Price Increments Research Articles

Impacts of a minimum pricing policy on high fat, sugar and sodium (HFSS) foods: Environmental, dietary and welfare analysis.

Retail prices, environmental footprints, and nutritional profiles of commonly sold retail food items in 181 countries.

This study investigated the nexus between the increase in excise tax levied on alcohol and the reduction in drunken driving in Durban (KwaZulu Natal). The study approach was quantitative, and 203 respondents were selected using the convenience sampling method. The respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, which was conducted through surveys to solicit their views, opinions, and perceptions about the role of excise tax in reducing accidents. The study reveals that an increase in excise tax is an important factor influencing alcohol consumption among adults in South Africa. The study shows that people are reluctant to reduce or switch to low-priced alcohol when the tax is increased. Alcohol, to them, has been used as a toxicant to relax and have fun, and it was not important for them to understand the consequences of alcohol consumption despite an increase in excise tax or an increase in the price of alcohol. Increments in the total price of alcohol can lead to a reduction in drinking and driving and its aftermath effects within all age groups. Therefore, the study recommends that public transport must be improved to accommodate people who want to move around Durban without causing harm to other innocent road users.

In Malaysia, many sporting events had been conducted every year. Unfortunately, less research has been conducted on the benefits and side effects of the events. Thus, the impact of hosting a sport event is not well understood. This study was conducted to determine the impact of a national level sport event hosting, namely Sukan Institusi Malaysia (SUKIPT) (in English: Higher Education Sport) on the socioeconomic aspect among residents in Muallim District, Malaysia. A total of 546 respondents, consisting of athletes, managers, spectators and volunteers were recruited as participants of this study. They were given questionnaires that consisted of elements such as happiness and unity among Muallim residents, tourism and economic chances, interest to sports and healthy lifestyle and views on negative impacts. The results were presented descriptively, and the findings indicated a significant impact of SUKIPT on various aspects, including increased happiness and unity among residents, positive effects on tourism and economic opportunities, enhanced interest in sports and healthy lifestyles, and concerns about negative impacts such as environmental pollution and price increments. This study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted impact of hosting national sports events on the socioeconomic aspects of the host city, and highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with such events.

The disruptive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food supply has underscored the need for localized household assessments of food insecurity, particularly in developing countries where such data may be limited. Consequently, this study aims to assess the economic access to food for Chilean households in the pre- and post-pandemic scenarios. We utilized an Almost Ideal Demand System, leveraging Household Consumption Surveys to estimate the cross and own expenditure elasticities among food categories. And, to gauge the potential impact of prices on food security the quantities of food that households acquired were nutritionally scored by income quintile. Our findings pre- and post-pandemic revealed a prioritization of Meats, Grains & Cereals and Fruit & Vegetables across all households, irrespective of their socioeconomic quintile. Moreover, post-pandemic is observed a tendency towards lower-income households experiencing a higher price increment than higher-income households (p-value < 0.0001). The implementation of social protection policies, plus the articulation of agrarian, food and nutritional policies, is observed as vital for addressing food insecurity and alleviating poverty.

BackgroundCOVID-19 caused a significant impact on food security; particularly among low- and middle-income countries. The objective of the current study was to assess both the direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 on individuals’ food security in the metropolitan and regional context of Ethiopia.MethodsThis project utilized a retrospective study design with a mixed methods approach. It assessed the food insecurity experience of individuals both before and after the emergence of COVID-19 through the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Food sellers were interviewed to identify the factors that increased post-COVID-19 emergence food insecurity. Inferential analysis using ordinal logistic regression was undertaken based on the Polytomous Universal Model (PLUM) procedure.ResultsThe size of the family and the type of work for income generation were statistically associated (p < 0.05) with the food security of individuals, both before and after COVID-19 emergence. Location (p = 0.002, odds = 0.37), age (p = 0.002, odds = 2.57) and educational status (p = 0.001, odds = 0.24/) of individuals had a statistically significant effect on the food security of individuals before COVID-19 emergence only. The ordinal value of all FIES indicators increased after COVID-19 emergence compared with pre-pandemic food insecurity. Overall food security of individuals was reduced by 21.5%, with the moderate and severe food insecurity of individuals increasing by 13.1% and 15.9%, respectively. The COVID-19 preventive measures that affected the individuals’ food security, in the order of their priority, were: transport bans; food price increment; lockdown measures; job loss; market bans; social distance restrictions; fear of the pandemic; movement restrictions; over-buying; food inaccessibility; and, lack of cash due to bank closure. In addition, pre-existing non-pandemic related natural and man-made disasters played a role in the food security crisis, including drought, war, and desert locust emergence.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has directly and indirectly affected individuals' food security. Learning from the experiences of COVID-19 may assist governments in preparing for future pandemics. Suggested improvements include forming impact reduction task forces and establishing disease prevention strategies that will not compromise food security.

