Pricing Strategies Research Articles

Tourism Seasonality: Setting Prices for Tourist Attractions in a Market-led Oligopoly

ABSTRACT Seasonality can severely impact tourist attractions’ financial performance. Under this context, we take tourist attractions in a market-led oligopoly as the research object to explore how to set prices properly. We first establish a profit optimization model based on differentiated pricing during the high and low seasons, then use numerical analysis to prove propositions. Our results show that enhancing substitutability between the high and low seasons will lead to increased prices, increased ticket demand in the low season, decreased ticket demand in the high season, and increased profits. Ticket demand and profits are not always lower in the low season than in the high season. However, they depend on price elasticity, potential market size, and substitutability between the high and low seasons. At the end of the article, we also extend the model. Our findings can serve as a reference for managers when deciding on an optimal pricing strategy.

Exchange Rate Fluctuation and the Value of the Nigerian Naira: The Mediating Effects on Pricing Strategies of Local Firms

This study investigated the effect of U.S dollar exchange rate fluctuations on the purchasing power of Naira and the pricing strategies of local traders in Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed research design (descriptive and ex-post facto). For the descriptive survey, the study population covers all the local sellers in all the main markets across Nigeria’s six (6) geopolitical zones. The sampled size covered 1440 local traders in the markets across the geopolitical zones using a multi-stage sampling process urea. Also, six (6) local traders were selected from the largest market in each of the six (6) geopolitical zones to conduct an intensive interview as per their pricing strategies. For the secondary approach, the study used a time series data spanning from 1990 to 2023 sourced from the CBN Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Database to obtain historical data on exchange rate. Several estimation techniques were adopted for the data analysis, including descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation matrix, ARDL estimations, hierarchical regression and thematic analysis. From the analysis conducted it was evidenced that exchange rate fluctuation negatively and insignificantly affected the purchasing power of the Nigerian Naira. From the thematic analysis, it was revealed that fluctuations in the exchange rate significantly increased the prices of both foreign and locally produced commodities in Nigeria. Finally, the hierarchical regression result indicated that all the pricing strategies under consideration were positive and significantly influenced the purchasing power of Naira. Hence, it was concluded that dollar exchange rate fluctuations have a statistically negative impact on the purchasing power of Naira while the pricing strategies significantly boost the purchasing power of Naira. Corresponding to this conclusion, it was recommended that the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) should implement more robust exchange rate management policies, such as better control of the foreign exchange market, to minimize volatility.

Market Integration and Price Transmission in India's Major Paddy Markets: An Econometric Introspection

This study investigates the integration dynamics of five major wholesale paddy markets in India, each representing distinct zonal councils: Kota (Rajasthan), Attabira (Odisha), Sindhanur (Karnataka), Dahod (Gujarat), and Bhatapara (Chhattisgarh). Unlike prior research, which primarily focuses on localized short-term market integration, this study addresses a critical gap by employing long-term market integration analysis using structural break techniques. By utilizing a 15-year dataset (2009–2023), we systematically examine price linkages, structural shifts, and the speed of price adjustments across markets. A robust econometric framework was applied to assess market efficiency, incorporating the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen's Co-integration Test, Structural Break Analysis, and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The findings confirm long-term price integration, with the structural break analysis identifying critical market disruptions. The VECM results indicate that price adjustments occur at varying speeds—Kota (32.5%), Sindhanur (35.4%), and Dahod (19.56%)—highlighting asymmetries in market efficiency. In the short-run, adjustments are significant between Attabira and both Dahod and Sindhanur markets, suggesting localized transmission effects. Furthermore, Granger causality tests reveal unidirectional price leadership in select market pairs. These insights underscore the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance market efficiency. Improved market oversight, digital price dissemination, and enhanced storage and transport infrastructure can facilitate smoother price transmission and minimize volatility. Additionally, strengthening farmer awareness programs on price trends and inter-market linkages can help optimize market participation and price realization.

