Gender and sociodemographic characteristics have impacted coping strategies in the significant psychological and social disturbances created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies suggest that gendered social roles influence people’s use of preventive, emotional, and religious-spiritual coping mechanisms, but there is still little data from Pakistan. Using social role theory as a guide, this study investigated how gender affects the adoption of religious-spiritual, preventive, emotion-focused, and non-constructive coping mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. The study also looked at how sociodemographic factors influence coping mechanisms. 500 adults in Pakistan participated in a cross-sectional online survey. Structured questionnaires measuring coping methods on established Likert scales were used to gather data. For sociodemographic and gender factors, descriptive statistics were calculated. After adjusting for age, education, household income, marital status, family structure, and family size, multivariate regression models were used to investigate the impact of gender on coping techniques. At p < .05, p < .01, and p < .001, statistical significance was assessed. Even after controlling for sociodemographic variables, women reported significantly greater levels of religious-spiritual coping (β = 0.32, p < .001), preventive coping (β = 0.28, p < .01), and emotion-focused coping (β = 0.18, p < .05) than males. For non-constructive coping, there were no discernible gender differences (β = 0.04, p > .05). According to descriptive statistics, men scored somewhat higher on certain hygienic activities, but women were more likely to practice prayer, charitable giving, maintain preventive behaviors, and emotional regulation. The results show that during the COVID-19 epidemic in Pakistan, gender is a key determinant of adaptive coping mechanisms. The impact of social and cultural norms is shown by women’s higher participation in religious-spiritual, preventive, and emotion-focused coping. These findings highlight the significance of developing culturally aware and gender-sensitive public health interventions to promote adaptive coping during medical emergencies.

The large-scale and intense combat actions that began in Ukraine on February 24, 2022, have necessitated an increasing mobilization of the civilian population for conscription into military service. Mobilized servicemen faced challenges in adapting to military service and the realities of intense combat. However, mobilization for military service also complicated the well-being of their families. The study aimed to determine the role of proactive coping in post-traumatic growth (PTG) among mobilized military personnel with various marital statuses after participating in combat operations. The Armed Forces of Ukraine mobilized military personnel (N = 237 males, aged 20-59 years) participated in this study after engaging in combat operations. The study participants were divided into two groups depending on their marital status: the married group and the unmarried group. The "Proactive Coping Questionnaire" and "Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory" were used to investigate the relationship between proactive coping and PTG among mobilized military personnel. Correlation and hierarchical linear regression analysis were used to determine the contribution of proactive coping to PTG and the role of marital status among mobilized military personnel. The level of statistical significance in the married group was achieved between the coping strategy "Emotional Support Seeking" and the PTG domains "New Possibilities" (r = 0.310, p < 0.001), "Personal strength" (r = 0.325, p < 0.001), and "Post-traumatic Growth Overall Score" (r = 0.287, p < 0.001). The level of statistical significance was achieved in the unmarried group between the coping strategies "Reflective Coping" (r = 0.358, p < 0.001), "Preventive Coping" (r = 0.340, p < 0.001), "Instrumental Support Seeking" (r = 0.423, p < 0.001), and the PTG domain "New Possibilities". The PTG domain "Relating to Others" showed a statistically significant correlation with the coping strategy "Emotional Support Seeking" (r = 0.347, p < 0.001). Such relationships were also found in the "Proactive Coping Overall Score" and the "Posttraumatic Growth Overall Score." Both married and unmarried service members showed similar average scores in terms of proactive coping and PTG after their combat experiences. Among married service members, PTG was linked solely to the coping style of "Seeking Emotional Support." In contrast, unmarried service members exhibited PTG that was influenced by two proactive coping styles: "Reflexive Coping" and "Seeking Emotional Support." Additionally, marital status played a role in moderating the impact of the overall proactive coping score on PTG, but it was a significant predictor only for unmarried service members. This research adds to the existing body of knowledge on personal growth induced by traumatic events and the role of proactive coping in PTG of mobilized military personnel with marital status. The results obtained lay the groundwork for future research that could enhance our understanding of this process among military personnel after combat operations.

