Fertilizer Prices Research Articles

Economic Impact of Nitrogen Management Using Controlled-release Formulations for Tomato Production in North Florida

With recent increases in nitrogen (N) fertilizer prices, economic analysis of conventional and alternative N fertilizers has become critical for understanding the factors that drive total production costs and profits. Although fertilizer applications are meant to help reduce marketable yield variability in fresh-market vegetable production, climatic conditions on biomass production are difficult to predict. Still, they can be estimated for a specific physiographic region. A field fresh-market tomato study evaluated the suitability of a one-time preplant application of controlled-release urea (CRU) as an alternate N fertilizer source to the split application of fertigated soluble urea for tomato production using the raised-bed plasticulture system with drip irrigation in coastal plain soils. Marketable yield data from the four tomato production seasons (Fall 2019, Spring 2020, Fall 2020, and Spring 2021) reflected the N treatments that achieved the highest N use efficiencies (i.e., higher or sustained yields with a decrease in N input) from the tested N rates (125, 150, and 200 lb/acre), found that N application above 125 lb/acre did not lead to appreciable improvements in yield across all N sources tested [two CRUs with a 60 (CRU-60) and 75-day (CRU-75) duration and conventional urea]. Therefore, seasonal yields represent the effects of N sources applied up to a 38% reduction of the recommended N rate (200 lb/acre) for Florida tomato production. We conduct an economic analysis to evaluate the effects of the alternative N fertilizer strategies on the economic returns of commercial tomato production in north Florida. Both CRU formulations were roughly three times more expensive than conventional urea ($62.0–$86.1 across seasons), which resulted in N fertilizer costs to total tomato production costs of ≈1.1% to 1.6% for CRUs and 0.4% to 0.6% for urea. Despite the higher costs, CRUs were shown to be profitable, especially in warm spring season tomato production. Marginal return rates for spring were 69.7% to 212.4%, showing that using CRU as the N source helped to almost or more than double the net income compared with using the same N rate of conventional urea. This analysis resulted in positive net incomes in the CRU fertilizer program ranging from $13,541 to $19,246 and $728 to $18,004 per acre for both fall (2019 and 2020) and spring (2020 and 2021) production seasons, respectively. On the other hand, the urea fertilizer program was not successful in Spring 2021.

Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Agriculture in Major Towns Practicing Urban Agriculture in Ethiopia: A Review

Ethiopia is experiencing a surge in urbanization as well as an increase in the cost of living and food. Consequently, urban agriculture will play a significant part in the nation's adoption of a sustainable urban development program. Ethiopia's government has also shown a great deal of interest in advancing urban agriculture, as seen by the establishment of the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Commission. However, as the sector is considered as a new initiative in most cities it has its own challenge and opportunity. This study reviewed the challenges and opportunities of urban agriculture in Ethiopia. Existing scholarly research that has been published as journal articles serves as the study's methodology. The resources (Scopus and Google customized search), eligibility and exclusion criteria, review process phases, data abstraction, and analysis are all part of the methods used. The review result shows that, in Ethiopia, there is diversity among the actors involved in urban agriculture and the tasks they carry out. There are four major performers of urban agriculture namely farm households, organized groups/cooperatives/enterprises, households and institutional practitioners. The commonly practiced forms of urban agriculture are dairy, poultry, animal fattening, bee keeping, fish farming, and vegetable production. The major challenges the urban agriculture facing are Challenges due to limitation of resources, economic and climate change factors. Farmers that are practicing urban agriculture are facing problems with resources such as access to available land, access to water supply for irrigation and livestock, high price of fertilizer and pesticides. Farmers and other organized bodies to implement urban agriculture are facing problems with access to financial institutions lending money. Variability of climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature affect yield in crops. The best opportunity for urban agriculture in Ethiopia is that creation of A better market for products (milk, chicken and eggs) with close users in towns, provides employment opportunities for jobless youths and women in the towns and generates additional income for urban agricultural producers. It needs stronger policy support and investment to enhance the contribution of urban agriculture expansion significantly.