Flight Fare Prediction Using Machine Learning

ABSTRACT Flight fare prediction using machine learning has emerged as a crucial application in the travel industry, enabling airlines, travel agencies, and consumers to make more informed decisions. This study aims to develop a machine learning model to predict flight fares based on historical data, flight characteristics, and various factors influencing pricing. By leveraging algorithms such as Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting, the model analyzes features including departure time, flight duration, airline, origin and destination cities, seasonality, and demand fluctuations. The goal is to provide accurate predictions of future flight prices, enabling travelers to find optimal booking times and assisting airlines in dynamic pricing strategies. The model's performance is evaluated using metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), with the results demonstrating the potential of machine learning in offering significant improvements over traditional methods of fare prediction.

E-Business Capabilities and Performance of Micro-Small Restaurants in Lagawe Ifugao, Philippines

This study assesses the e-business capabilities of small-scale restaurants in Lagawe, Ifugao, Philippines, focusing on the digital marketing mix and its relationship to business performance. It aims to provide insights into effective digital marketing mix strategies that enhance business resilience while contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study examined registered small-scale restaurants operating physically and digitally. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, validated by experts, and field-tested for reliability. Descriptive statistics and the Spearman-Rho correlation analysis were employed to analyze the relationship between e-business capabilities (product, price, place, promotion) and business performance indicators (monthly income, number of branches, years in business, and employees). Findings indicate that while these businesses effectively utilize digital platforms for product visibility, customer engagement, and online transactions, challenges remain in responsiveness, online security, and adoption of advanced promotional strategies. A significant positive correlation was found between pricing strategies and monthly income, while product strategies showed a strong link to business longevity. However, place and promotion strategies correlated negatively with physical expansion, suggesting that restaurateurs increasingly rely on digital presence over traditional growth. The study highlights the need for enhanced social media engagement, stronger security measures, and strategic digital marketing investments. Strengthening e-business capabilities can help small-scale restaurants in rural areas achieve long-term sustainability and competitiveness in the digital economy.

Personalized Pricing of an e‐Tailer in the Presence of Identity Management

ABSTRACTAdvanced information technology allows e‐tailers to impose personalized pricing based on consumer information. However, consumers generally have an aversion to price discrimination and someone even strategically bypasses the tailored price by identity management. This paper constructs a supply chain with one e‐tailer and one manufacturer, in which the e‐tailer decides whether to impose personalized pricing or uniform pricing. We will study the pricing strategy of the e‐tailer and examine the impacts of personalized pricing on the manufacturer, supply chain, consumers, and social welfare. Our analysis reveals that (i) the e‐tailer imposes personalized pricing if there is a low proportion of new consumers and imposes uniform pricing otherwise; (ii) the manufacturer has an incentive to subsidize the e‐tailer to implement personalized pricing when the proportion of new consumers is medium; (iii) personalized pricing may benefit new consumers and old consumers who bypass the tailored price via identity management, while it always hurts old consumers who purchase with the tailored price. Additionally, we discuss two different cases: endogenous quality and centralized system, finding that (iv) the manufacturer strategically decreases the (product) quality level when the e‐tailer imposes personalized pricing; and (v) channel decentralization diminishes the e‐tailer's incentive to impose personalized pricing.

Predictors of purchase intention mediated by customer satisfaction

This study examines the factors influencing purchase intention, with a particular focus on the mediating role of customer satisfaction in consumer decision-making. Understanding these determinants is essential for businesses aiming to enhance consumer engagement and maintain a competitive market position. The research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing data collected through structured surveys. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed to evaluate the relationships among key predictors, including perceived price, comfort, mood, and establishment innovation, as well as their impact on purchase intention. The findings reveal that customer satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between perceived price, comfort, and purchase intention. Furthermore, mood and establishment innovation serve as moderating factors, reinforcing consumer engagement and fostering positive purchasing behavior. The study underscores the importance of these elements in shaping consumer preferences. To enhance purchase intention, businesses should prioritize customer satisfaction by refining pricing strategies, improving in-store comfort, and cultivating positive emotional experiences. The results offer valuable insights for marketers and business owners, emphasizing that strategic investments in customer experience, pricing, and innovation can effectively drive purchase intention and foster long-term customer loyalty.