Introduction. The central role of parents in the life of a child with autism spectrum disorder (hereinafter referred to as ASD) determines the need to understand what helps parents adapt and cope with such difficulties as combating potential academic and behavioral problems, providing adequate support in the implementation of inclusive education. Of particular interest are the resources involved in counteracting stress of parents of children with ASD, since the family has a correctional and educational resource for a child with disabilities (hereinafter referred to as CWD). The purpose of the study is to identify the features of resource coping with stress by parents of children with ASD in comparison with parents of conditionally healthy children in the context of inclusive education. Materials and methods. The study involved 60 parents. The data collection methods were: "PSM-25 Psychological Stress Scale" adapted by N. E. Vodopyanova, "Proactive Coping Questionnaire" adapted by E. S. Starchenkova, and D. Zimet's multidimensional scale of perception of social support. Methods of mathematical statistics: Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson correlation coefficient. KEYWORDS Results. Parents of children with autism experience greater stress than parents of conditionally healthy children (U=65; p&lt;0.01). The expression of personal coping resources in parents of children with autism is lower than in parents of conditionally healthy children. Significant differences in the use of social coping resources, such as family (U=292.5; p&lt;0.01) and significant others (U=324; p&lt;0.05) were revealed. Active coping strategies such as proactive (r=-0.627; p&lt;0.01), reflective (r=-0.459; p&lt;0.05), strategic planning (r=-0.703; p&lt;0.01), preventive coping (r=0.486; p&lt;0.05) decrease with high stress levels, indicating difficulties for parents in using effective methods of dealing with distress. The higher the stress level of parents of children with ASD, the lower they rate the availability and effectiveness of social support. Conclusion. Parents of children with ASD experience high levels of stress and have low effectiveness of coping strategies, especially in the areas of proactive and reflective coping, strategic planning and seeking social support.

This qualitative study explores multilayered factors contributing to Vietnamese international students’ future-oriented stress and coping strategies through 24 online interviews. Findings reveal four major stressors: academic pressure, career-related challenges, immigration anxieties, and future uncertainty. Students applied proactive and preventive coping strategies to approach challenges and achieve future goals. Future research should investigate the influence of international students’ identities on coping mechanism preferences and integrate cultural frameworks with stress and coping theories to capture the intersection of students’ cultural values with contemporary approaches to stress management. Implications for educators and advisors are discussed to better support international students in Canada.

Purpose Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a stressful exam assessing medical competencies. Stress coping strategies are expected to enhance students’ performance during OSCE. The objective was to determine the effect of short preventive coping interventions on performance of medical students. Materials and methods Double-blinded, randomized controlled trial with multiple arms and a superiority hypothesis. Enrolment was proposed to each fourth-year undergraduate medical student convened to the Lyon Est University OSCE in 2022. There was no exclusion criterion. Students were randomized to one of four groups: standardized breathing with cardiac biofeedback (BFB), mindfulness-based intervention (MBI), positive psychology intervention (PPI), or control (CTRL). Each intervention was video-guided, lasted six minutes, and occurred just before starting the OSCE. The primary outcome was the academic OSCE score, assessed through specific grids by university examiners blinded to the interventions. Secondary outcomes included specific performance scores, and student perception of the influence of the intervention on their performance. Results A total of 482 students were included. No difference was found between BFB (−0.17 [95%CI, −1.20 to 0.86], p = .749), MBI (0.32 [95%CI, −0.71 to 1.36], p = .540), or PPI groups (−0.25 [95%CI, −1.29 to 0.79], p = .637) on the academic OSCE score compared to the control group, nor regarding the specific performance scores. Compared to the control group, the students perceived that the intervention influenced more positively their performance (BFB +3 [95%CI, 0–8]), p < .001; MBI +4 [95%CI, 1–9], p = .040; PPI +1 [95%CI, 0–4], p = .040]). Conclusions A single six-minute cardiac biofeedback, mindfulness, or positive psychology intervention performed by fourth-year medical students just before an OSCE did not improve their following academic performance. Still, students reported that the interventions helped them to enhance their performance. Future research should aim to further explore the perception of intervention on performance and potential long-term effects for students. Trial Registration The study protocol was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05393219.