The objective of this research was to analyze the timber market in five mesoregions of the Amazon forest in the state of Pará, in the period from 2000 to 2013, to determine the influence of deforestation under the market’s regulation and to estimate the monetary value of the timber forest activity. The panel data analysis was applied and the demand and supply equations’s parameters were estimated by the generalized method of moments. The results indicated that the demand and supply of timber are inelastic to the price and significantly influenced by deforestation. The impact of deforestation was positive for demand and higher, in absolute terms, to the negative impact in the supply; resulting in an increment in the market equilibrium price. The socioeconomic and environmental average benefits of timber extraction was US$137.73 million per year by mesoregion, amounting US$688.65 million per year for the state of Pará. From this total, producers appropriated 21.8% and consumers 78.2%. The timber’s equilibrium price was higher than the average prices utilized in forest valuation for the compensations purposes and for the public forest concession projects, indicating an underestimation of the socioeconomic and environmental value of the timber forest capital.

Abstract In contrast to the prevalent ecological motivations seen in European Energy Communities (ECs), in Romania, the driving forces behind EC initiatives are somewhat different. Approximately 60% of these initiatives are primarily focused on addressing energy poverty. The remaining 40% are primarily driven by a desire for energy autonomy. This article explores the intricate landscape of EC projects, focusing on their role in aligning with climate change necessities. We delve into the current state of the energy industry, identifying critical needs, gaps, and challenges that hinder their full potential. Furthermore, we propose potential research directions to bridge these gaps, emphasizing the development of a Meta‐level digital twin (DT) architecture. It aims to enhance decision‐making processes by simulating energy systems and their real‐time responses to various scenarios and regulatory changes. Then, we focus on cost‐effectiveness of installing PV systems in Romania and estimate the current technical potential for households (12.9 GW) and prosumers' PV installations in 2030 and 2050. To forecast the adoption of PV from 2025 to 2030 and 2050, the proposed model relies on several assumptions, such as annual decreases in CAPEX by 1%, in OPEX by 0.15%, increment in electricity prices by 0.1% per year, degradation rate of 0.1% per year for PV systems. The following projections are obtained for 2030 (3948 MW) and for 2050 (5265 MW), estimating that the growth rate from 2030 to 2050 will be 33%.

We provide strong empirical evidence for time-series predictability of the intraday return on the aggregate market portfolio by exploiting lagged high-frequency cross-sectional returns on the factor zoo. Our results rely on the use of modern machine-learning techniques to regularize the predictive regressions and help tame the signals stemming from the zoo together with techniques from financial econometrics to differentiate between continuous and theoretically nonpredictable discontinuous high-frequency price increments. Using the predictions from the model estimated for the aggregate market portfolio in the formulation of simple intraday trading strategies for a set of highly liquid ETFs results in sizeable out-of-sample Sharpe ratios and alphas after accounting for transaction costs. Further dissecting the abnormal intraday returns, we find that most of the superior performance may be traced to periods of high economic uncertainty and a few key factors related to tail risk and liquidity, pointing to slow-moving capital and the gradual incorporation of new information as the underlying mechanisms at work. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01657 .

For several decades, the martingale measures have played a major role in financial asset pricing theory. In this paper, we propose an approach based on the conditional support of the asset price increments that avoids the technical diffilcuties arising from the risk-neutral probability measures. This is illustrated by a numerical implementation on real data from the French CAC 40 index.

Over the past few years, the house prices in Malaysia have experienced a huge value development and turned into a stress pattern for those who want to own a house, especially first time home buyers. This conceptual paper will examine issues of housing affordability among young Malaysians who have intentions of buying a house. The persistent increment of house prices have influenced the capability and ability of individuals to buy houses. The issue is extremely serious among the first time home purchaser, particularly the Generation Y. Thus, this paper will discuss some of the reasons behind this issue and also examine the current government housing policies which are in place to help home buyers. This conceptual study would form a theoretical framework for further empirical work to be done by future researchers and which can be used by policy makers and stakeholders in designing affordable housing for Generation Y in Malaysia.