ANALYSIS OF FARMERS INCOME SELLING IN SUCO LOUR ZUMALAI ADMINISTRATIVE POST-COVALIMA MUNICIPALITY

The research aims to analyze farmers' income selling Corn in Suco Lour, Zumalai Administrative Post, Covalima Municipality. The research employs descriptive methods, utilizing a simple random sampling technique to select a sample of 100 farmers from the population. The data collection involves three methods: interviews, which facilitate direct communication with the farming community; observation to witness farming activities firsthand; and questionnaires designed to gather structured information. The researcher analyzed with the results of counting through economic analysis equipment, responded with significant results as follows: (i) the total number of farmer family members responded in fifty (50), discovered farmers Secondary Education with its minimum frequency of two (2) people, 4 percent, discovered non-alphabetic farmers got the highest frequency of twenty-one (21) people, with 42%. (ii) The impact of technology on productivity: Investigate how the adoption of modern agricultural technologies influences corn production efficiency and income levels among farmers. The study highlights the factors influencing earnings, including production costs, market access, and pricing strategies. This research can inform policymakers and agricultural stakeholders about the economic challenges faced by local farmers, guiding the development of targeted interventions to enhance profitability and sustainability in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the findings may serve as a basis for further studies on income diversification and agricultural practices in similar regions, ultimately contributing to improved livelihoods for farming communities.

Competitiveness of wine cooperatives in light of pricing strategies and marketing channels: Evidence from Germany

For decades, there has been a debate in the literature about the competitiveness of wine cooperatives, with many studies concluding that they are potentially less competitive in pricing their wines than other forms of enterprises, while others have found the opposite. Using two datasets on German winegrowers’ cooperatives as an example, the competitiveness of cooperatives between 2015 and 2020 was compared in hedonic price analyses. One dataset included evaluations in commercial German wine guides and the other included wines from Germany’s annual public Federal Wine Awards. The Hausman-Taylor panel estimator was applied so as to include the time-invariant “cooperative” dummy. Furthermore, quantile regressions were used to account for possible differences in the price segments. The results point to the heterogeneous characteristics of cooperatives that have led to different marketing strategies and positioning on the German wine market. It can be concluded that the organisational form of cooperatives in the wine sector does not face a general competitive disadvantage compared with other forms of enterprise.

ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE AND SOCIAL UPLIFTMENT: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON THE ROLE OF FPOS IN FARMER EMPOWERMENT

The agricultural sector is the backbone of rural economies, yet smallholder farmers often face persistent socio-economic challenges, including market inefficiencies, financial exclusion, and limited access to resources. Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as transformative entities capable of addressing these issues by fostering collective action and promoting sustainable development. This conceptual study explores the role of FPOs in achieving economic independence and social upliftment for farmers, emphasizing their potential to drive empowerment and rural prosperity. The paper examines the dual dimensions of empowerment economic and social enabled by FPOs. Economically, FPOs enhance farmers' access to inputs, credit, technology, and markets, allowing better price realization and reducing dependency on intermediaries. Socially, they contribute to building farmers' confidence, improving their bargaining power, and fostering a sense of community and shared purpose. By reviewing existing literature and integrating relevant theoretical frameworks, such as social capital theory and collective action theory, this study develops a conceptual model linking FPO activities to farmers' socio-economic empowerment. The study highlights the critical mechanisms FPOs generate impact, including capacity building, market linkages, and policy advocacy. It also identifies potential barriers, such as governance challenges, limited scalability, and inadequate support infrastructure, which need to be addressed to maximize FPO effectiveness. This research contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable rural development by positioning FPOs as pivotal agents of change. The findings have significant implications for policymakers, development practitioners, and stakeholders seeking to enhance rural livelihoods and promote inclusive growth. Ultimately, this study underscores the transformative potential of FPOs in fostering economic independence and social upliftment for farmers, paving the way for more resilient and equitable agricultural systems.