The article reflects the results of the empirical substantiation of the technology of mathematical modeling for predicting the psychological resources of proactive coping using the example of a medical worker. The following hypothesis was tested: proactive coping in the system of coping strategies acts as a predictor of psychological resources of the individual’s resistance to the development of emotional (professional) burnout, which can be confirmed using mathematical modeling technology and the developed model of prognostic diagnostics. The manifestations of symptoms of professional burnout were studied in a sample of 250 medical workers. The results showed that 59.2% of respondents did not have pronounced symptoms of burnout. However, confirmation of the tendency to develop professional burnout syndrome in 40.8% of respondents determines the high demand for finding scientifically based directions of psychological support for subjects of this type of activity. The resource base of a personality not susceptible to burnout syndrome is determined by a smoothed configuration of the personality profile with an average level of expression of the diagnosed qualities. Subjects are sociable, balanced, situational in activating extra- and introversion. In a significant part of respondents, proactive coping (PRO) of average activity level is a resource in overcoming stress. At the average level, all types of reflection of activity (retrospective, prospective, current, communication) are developed. The integral system of self-regulation of voluntary activity is characterized by the predominance of the mechanism of modeling external and internal significant conditions for overcoming difficult situations, their awareness, detail and adequacy. At the second stage of the study, the task of conducting mathematical modeling of the obtained structural-dynamic variables and developing a model of predictive diagnostics of psychological resources to counteract the risks of maladaptation of medical workers was solved. The “PRO” component received the status of an effective attribute. Step by step, for further research, the following features were included, confirmed by the analysis of variance as factors: “masculinity/femininity”; “reflective coping”; “preventive coping”; “retrospective reflection of activity”; “reflection of future activity”; “independence”; “flexibility”; “programming”. An analytical equation (regression model) was obtained to determine the mathematical relationship between the resultant feature and the factor features using the least squares method. At the final step, the average values of the features were determined as their mathematical expectation to construct the ideal trend line. It was shown that comparing the values of y (average) and y (individual) allows us to determine how large the overall deviation of the personal trajectory of the resultant feature (PTF) from the given one is, and what should be done to bring them closer together.

Despite global progress in LGBTQ+ rights, sexual minorities in China face significant societal pressures and legal ambiguities, which remain poorly understood. This study explores the potential mediating role of proactive and preventive coping strategies in the relationship between perceived stress and outness levels among Chinese LGBTQ+ individuals. Survey data from 267 Chinese LGBTQ+ individuals aged 16-42 revealed high levels of perceived stress within this community. Both proactive and preventive coping strategies significantly mediated the negative impact of perceived stress on outness levels. These findings contribute to the understanding of LGBTQ+ community's perceived stress and outness status in China, highlighting the need for inclusive policies and support systems to improve their mental health and social well-being.

The aim of this study was to examine possible differences by sex and stage of adolescence in the use of proactive and preventive coping, its relationships with personality and emotional adjustment. A total of 934 Spanish adolescents participated. No differences were found by sex or stage of adolescence in the use of future-oriented coping or in its relationship with adjustment scores. The differences found were centered on the dispositional profile of future-oriented coping shown by the different subgroups. The dispositional profile of proactive coping was more complex in girls and in late adolescence. In contrast, the dispositional profile of preventive coping was more complex in boys, and the differences by stage of adolescence highlighted the different weight of the personality dimensions involved. These findings point to the importance of developing programs adapted according to sex and stage of adolescence to train adolescents in the use of future-oriented coping skills and to improve their mental health.

Customer mistreatment and employees’ coping strategies: A Meta-SEM analysis

BackgroundHealthcare staff in China, especially females, work in a high-pressure, high-load, and high-risk environment, which affects the physical and mental health, the efficiency and quality of work, and increases turnover intention. The present study investigated the relationship between perceived stress and turnover intention in female healthcare staff, and the effects of future-oriented coping and work-family balance on this relationship.MethodsFour hundred thirty-five female medical workers were recruited to perform a perceived stress scale, future-oriented coping inventory, work-family balance scale and turnover intention scale. Meanwhile, serial multiple mediation analysis was performed using PROCESS.Results1) Perceived stress positively predicted the level of turnover intention in female healthcare staff; 2) Preventive coping and proactive coping showed mediation effects on the relationship between perceived stress and turnover intention, and preventive coping positively related to proactive coping; 3) The work-family balance also showed mediation effects on the relationship between perceived stress and turnover intention; 4) Preventive coping, proactive coping and work-family balance showed a serial multiple mediation on the relationship between perceived stress and turnover intention in female healthcare workers.ConclusionsPerceived stress affects the level of turnover intention in female healthcare staff through preventive coping, proactive coping, and work-family balance. In addition, the sequential model of future-oriented coping was validated among female healthcare staff.