Enhancing Physiochemical Properties and Quality of Maize Through Integrated Nutrient Management

Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop widely cultivated around the world, playing a crucial role in global food security. However, the sustained productivity of maize is threatened by declining soil health and quality due to intensive farming practices and improper nutrient management. Integrated nutrient management (INM) is a judicious use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient to crop fields for sustaining and maintaining soil productivity. However, the use of appropriate and conjunctive use of application of suitable nutrients through organic and inorganic solely or in combination can provide the solutions to the problems such as increase in the price of inorganic fertilizers and deterioration effect of soil fertility and productivity. Hence, judicious application of these combinations can sustain the soil fertility and productivity. Methods: A field experiment comprising of 12 treatments was carried out in the kharif season of 2022 at the research farm of the Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, LPU, Phagwara. Aim of this research was to optimize nutrient availability and enhance soil fertility. Addressing these challenges, the present investigation entitled, enhancing physio chemical properties and nutrient content of maize through integrated nutrient management. Result: Application of 100% RDN+ mixed biofertilizers + FYM+ 1% spray of ZnSO4 + resulted in showed the highest protein content (10.15%), starch content (60.4%) and ash content (1.19%) in maize grains, followed by 75% RDN + Mixed Biofertilizers + FYM + 1% spray ZnSO4 and T11. Additionally, T12 showed the highest available zinc status in the soil with 1.5 kg/ha and the highest available zinc content in grains and straw after harvest with 325.6 mg/kg and 27.3 mg/kg, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of combining various nutrient sources to optimize maize growth and enhance its productivity.

Modelling maize price volatility in sub-Saharan Africa: a GARCH-X approach

ABSTRACT We examine maize price volatility in Nigeria, Gambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Burkina Faso using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic-X (GARCH-X) models. Monthly price data from 2013 to 2023 are analysed, incorporating exogenous variables such as exchange rates, crude oil prices, fertilizer prices, global maize prices, GDP per capita, and domestic maize supply. The ARCH-LM test validates volatility, justifying the use of GARCH-type models. Model comparison using AIC, BIC, likelihood-ratio and root mean square error tests confirm that the GARCH-X model outperforms the standard GARCH model, demonstrating that exogenous factors enhance volatility modelling. Findings indicate that exchange rates significantly influence maize price volatility in DRC and Burkina Faso. In contrast, crude oil prices impact maize price volatility in the Gambia and Burkina Faso. In Nigeria, GDP per capita and domestic maize supply are key drivers of maize price volatility. Additionally, the GARCH-X model shows lower volatility persistence, suggesting exogenous factors contribute to the stabilization of prices. The results highlight the need for targeted policy interventions, including exchange rate stabilization, energy diversification, and investment in domestic production.

Deconstructing fertilizer price spikes: Evidence from Chinese urea fertilizer market

Deconstructing fertilizer price spikes: Evidence from Chinese urea fertilizer market

Tracking and analyzing the spatio-temporal changes of rice planting structure in Poyang Lake using multi-model fusion method with sentinel-2 multi temporal data.

Accurate and efficient extraction of rice planting structures, coupled with comprehensive analysis of their spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors, is crucial for rice yield estimation and optimized water resource management in the Poyang Lake region. However, traditional approaches face significant limitations: single machine learning models often yield insufficient classification accuracy, while existing fusion models typically involve complex processing workflows and exhibit low computational efficiency. To address these challenges, this study developed an efficient and simplified fusion model based on a scoring strategy to determine rice planting structures from 2018 to 2023, followed by an in-depth analysis of their spatiotemporal patterns and underlying drivers. The evaluation results demonstrated that four individual classification models of K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) achieved Overall Accuracy of 85.29%-90.07%, Kappa coefficients of 0.786-0.855, User Accuracy of 80.51%-93.02%, and Mapping Accuracy of 80.87%-92.63%. The proposed scoring-based fusion model significantly enhanced these metrics, improving Overall Accuracy by 3.36%-9.16%, Kappa coefficient by 5.15%-14.38%, User Accuracy by 0.37%-11.13%, and Mapping Accuracy by 0.48%-10.71%. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed distinct trends in rice cultivation patterns: single-cropping rice and regenerated rice showed consistent expansion, both in planting area and proportion, with a spatial tendency towards flat regions. Conversely, double-cropping rice exhibited a gradual decline, with its cultivation areas contracting towards the central lake region. These shifts were primarily driven by socioeconomic factors, particularly rural labor migration and rising fertilizer prices, which have incentivized farmers to adopt less labor-intensive and lower-input cultivation systems, such as single-cropping and regenerated rice. The findings offer a novel methodological framework for precise extraction of crop planting structures, and a scientific foundation for local governments to develop targeted water resource management strategies.