Pricing-to-market as an Example of Price Differentiation in European Markets

The aim of the research is to assess the degree of the pricing-to-market (PTM) strategy used in selected European countries, focusing on selected groups of consumer goods. The study uses a literature review in the field of macroeconomics and international finance, as well as statistical and econometric methods. The results of the research confirmed the occurrence of PTM in selected European countries, although the level differed significantly between countries. There is a positive correlation between the level of PTM and a country’s level of economic development. The highest PTM levels occurred for homogeneous rather than heterogeneous consumer goods. Our findings are extremely important, especially from the perspective of international companies. Understanding the elasticity of demand in different markets helps businesses set prices that maximize revenue. Setting prices too low or too high can affect how a brand is perceived in the market. By employing a PTM strategy, businesses can balance profitability with market competitiveness. To date, no comprehensive research has been conducted into PTM strategies in European markets. Therefore, this research fills the gap in this area, constituting a significant contribution to empirical research in the field of pricing strategies.

Product pricing based on customer perception quality and service convenience using interval type-2 fuzzy logic system

In the competitive landscape of customer goods, particularly in the wrapping paper industry, pricing strategies are critical to achieving market success. This study presents a novel approach to product pricing by integrating customer perception quality and service and convenience factors using interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2FLS). The customer perception quality factor is subdivided into material quality and aesthetics design sub-factors while the service and convenience factor comprise web-based ordering system as well as the web-based post-sale customer engagement. The methodology involves collecting data through customer surveys and expert evaluations to quantify the perceived importance and performance of each sub-factor. The IT2FLS is employed to handle the inherent uncertainty and imprecision in experts’ judgment, providing a robust framework for aggregating these qualitative assessments into a comprehensive pricing model. This IT2FLS allows for the dynamic adjustment of pricing based on fluctuating customer perceptions and service levels. The outcome of the proposed IT2FLS is a pricing factor that serves as a multiplier for the standard product price established by the company. The new product prices have been validated also considering historical data and it was found that the prices remain acceptable to customers without drastically impacting sales. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on pricing strategies by offering a sophisticated, mathematically grounded approach that accounts for the complex, fuzzy nature of customer preferences. The proposed model not only enhances pricing accuracy but also provides a flexible tool for managers to adapt pricing strategies in real-time based on customer feedback and service performance.

Pricing Analysis of Risk-Averse Supply Chains with Supply Disruption Considering Reference Price Effect

This paper examines the impact of the reference price effect on pricing decisions in a risk-averse supply chain with a dual-sourcing procurement strategy, particularly during single-sourcing supply disruption. To analyze supply chain pricing decisions under non-disrupted and disrupted scenarios, we innovatively use semivariance as a risk measure to effectively avoid the limitations of the traditional variance approach and integrate it into Stackelberg game models. Based on these models, we analyze the impact of the reference price effect, risk aversion, and single-sourcing supply disruption on supply chain members’ pricing decisions. The main findings include the following: the single-sourcing supply disruption degree may increase the price of non-disrupted products and then increase the non-disrupted supplier’s utility; the strength of the reference price effect positively influences retailer utility but negatively impacts product pricing for supply chain members; the pricing decisions and utility of supply chain members are influenced by their risk aversion, and supply chain members with higher risk aversion adopt more conservative pricing strategies and consequently obtain lower utility; and equilibrium decisions generally demonstrate a degree of robustness. These insights may help supply chain managers respond rationally to supply disruptions and properly develop pricing strategies by taking into account the reference price effect.

Utilizing managerial beliefs for set identification of price elasticities of demand

Abstract Data-driven decision-making is increasingly prevalent but can clash with managerial beliefs, risking biased decisions. A prime example is pricing strategy optimization, where traditional methods for estimating price elasticities of demand often lead to counter-intuitive results due to model misspecification and the reliance on single-point estimates. To address this, we propose utilizing structural vector-autoregressions (SVARs) to generate identified sets of elasticities, integrating managerial beliefs into the analysis to improve decision-making processes. Using weak restrictions about the directional effects of supply and demand shocks on sales and prices, and assumptions about the functioning of in-store promotions effectively sharpens the identified sets. Specifically, we analyze the demand for beer at a large scale for 1,953 stores in the US. For many stores (i.e., at least 40%), both recent endogeneity-robust single-equation methods and alternative identification strategies for SVARs used in marketing studies yield positive price elasticity estimates that oppose behavioral fundamentals. Hence, these are hardly informative for designing pricing strategies. Instead, the suggested approach to set identification yields elasticity estimates that are sufficiently precise to improve the design of retail pricing strategies and offer insights into customer’s distinct price sensitivities in grocery and drug stores. Overall, our approach emphasizes the importance of combining data-driven analysis with managerial insights for evidence-based decision-making.