ABSTRACT Psychological reattachment to work means mentally reconnecting with one’s work before or upon returning to work in the morning. Recent studies revealed its potential to boost daily work engagement, demonstrating its relevance to research and practice. Despite this, no studies have explored the components of psychological reattachment and why and how employees reattach to their work. Yet, to expand the theoretical understanding of psychological reattachment and to apply its potential in practice, it is crucial to dive deeper into the details around this process. Therefore, this study employs a qualitative approach to test existing theoretical assumptions on psychological reattachment, uncover additional manifestations of psychological reattachment, examine its unfolding process, and identify potential predictors, benefits, and drawbacks. Our methodological procedure comprises the multi-coding of qualitative material from 35 employees with diverse backgrounds. One of our main findings is that when anticipating upcoming demands during the workday, employees also anticipate how to meet those demands. Furthermore, the more demands are expected, the longer it takes employees to mentally reattach to their work. This hints at how psychological reattachment might resemble a preventive coping mechanism for job demands during the day.

The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis and empirical study of the relationship between proactive coping strategies with psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The object of the study is proactive coping among students. The subject of the study is psychological well–being, life satisfaction as predictors of proactive coping. Currently, it is noted that proactive coping makes a significant contribution to the formation of psychological health. Among the distinctive characteristics of proactive coping strategies is the assessment of future stressors, that is, the process of preadaptation. It is proactive coping that leads a person to development more than strategies to avoid failure. Accordingly, the study of the links between psychological well-being, life satisfaction and the coping process allows us to expand our understanding of the most effective coping strategies, which include proactive coping. The research method is a theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign sources, as well as empirical psychodiagnostics of 144 respondents in the age period of early and middle adulthood. According to the results of the correlation analysis, statistically significant correlations between the formation of proactive coping strategies, psychological well-being and life satisfaction are demonstrated and described. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of predictors of proactive coping behavior, in this regard, it seems relevant to search for significant relationships. It is revealed that psychological well-being, life satisfaction as personal characteristics can be considered in the perspective of further research as factors of the severity of the formation of proactive and preventive coping, abilities to meet needs and achieve goals, self-realization, having goals in life, positive self-acceptance and adequate self-esteem demonstrate a great formation of proactive coping strategies. The new data obtained may be relevant in the development of psychological support aimed at the development of proactive coping strategies among adults.

Introduction. When studying the students' proactive coping reactions, famous scientists mainly use the Proactive Coping Inventory, PCI. A review of available Internet sources shows that such a study is taking place in Ukraine for the first time. The aim of the study is to check the reliability of the Ukrainian version of the Proactive Coping Inventory (PCIukr) for students of higher education of the first (bachelor) level and to compare it with other studies regarding its validity. Material and methods: With their consent, 404 students of higher education who studied in the first year of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University were examined. The age of the examinees was 17-18 years, 80.3% were women, 19.7% were men. The survey was conducted using the Ukrainian version of the Proactive Coping Inventory (PCIukr), the translation and previous research on its adequacy for the Ukrainian-speaking environment are our own. IBM SPSS Statistics software was used for statistical data processing. Results. The connections of the elements of the correlation matrix with high statistical significance (indicator/determinant of the matrix = 1.36E-009) were studied. Additional tests indicate sufficient adequacy (Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test =0.879) and high sphericity (Bartlett's test =7835.315, p&lt;0.001) of the sample. Cronbach's alpha, which is a reliability coefficient and a measure of the internal consistency of the items — for the subscales "proactive coping scale," "reflective coping scale" and "preventive coping scale" is good and is 0.833, 0.801 and 0.800, respectively; for the subscales "strategic planning scale," "instrumental support seeking scale," "emotional support seeking scale" and "avoidance coping scale" is acceptable and is 0.743, 0.796, 0.762 and 0.698, respectively. Conclusions. The established values of the criteria of reliability and structural validity of the Ukrainian version of the Proactive Coping Inventory (PCIukr) testify to its acceptable psychometric properties for the case study of students. The Ukrainian version of the Proactive Coping Inventory, PCIukr scale can be recommended for use in the Ukrainian- speaking social environment to study the proactive coping response of higher education students.

ABSTRACT COVID-19 had sudden effects on education by inducing school closures, obligating distance education, and cancellations in schedules. This phenomenological study explores the pandemic-related career concerns of graduating preservice teachers and their strategies to cope with these challenges; and also considers whether the pandemic brought new career opportunities. Findings suggest that participants of the study experienced concerns in several areas including graduation, employability, and future teaching competencies; however, they also developed preventive coping strategies and found new opportunities. To cope with the pandemic, participating preservice teachers tried to stay positive about their occupational futures and attempted to remain prepared for possible problems in future practice. They also emphasised the role of self-care in learning to function well psychologically in crises to guide and support their students’ psychosocial skills. Finally, participants found opportunities to improve their technological skills, develop crisis management skills, and discover new career opportunities. Implications for education are discussed.