On the feasibility of an agricultural revolution: Sri Lanka’s ban of chemical fertilizers in 2021

Sri Lanka Government’s ambitious decision to ban synthetic agrochemicals, including chemical fertilizers (and pesticides), in April 2021 made it the first nation in the world to embark on a full-scale transition to – as the Government called it—organic farming, and address concerns about human health and the environment. Previous policies had envisioned a gradual shift, but the sudden ban caught agriculture off guard. Declining foreign exchange reserves to import chemical fertilizers and coinciding peak fertilizer prices appeared to support the timing of the move. However, the ensuing rush for organic fertilizers failed to meet the national demand, resulting in severe losses in rice and export-oriented plantation crops. Facing decreasing yields and food insecurity, the government lifted the ban in November 2021. The events raised critical questions about the necessity and feasibility of such a drastic transition and alternative ways. To explore the general feasibility of transitioning toward organic fertilizers, this study considered the actual and potential availability of biomass to “replace” chemical fertilizers at the national scale as was envisioned by the Government. The analysis focused on the four main national crops and showed that in none of the selected scenarios, Sri Lanka’s actual and potentially available organic fertilizer could supply rice- and plantation-based agrosystems with sufficient nitrogen, not to mention other crops or nutrients. The Government will in every scenario, including one that assumes a stepwise transition, remain compelled to spend significantly on importing organic fertilizer to maintain the required crop yields, which would cost the Government more foreign currency than purchasing chemical fertilizer. Even more costly is purchasing rice to close the national production gap, as Sri Lanka eventually did at the end of its nationwide experiment, which resulted in major food security concerns.

Production and marketing system of mustard (Brassica juncea) in some selected areas of Bangladesh

The paper provides an estimate of the marketing efficiency of BINA Sarisha-11, the mustard variety of Brassica juncea, developed by BINA and grown in Rangpur, Jamalpur, and Magura. It looks at various aspects of marketing: the cost of cultivation and returns, the identification of participants in the marketing chain, marketing costs, margins, and efficiencies at different levels. A total of 180 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling comprising 90 farmers and 90 traders. The statistical tools used included profitability and marketing efficiency models. The results showed that the cultivation of BINA Sarisha-11 was profitable as an average net return of BDT 51,291 (423.64 USD) per hectare was estimated with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.94. Marketing efficiency varied among the chains; the Farmer to Retailer to final Consumer chain was the most efficient, least costly, and had the highest producer share of 64.61%. On the contrary, longer chains were costlier and offered reduced producer shares. Farmers complained of seed unavailability, high prices of fertilizers, and lack of training, while traders complained of unstable prices and high costs of transportation as major challenges. The study identifies that there is a need for policy intervention to smoothen the marketing chains, improve access to inputs, and reduce problems related to market infrastructure. This will ensure the value chain of BINA Sarisha-11 is profitable and efficient, adding to the overall sustainability in mustard cultivation within Bangladesh.

Raw Materials and Processing Effects on Chinese Organic Fertilizer Prices

This study investigates the impact of raw material sources and processing methods on the pricing of organic fertilizers in China’s market. Using sales data from Cnhnb.com, a leading agricultural input sales platform for ordinary farmers, and JD.com, a major retail platform for gardening enthusiasts, we employ text analysis methods and a probability-weighted hedonic pricing model to estimate price premiums and discounts, which can be interpreted as marginal value of characteristics or consumer preferences in a highly competitive multi-brand organic fertilizer market. Our results indicate significant price discounts for organic fertilizers derived from high-risk raw materials like manure and kitchen waste compared to products with unspecified sources, while fertilizers made from plant, animal (e.g., processed animal products, bone meal, etc.), and humic acid sources command price premiums. We also find that convenience-enhancing processing methods, such as pelletization and water-soluble concentration, and nutrient adjustments tailored for specific crops are effective in improving consumer preferences and increasing price premiums for organic fertilizers. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to expand market demand for organic fertilizers, promote their substitution for synthetic fertilizers, and foster the sustainable development of China’s organic fertilizer industry in the context of green agricultural transition.

