050 standard. The cost of grade-maintaining recycling can be saved by 6,130,000 USD per year for a production line with an annual output of 20,000 tons of plates. This work clarified the process, cost, microstructure, and properties of recycled 7050-T7451 plate, laying a foundation for the application of grade-maintaining recycled aviation aluminum alloys.

Adjunct fixation in upper extremity long bone fracture plating.

A variety of adjunct fixation methods to supplement primary plate and screw constructs are available. There are no large clinical series of these techniques in the upper extremity. The purpose of this study was to review patients with upper extremity fractures that underwent primary plating with adjunct fixation. This study was a retrospective review of plate fixation of humeral, radial and ulnar fractures over a 12-year period. Measurable outcomes for this study included rates of non-union, complications, and implant removal. Thirty-nine humeral shaft fractures had supplemental fixation 97% of the time, with a 100% union rate. Supplemental fixation was used in 79% of forearm cases. There was a 98% initial union rate in 48 acutely plated forearm fractures. Although a variety of techniques were employed, the mini-fragment (2.7mm or smaller) was the most common strategy for adjunctive fixation of long bone fractures in the upper extremity.

Thermal-Hydraulic and Entropy Generation Optimization of Capsule-Type Plate Heat Exchangers With Spherical Dimples

The capsule-type plate heat exchanger (PHE) is a new type of equipment with great potential, which is characterized by the concave and convex capsule-like surface. In this article, new structures consisting of capsules and spherical dimples of PHE were proposed. Flow through a periodic unit cell with four different geometries is simulated numerically to characterize the pressure drop, heat transfer coefficients, and entropy generation rate. The numerical results show good consistency with the existing experimental data. Results show that the flow in capsule-type plate can be divided into recirculation zone and high-velocity zone. The staggered capsule structure and the spherical dimple shape generate more secondary and impinging flows, which provide higher Nusselt number and friction factor. The maximum Nusselt number area changed from the upwind region of capsule to the vicinity of dimple region because of the downwash effect and the fluid impact effect. The Nusselt number is enhanced by 19%–46%, and the friction factor is 1.21–2.9 times to that of the primary capsule-type plate. In addition, Entropy analysis illustrates that the maximum reduction in the dimensionless entropy generation rate is 43.6%.

Build Plate Heating and Cooling Technique Using Peltier Element for Fused Filament Fabrication

In fused filament fabrication, the adhesion force between the build plate and the target object must be strong enough during operation. It is, however, an obstacle to detaching the object after printing. The adhesion force heavily depends on the temperature of the build plate. This work suggests controlling the temperature of the build plate using the Peltier module that alters the heat flow direction. The modified build plate replaces the factory-equipped build plate of a commercial fused filament fabrication machine. The experimental results show that the modified build plate leads to 16.6 °C, approximately 9 °C less than the ambient temperature, even with 23.9–27.1% less total energy consumption than the primary build plate.

Isolated growth hormone deficiency in children with vertically transmitted short stature: What do the genes tell us?

The growth hormone deficiency (GHD) diagnosis is controversial especially due to low specificity of growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests. It is therefore believed that children diagnosed with GHD form a heterogeneous group with growth disorder frequently independent on GH function. No study evaluating the complex etiology of growth failure in children with diagnosed GHD has been performed thus far. To discover genetic etiology of short stature in children with diagnosed GHD from families with short stature. Fifty-two children diagnosed with primary GHD and vertically transmitted short stature (height SDS in the child and his/her shorter parent <-2 SD) were included to our study. The GHD diagnosis was based on growth data suggestive of GHD, absence of substantial disproportionality (sitting height to total height ratio <-2 SD or >+2 SD), IGF-1 levels <0 for age and sex specific SD and peak GH concentration <10 ug/L in two stimulation tests. All children were examined using next-generation sequencing methods, and the genetic variants were subsequently evaluated by American College of Medical Genetics standards and guidelines. The age of children at enrollment into the study was 11 years (median, IQR 9-14 years), their height prior to GH treatment was -3.0 SD (-3.6 to -2.8 SD), IGF-1 concentration -1.4 SD (-2.0 to -1.1 SD), and maximal stimulated GH 6.3 ug/L (4.8-7.6 ug/L). No child had multiple pituitary hormone deficiency or a midbrain region pathology. Causative variant in a gene that affects growth was discovered in 15/52 (29%) children. Of them, only 2 (13%) had a genetic variant affecting GH secretion or function (GHSR and OTX2). Interestingly, in 10 (67%) children we discovered a primary growth plate disorder (ACAN, COL1A2, COL11A1, COL2A1, EXT2, FGFR3, NF1, NPR2, PTPN11 [2x]), in one (7%) a genetic variant impairing IGF-1 action (IGFALS) and in two (12%) a variant in miscellaneous genes (SALL4, MBTPS2). In children with vertically transmitted short stature, genetic results frequently did not correspond with the clinical diagnosis of GH deficiency. These results underline the doubtful reliability of methods standardly used to diagnose GH deficiency.