Slipping Away: Slippage in Hazard Ratios Over Datacuts and Its Impact on Immuno-oncology Combination Economic Evaluations

The central bank's independence and oil prices can influence macroeconomic indicators. Many articles are devoted to studying their influence on individual macroeconomic indicators. As it turned out, the study's results depend on the sample of countries and the interval. They can lead to contradictory conclusions: from a negative or positive effect to its complete absence. However, these issues have not been sufficiently studied for post-Soviet countries with peculiarities in their past development. This study examines the impact of central bank independence (CBI) and oil prices on economic growth, inflation, and income inequality in post-Soviet and developed countries from 2001 to 2020. Based on the analysis of panel data, it was found that strengthening the independence of central banks does not significantly impact economic growth, inflation, and income inequality in developed countries but contributes to their reduction in post-Soviet countries. Higher oil prices reduce economic growth and increase income inequality in developed countries and reduce economic growth, but do not affect income inequality in post-Soviet countries. An increase in oil price increments increases inflation in both samples of countries. The results of this study may be useful for developing macroeconomic policies.

High-frequency data is widely used and studied in many fields, especially in the econometrics and statistics. In this paper, the asymptotic normality of Nadaraya–Waton (NW) kernel regression estimator under ρ-mixing high-frequency data is studied. We first derive some moment inequalities for ρ-mixing high-frequency data, and then use them to study the asymptotic normality of NW kernel regression estimator, and give Berry–Esseen upper bounds. The numerical simulations report that the kernel regression estimator of high-frequency data has good asymptotic normality. Our empirical analysis is to fit the correlation between the five minute interval price increment and the corresponding trading volume for the Shanghai Stock Exchange Index, Entrepreneurship Index and Real Estate Index. These kernel regression curves better reflect people's investment behaviour.

An economic order quantity model under constant purchasing price increments

An economic order quantity model under constant purchasing price increments

Around the Merge and Acquisition (M&amp;A) announcement date, the targets will experience dramatic increases in their share price. The movement of share pricesbrings investment opportunities. To successfully predict the future targets and make an investment strategy, investors can obtain the abnormal return from the increment of the share price. However, many articles of research show that even successfully predicted large numbers of targets, within the investment portfolio, are still unable to show the abnormal return. To make a successful investment strategy, researchers summarized the potential negative factors of the portfolios' return. For example, the investment timing, the distressed firms which share the common characteristics with predicted targets. This paper motivated by the potential improvement space for target portfolio's return, attempts to rationalised a successful investment portfolio. Through selecting the determinate characteristics of targets, building a prediction model, studying its abnormal return and analysing the influence of a distressed firm on the abnormal return, this paper determines that the targets can be distinguished from non-targets with the characteristics of inefficient management, misevaluation, high sales growth, low liquidity and larger free cash flow; consistent with determinant characters, the prediction model has a good predictability; however, good predictability could not produce the abnormal return; furthermore, even the empirical result shows that the target portfolio actually involves a certain percentage of the distressed firms which have significant differences from no-distressed firms, the portfolio can still not obtain abnormal return by screening the distressed firms using its characteristics.

The impact of increase in block pricing on electricity demand responsiveness: Evidence from Ghana

Powering a vanadium redox flow battery using spent vanadium catalyst: Extraction of direct-use V(IV)/V(III) vanadium precursors

The current increment of electric prices over the world has created economic problems, but it is also a turning point to a serious rethink about the dependency on fossil fuels. Adapting balconies to produce energy with mini PV installations is increasing in many countries, because not only it reduces costs; but also promotes the energy transition and adaptation as well “plug&save” systems has made the access to photovoltaic electricity easier in existing apartments by using the balustrade or parapets in balconies. Moreover, the stock of multi-story building apartments represents a significant number of dwellings, which is in favor of density and sustainable cities. The current evolution of the market is producing lightweight panels, which combined with new patented devices can improve the solar incidence collection; thus, using upper edges in balconies can result in an easy, and flexible way to install and maintain.