Penerapan Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya Pada Alat Pembuat Pupuk Organik Cair di Desa Banjarwaru

The majority of the population of Banjarwaru Village are farmers. The price of fertilizer is getting higher from time to time while farmers need fertilizer for their plants. Problems arise when fertilizer shortages often occur. In addition, the type of fertilizer used is generally a type of chemical fertilizer that is not good for the human body because the substance can be carried into the food consumed. Organic fertilizer is one option to overcome this problem. This type of fertilizer is now starting to be widely available on the market, although the price is relatively expensive. The solution to this problem is that it can be done by making organic fertilizer independently. Another factor is that there is a lot of organic waste that can be processed into liquid organic fertilizer (POC). Therefore, to create a village that is independent in fertilizer, the PKM Team aims to create an organic fertilizer maker based on a PLTS electricity source and provide training in operating the tool. The method used is by making an organic liquid fertilizer maker, socializing it to residents of Banjarwaru Village, and training and demonstrating how to operate the tool.

Research on EV Crawler-Type Soil Sample Robot Using GNSS Information.

In Japan, the decline in the number of agricultural workers and the aging of the workforce are problems, and there is a demand for more efficient and labor-saving work. Furthermore, in order to correct the rising price of fertilizer and the increasing burden on the environment caused by fertilizer, there is a demand for more efficient fertilization. Therefore, we aim to develop an electric soil sampling robot that can run autonomously using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) information. GNSS and the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) are used as navigation sensors. The work machine is a crawler type that reduces soil compaction. In addition, a route map was generated in advance using the coordinate values of the field, with soil sampling positions set at 10 m intervals. In the experiment, the robot traveled along the route map and stopped automatically. The standard deviation of the standard deviation of lateral error was about 0.032 m, and the standard deviation of the interval between soil sampling positions was also less than 0.05 m. Therefore, it can be said that the accuracy is sufficient for soil sampling. It can also be said that even higher density sampling is possible by setting the intervals for soil sampling at finer intervals.

Induced Innovation Theory and Technological Progress in Bangladesh Agriculture in the Twentieth Century

This paper explores the relationship between factor price ratios and factor intensities during the period of rapid spread of high yield variety (HYV) technology of cereal production in Bangladesh agriculture. The theory of induced innovation suggests that an increase in the relative price of a factor would lead farmers to adopt technologies that minimize the usage of that factor, and conversely. However, available data from Bangladesh agriculture indicate that although the price of fertilizer, a key factor in HYV cultivation, relative to land and labor, rose substantially during the study period, the fertilizer-labor and fertilizer-land intensities in cultivation also rose very steeply. It is shown that minimizing the use of the expensive factor is neither necessary nor sufficient for profit maximization in agricultural production. Social Science Review, Vol. 41(1), June 2024, Page 179-194.

Impact of Increased Fertilizer Prices on its Use in Wheat Crop and Wheat Productivity in Selected Districts of Punjab Province

Replenishment and management of the food demand are the basic needs of the time to cope with the increasing demand of food due to the consistent rise in population. Agriculture is the lifeblood of Pakistan’s economy providing food to more than 21.2 million people. In the agriculture sector, wheat is the most important crop cultivated on the largest area in almost every part of the country. Wheat production in Pakistan showed much fluctuated patterns from the time of wheat security to its server deficiency. Fertilizer is basic need and an important input that results in high cost of wheat production and also the farmers are facing many challenges regarding fertilizer prices in Pakistan. The study was conducted to investigate socioeconomic issues of the farmers faced in fertilizer use and purchasing. Primary data was collected from 200 respondents through well-structured questionnaire. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the factor affecting fertilizer prices of wheat. Overall significance of the model was determined by F-test. The value of R2 was 51.3 percent which indicated that 51 percent variations were explained by the model. It was suggested that there was need of timely availability of farm inputs including credit to farmers, subsidy on fertilizer, direct asses to market, application of high yield wheat varieties and contact of agri./extension department with small farmers.