Self-Powered Fine Dust Filtration Using Triboelectrification-Induced Electric Field

Particulate matter (PM) in the environment can adversely affect the health of living things. However, high removal efficiency and low-pressure loss are crucial design challenges for any air filtration system. To circumvent the challenge, here, we demonstrate a novel triboelectric (TE) air filtration system that is based on a rotation-type triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a filter comprising two sets of plates: primary and secondary, that are placed in the airflow channel. When the TENG charges the two plate sets with opposite charges, the flowing air particles are charged at the primary plates and are collected, due to an electric field, at the secondary plates. The TE filter has demonstrated a PM2.5 removal efficiency of ~ 99.97% for the fine dust particles, and it remains stable even after several washing cycles. The pressure loss is almost two orders less than the high-efficiency particulate air filter. Since the airflow itself can drive the TENG, the TE filter can potentially be integrated with any air conditioning system for fine dust filtration in offices, automobiles, etc.

Primary growth plate chondrocyte isolation, culture, and characterization from the modern broiler

Lameness is a leading cause of animal welfare and production concerns for the poultry industry as fast-growing, high-yielding broilers seem more susceptible to bone disease and infections. A major limitation to the study of these disorders is the lack of a chicken immortalized chondrocyte cell. Primary cell isolation is a valid and complex method for establishing a relevant in vitro model for diseases. In this study, isolation and high-density culturing of primary chondrocytes form 1-d old chicks was followed by confirmation of cell type, identification of optimal phenotypic expression, and evaluation of cells functionality. mRNA expression, as well as protein production and secretion, of COLI, COLII, Sox9, ACAN, and COLXA1 on day 3 (d3), d7, d11, d14, d18, and d21 in culture showed that avian growth plate chondrocytes under these conditions exhibit optimal phenotypes from d3 to d7. This is evident by a shift from COLII dominant expression in early-culture to COLI dominant expression by late-culture in conjunction with a loss of other chondrocyte markers Sox9, ACAN, and COLXA1. Additionally, morphological changes seen through live cell imaging coincide with the shift of phenotype in mid- to late-culture periods indicating a dedifferentiated phenotype. The functionality of the cultured cells was confirmed using Brefeldin-A treatment which significantly reduced secretion of COLII by d7 chondrocytes. These results provide a foundation for future research utilizing avian primary chondrocytes with optimal phenotypes for disease modeling or passaging.

Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models

Abstract. Geological settings characterized by multiple coeval tectonic regimes provide a unique opportunity to understand complex interactions among different geodynamic processes. However, they remain comparatively less studied from an experimental point of view than areas with more simple patterns of deformation resulting from primary plate–boundary interactions. Here, we carried out analog experiments involving simultaneous shortening and orthogonal extension under different rheological conditions, including the effect of crustal inheritance. We performed brittle experiments and brittle–ductile experiments to simulate cases of “strong” and “weak” crusts, respectively. We present two types of experiments: (i) one-stage experiments with either shortening only or synchronous orthogonal shortening and stretching and (ii) two-stage experiments with a first stage of stretching and a second stage with either shortening only or synchronous orthogonal shortening and stretching. In our models, deformation is accommodated by a combination of normal, thrust, and strike-slip faults with structure location depending on boundary conditions and crustal inheritance. For brittle models, we show that the three types of structures can develop at the same time for intermediate ratios of stretching (extension) over shortening rates (1.4&lt;Ve/Vs&lt;2). For lower ratios, deformation is accommodated by in-sequence shortening-orthogonal thrust faults and stretching-orthogonal normal faults at the edges of the model (when Ve&gt;0). For larger ratios and for the same amount of stretching, deformation is accommodated by normal faults at edges and in the center of the model as well as by conjugate strike-slip faults at the edges of the model. For brittle–ductile models, we always observe strike-slip faults that crosscut the entire model. They are associated with shortening-orthogonal thrust faults for models with low Ve/Vs and no initial extensional stage or stretching-orthogonal normal faults for models with high Ve/Vs and an initial extensional stage. Whatever the crustal strength, the past deformation history, and the stretching / shortening ratio, both normal and thrust faults remain with similar orientations, i.e., stretching-orthogonal and shortening-orthogonal, respectively. Instead, strike-slip faults exhibit orientations with respect to the shortening direction that vary between ∼0 and ∼65∘. Strike-slip faults parallel to the shortening direction develop in previously extended portions of models with a brittle–ductile crust, while strike-slip faults with a high angle form at the boundaries of the brittle model, their orientation being to some extent influenced by pre-existing or newly forming graben in the center of the model. We also show that extensional structures formed during a first stage of deformation are never inverted under orthogonal shortening but can be reactivated as normal or strike-slip faults depending on Ve/Vs. Our experiments reproduce V-shaped conjugate strike-slip systems and normal faulting during compression similar to structures observed in the Tibetan Plateau, the eastern Alps, western Anatolia, and the Central Asia orogen. Models with two-stage deformation show variable extensional to strike-slip reactivation of former extensional basins during basin-parallel shortening, which resembles synorogenic foreland transtensional reactivations documented in the Baikal and Golfo de San Jorge basins.