Challenging boundaries: exploring pricing strategies, and unpaid labour time to explain earning disparities in online labour markets*

ABSTRACT This paper challenges the prevailing perception of the boundless nature of Online Labour Markets (OLMs), where platforms connect service providers, such as online freelancers or workers, with clients. The focus is specifically on the pricing strategies employed by online freelancers on Upwork, a prominent international freelance platform. This article contributes empirically and theoretically to debates on the purported boundlessness of OLMs. It illustrates how online freelancers, when confronted with the rules and practices of platform algorithms, develop distinct strategies to navigate the challenges and access work across regional boundaries. Importantly, our findings reveal that despite adopting similar pricing strategies there are earnings disparities among freelancers across regional boundaries. Consequently, unpaid labour time incurred by workers in developing countries while providing services through the platform becomes a discernible cost borne by freelancers in their pursuit of accessing more lucrative opportunities.

Comparative Analysis of Project Management Software: Functionality, Usability, and Integration for Modern Workflows

This research aims at determining the suitability of the trending PM tools; Microsoft Project, Jira, Trello, and Asana based on the functionality, security, usability and cost needs of different organisations. The study reveals that while Microsoft Project and Jira offer better-developed features, their complexity and cost make them more suitable for large companies. On the other hand, Trello and Asana have simple and easy to use interface, which is suitable for small and medium sized business and also they are less costly, but they lack the depth of features and security features which may be required by some large companies or companies in some highly regulated industries. In addition, the study reveals an increasing interest in flexible PM tools that support different methodologies and have security measures to meet the data protection challenges of cloud projects. The results of this study imply that PM tool selection criteria should be matched to particular organisational capability, weighing utility, security, and cost. The study also suggests new tendencies concerning further developments such as the demand for PM solutions that are suitable for Agile and Waterfall methodologies concurrently, as well as the need for more elastic pricing strategies.

When the customers comes to you: mobile apps and corporate investment efficiency

Firms are increasingly shifting towards digital channels, yet the implications of this shift remain underexplored. Using a unique database of customer behaviors extracted from the top 2000 mobile apps developed by companies in China, this study investigates the impact of mobile apps on inefficient corporate investments. The results indicate that metrics such as active user count, usage duration, and app launch frequency can mitigate inefficient investments, notably by curtailing overinvestment. These findings survive a series of robustness checks such as altering the measures of inefficient investment, extending the analysis to include the top five apps, incorporating H-share listed firms, and employing instrumental variables regression. Moreover, the mechanism analysis indicates that mobile apps help reduce inefficient investments by lowering agency costs and relaxing financial constraints. Further analysis examines the business models of these apps (paid vs. free) as well as their reputation mechanisms, revealing that the pricing strategies of apps and the reputation of corporate brands also play a role in how the adoption of mobile apps affects inefficient investment.

PRICE SENSITIVITY AND BOOKING PATTERNS: UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN DESTINATION HOTELS

This research explores how factors like price sensitivity, how far in advance bookings are made, seasonal trends, and discount promotions affect the way customers book hotels. By combining survey responses from 275 people with historical booking data, the study examines how strategic pricing can balance maximizing revenue and keeping customers happy. The research shows that price sensitivity is of significant effect on frequency of booking and from where one books. The price-sensitive individuals will book from OTAs and search for discount offers, whereas others who are indifferent about the prices will book from the hotels themselves and remain loyal to specific brands. However, the study also found that practices like dynamic pricing (where prices change based on demand), personalized offers, and loyalty programs can increase both revenue (as measured by RevPAR) and guest satisfaction. It underlines the significance of transparent pricing and being in good health with OTAs, providing hands-on tips for hotel managers to optimize their pricing strategies. Although the research is limited to a smaller number of participants and a geographic locality, it nevertheless provides intriguing insights into how customers act when they reserve hotels in well-known places. It further provides a foundation for more research into how pricing effects can drive customer loyalty and a hotel’s profitability in the long run.