PENGARUH DISTRIBUSI PUPUK, HARGA PUPUK, DAN SUBSIDI PUPUK TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI KELAPA SAWIT

The agricultural sector, particularly oil palm plantations, plays an important role in the economy, and the success of agricultural businesses is highly dependent on several factors including fertilizers. This study aims to analyze the effect of fertilizer distribution, fertilizer prices, and fertilizer subsidies on the income of oil palm farmers in Ujung Gading Village, West Pasaman Regency. This research uses quantitative data research methods in 2024 with survey methods that emphasize the analysis of numerical data processed by statistical methods using SPSS 23. This research is causal associative. The results of the study simultaneously show that the independent variables of Fertilizer Distribution, Fertilizer Prices, and Fertilizer Subsidies show a positive and significant influence on the Income of Oil Palm Farmers in Ujung Gading Village, West Pasaman Regency. Based on the results of the F test, the independent variables together or simultaneously have a significant effect on the dependent variable. So it is advisable for oil palm farmers to take better care of the oil palm. Based on the results of the oil palm greatly affects the income of oil palm farmers in the village of Ujung Gading, West Pasaman Regency.

Global Crop-Specific Fertilization Dataset from 1961–2019

As global fertilizer application rates increase, high-quality datasets are paramount for comprehensive analyses to support informed decision-making and policy formulation in crucial areas such as food security or climate change. This study aims to fill existing data gaps by employing two machine learning models, eXtreme Gradient Boosting and HistGradientBoosting algorithms to produce precise country-level predictions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and potassium oxide (K2O) application rates. Subsequently, we created a comprehensive dataset of 5-arcmin resolution maps depicting the application rates of each fertilizer for 13 major crop groups from 1961 to 2019. The predictions were validated by both comparing with existing databases and by assessing the drivers of fertilizer application rates using the model’s SHapley Additive exPlanations. This extensive dataset is poised to be a valuable resource for assessing fertilization trends, identifying the socioeconomic, agricultural, and environmental drivers of fertilizer application rates, and serving as an input for various applications, including environmental modeling, causal analysis, fertilizer price predictions, and forecasting.

The Impact of Variability in Fertilizer Prices on Farmers' Profitability: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

This systematic review analyses the impact of variability in fertilizer prices on farmers' profitability from an interdisciplinary perspective. An exhaustive search was conducted in specialized databases, applying eligibility criteria and assessing the quality of the studies. The results reveal that fertilizer price volatility is a critical factor affecting agricultural profitability globally, with effects varying according to the context. In addition to prices, various economic, agronomic, and environmental factors influence farmers' decisions regarding fertilizer use. Among the strategies explored to mitigate negative impacts are subsidies, the promotion of efficient technologies, the development of value chains for organic fertilizers, and policies that promote price stabilization and risk management. The bibliometric analysis highlights the relevance of the topic in high-impact journals in environmental sciences, agricultural economics, and sustainable technology. It is concluded that addressing this issue requires a comprehensive and systemic approach that considers economic, agronomic, and environmental elements, and the need for future research that delves into the analysis of specific contexts, evaluates the impact of different interventions, and develops interdisciplinary approaches is emphasized. Promoting the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture will require a concerted effort from the scientific community, policymakers, and agricultural sector stakeholders. Received: 12 June 2024 / Accepted: 19 December 2024 / Published: 05 January 2025

Influence of nutrition with leachate based on compost from vegetable waste on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

The economic instability in Peru was influenced by the post-pandemic period, the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the geopolitical confrontation between the United States and China, which caused an increase in fertilizer prices. The reason why the influence of nutrition with leachate based on compost from vegetable waste (LBCVW) on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of radish was investigated. The objective was to analyze the influence of foliar nutrition with LBCVW on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the radish. It was based on applied research with an experimental approach, so the Completely Randomized Block Design statistical model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 2, T3 with 3, T4 with 4, and T5 with 5 liters of LBCVW/200 liters of water, and the application was made 14 and 21 days after sowing. Once the data on total plant length, plant weight, commercial yield, and equatorial diameter were obtained, they were processed using analysis of variance and Duncan's test. The concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), the starch percentage, the stomatal density in leaves, and the profitability were determined. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 40.26 cm, plant weight with 126.32 g, commercial yield with 39.445 t/ha, and equatorial diameter with 4.72 cm. In stomatal density with 586 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 338.6%, and T2 in nutrient concentration such as magnesium, molybdenum, iron, manganese, boron, and starch percentage with 4.55%. It concludes that T5 stood out for its concentration of phosphorus and calcium, higher stomatal density, and lower starch percentage in the leaves. These characteristics influenced the optimization of biochemical reactions such as transpiration, photosynthesis, and the formation and translocation of carbohydrates towards the reserve (bulb), among others. As a result, greater resistance to nutritional and environmental stress was evidenced, achieving a higher yield of 39.445 t/ha, which represents a 24.54% increase compared to T1.