Valuing visitors' willingness to pay for a preservation fund: choice experiment approach in UNESCO world heritage site in Melaka, Malaysia

PurposeWorld heritage sites (WHSs) contribute significantly to preserving local identity and the exponential growth of the local economy through tourism. Therefore, it is important to protect landmarks or areas declared as one of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) WHSs so that the structure can be preserved and the legacies of the monuments and cultures can be uplifted and sustained. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the idea of charging a premium for some tourism-related goods and services in order to make them more sustainable.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes the Choice Experiment (CE) method to evaluate the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors at the WHS in Melaka, Malaysia. Through a structured survey and choice modeling approach, we assess visitors' preferences for various site attributes and potential management strategies, enabling us to estimate their WTP for heritage preservation.FindingsThis paper focuses on assessing the monetary worth visitors associate with preserving a UNESCO WHS in Melaka, Malaysia. The study utilizes a CE methodology to estimate visitors' preferences and their WTP for heritage site preservation. The findings contribute to understanding the economic viability and sustainability of establishing a preservation fund for the site. Overall, this research provides valuable information for decision-makers involved in the preservation and management of cultural heritage sites.Research limitations/implicationsExternal Validity: The research focuses specifically on the UNESCO WHS in Melaka, Malaysia. The findings may not be directly applicable to other heritage sites or locations with different cultural, socioeconomic or environmental characteristics. Thus, the generalizability of the study’s results to other contexts might be limited.Practical implicationsConservation Fund Design: The research provides valuable insights into visitors' WTP for a preservation fund. These findings can inform policymakers, site managers and relevant stakeholders in designing and implementing effective conservation funding mechanisms for the UNESCO WHS in Melaka. Understanding visitors' preferences and their willingness to contribute financially can help ensure the sustainable preservation of the site. Revenue Generation: By quantifying visitors' WTP, the study offers practical implications for generating revenue for the preservation fund. Policymakers and site managers can leverage this information to establish appropriate pricing strategies, such as entrance fees or voluntary donations, that align with visitors' valuation and support long-term financial sustainability for site conservation.Social implicationsEnhanced Conservation Efforts: Understanding visitors' WTP can contribute to increased public engagement and awareness regarding the importance of preserving the UNESCO WHS in Melaka. The findings can be used to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among visitors, encouraging them to actively participate in conservation efforts and advocate for the site’s protection. Stakeholder Collaboration: The research highlights the need for collaboration between various stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, NGOs and visitors, to ensure the successful preservation of the heritage site. The study’s insights can facilitate dialogue and cooperation among these groups, promoting shared responsibility and effective decision-making processes for the sustainable management of the site.Originality/valueThe paper brings valuable insights and originality to the field of tourism and heritage preservation. It adds to the discourse on sustainable tourism practices and financial mechanisms to support cultural heritage preservation, offering practical insights for effective site management.

Exploring The Digital Marketing Dynamics Of MSME Technology Services Companies In India

The study explores Go-To-Market (GTM) strategies for MSME technology service companies in India, focusing on market outreach, digital marketing, and revenue optimization. Given the booming SaaS industry, understanding conversion drivers and market positioning is crucial. A structured survey with 301 responses from sales and marketing professionals revealed key insights. Engagement-driven strategies, referral traffic, and customized user experiences emerged as the strongest conversion factors. B2B firms (₹10-50 Cr revenue) perform better, leveraging content-driven engagement, while B2C companies benefit from pricing strategies and influencer marketing. Machine learning analysis confirmed that higher engagement (5%+) increases conversions, while generic social media campaigns underperform. Companies prioritizing referral programs and data-driven personalization achieve superior ROI. The findings offer strategic insights for Indian SaaS firms, highlighting the importance of adaptive marketing, technological investments, and customer segmentation to optimize GTM approaches. Future research should explore regulatory impacts and financial disclosures for deeper industry insights. COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARD Conflict of interest- The author declares that there is no conflict of interest. a) Funding (needed only if applicable)- The research was self-funded by the author. b) Ethical approval- Not Applicable c) Informed consent- It was Taken.