Effectiveness of Farming Cards in the Distribution of Subsidized Fertilizers in Sijunjung District

Distribution of subsidized fertilizer from the government benefits farmers because they can buy fertilizer at affordable prices and good quality. In practice, the distribution of subsidized fertilizer often experiences various obstacles. The main problems with the performance of subsidized fertilizer distribution are planning, distribution, and supervision. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of using farmer cards in distributing subsidized fertilizer in Sijunjung Regency. The type of research used is descriptive research with survey methods. The study sample was selected as 100 people using the Taro Yamame sampling method. The sample of farmers was selected purposively: farmers who had received a farmer's card. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire prepared using the Guttman scale. Data analysis was descriptively qualitatively and triangulated to validate the data and reduce bias. The research results show that the effectiveness of using farmer cards to distribute subsidized fertilizer is considered less than optimal. Due to various obstacles in the field, many farmers still have difficulty using farmer cards to redeem subsidized fertilizer. The long distance to the bank and farmers' lack of understanding regarding the procedures for using the farmer's card in banking are the main reasons for not achieving the aim of the farmer's card in distributing subsidized fertilizer in Sijunjung Regency. In terms of the effectiveness of fertilizer distribution based on the 6T indicators (right price, type, time, place, quantity, and quality), distribution is considered quite effective. However, price effectiveness is still less than optimal because the price of fertilizer purchased by farmers often exceeds the HET (Highest Retail Price) set by the government. According to the HET, this requires further monitoring to ensure that subsidized fertilizer prices remain affordable.

Factors Influencing the Profitability of Agricultural Cooperative Members: Case of Tuzamurane Cyeza Cooperative, Muhanga District, Rwanda

This study aimed to examine the influential factors that lead to the profitability of Tuzamurane Cyeza Cooperative members in Muhanga District, Rwanda. The assessment was carried out with a survey method using 120 respondents who were selected using purposive sampling. The respondents comprised 60 cooperative members and 60 non-cooperative members who were maize farmers, while 6 local leaders and staff of Tuzamurane Cyeza Cooperative were used as key informants. Data were then collected using questionnaires and interviews, followed by assessment using profitability calculation and multiple regression analysis. The assessment was carried out to analyze the effect of the independent variables (price of maize seeds, price of fertilizers, price of pesticides, wage of labor, maize production, and land lease price) on the dependent variable (the profitability of cooperative members of Tuzamurane Cyeza). The results showed that the profitability of 60 members was 13.8%, while a value of 4.9% was obtained for non-cooperative members. The value of the F-Critical (2.26) was less than the F-calculated (7.200) and the P-value (0.009) was below the significant level (0.05). This showed that the model developed in this study could be used in predicting the contribution of independent variables to the dependent variable. This study also showed that 1 coefficient (maize production) had a positive relationship with Tuzamurane Cyeza Cooperative members, while 5 coefficients (price of maize seeds, price of fertilizers, price of pesticides, wages of labor, land lease price) had an inverse association. Based on the results, all independent variables had an impact on the profitability.

STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP KELUARGA PETANI KELAPA SAWIT DI DURI, KABUPATEN BENGKALIS

This research aims to describe the social and economic life of oil palm farmers in Pematang Obo Village, the problems faced by oil palm farmers in Pematang Obo Village and survival strategies for oil palm farmers in Pematang Obo Village. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research show that the social life of oil palm farmers is the formation of patron-client relationships between farmers and tauke, while the economic life of farmers is determined by the income they generate from the oil palm harvest, the amount of harvest depends on the quality of the oil palm fruit. The problems faced by farmers in Pematang Obo Village are unstable palm oil prices, high fertilizer prices, flooding (high rainfall), failed seeds, irregular maintenance, cases of palm oil theft, different selling prices, access to Plantation. The strategy implemented by farmers in Pematang Obo Village consists of 3 strategies, namely active strategy, passive strategy, network strategy. Active strategies include opening side businesses such as opening a food stall, opening a sewing business, and opening a vegetable cultivation business. Passive strategies in the form of saving and prioritizing important things first, and networking strategies in the form of lending money to tauke and banks, participating in social gatherings (jula-jula) and getting into debt