Teacher stress is at an all-time high. The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges for teachers, which resulted in a record number of teachers intending to leave the classroom citing stress as a contributing factor. Understanding teachers' positive and negative psychological experiences, or well-being, during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic will inform teacher wellness interventions intended to keep teachers in the classroom. Two hundred forty-six teachers from a suburban school district participated in a survey of well-being indicators, including affect, perceived stress, teaching self-efficacy, and preventive coping. A latent profile analysis identified four patterns of well-being: strained, resilient, lower teaching self-efficacy, and lower emotional well-being. While many teachers were resilient during the crisis, approximately two-thirds experienced global or isolated areas of strain. Additionally, the Classroom Appraisal of Resources and Demands-Revised, a theory-driven assessment of teachers' workplace appraisal of demands and resources, was associated with teachers' strained and resilient well-being profiles, making it a suitable screening tool for these groups. Layered screening and tailored intervention, based on teachers' well-being patterns, may help minimize teacher attrition during and postcrises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The reported case, a spin-off of a wider ongoing national study investigating the individual stress reactions of police officers during realistic police tactical training, highlights the eventuality that stress-induced paroxysmal arrhythmias might occur and remain undetected without ECG monitoring as a standard practice. The ECG of a 41-year-old frontline police officer (and professional athlete of the State Police’s rugby team) was monitored with a wireless, textile-based, wearable device during stressful scenarios implying the use of force. ECG data were processed with the Kubios software to assess training-induced time-varying changes of heart rate variability parameters and of the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and stress indices. Multiparametric analysis of the heart rate variability quantified remarkable stress-induced increment of vagal withdrawal and of sympathetic dominance, with exceptionally high-stress index and sudden occurrence of a wide-QRS paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia (240 bpm) with concomitant operational failure. Subsequent exhaustive mandatory clinical assessment excluded any structural and arrhythmogenic cardiac abnormality. Although exceptional and to the best of our knowledge so far unique, the recording of a stress-induced paroxysmal wide-QRS arrhythmia occurring during realistic tactical training in a healthy police officer and highly fit athlete is worth to be shared as a caveat about the potential risk if eventually occurring in officers with unknown cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., for ischemic heart disease). Moreover, the demonstration that such a high level of stress may occur even in an experienced, healthy, and highly fit officer altering the physiologic dynamicity of brain–heart interaction with a negative consequence on the operational outcome strongly suggests that individual emotional reactions induced by stressful duty events must be safely experienced and assessed with realistic training, to adopt preventive coping strategies, to improve police officers’ efficiency in front of threats, and to lower the risk of inappropriate use of force with dramatic consequences on the street.

The relevance of this study is due to the problem of professional training of future dialectologists in the context of distance learning over the past two years. Taking into account the special requirements for the personal qualities of the future dialectologist, the question arises of proactive skills for coping with a difficult situation and a clearly built time perspective in today's situation of uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the time perspective and proactive coping behavior in future speech pathologists of different areas of training. The results of an empirical study of 80 students studying in the direction of «Special Psychology and «Speech Therapy» aged 18 to 43 years (M = 22.5; SD = 6.394) are presented. The following methods were used in the study: Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) in adaptation by E.P. Belinskaya et al., R. Schwarzer's scale «Proactive attitudes» (adapted by A.A. Bekhter), Time Perspective Inventory by Philip George Zimbardo in adaptation by A. Sircova et al. An analysis of correlations showed that proactive coping in future dialectologists is positively associated with a positive past and the search for emotional support. In special psychologists, links have been found between negative past and preventive coping, which distinguishes them from future speech therapists, who have found positive links between seeking instrumental support and a positive past. Differences were also established between future special psychologists and speech therapists in terms of the hedonistic present, future and positive past. The results of the study allow us to expand the scientific understanding of the relationship between the time perspective and proactive coping behavior in future speech pathologists.

PurposeThis study explores the status of pandemic fatigue, predictors, and their mechanisms of action based on a stress-response framework and a parallel model of future-oriented response.Patients and methodsStudy 1 investigated 8426 Chinese adult residents’ understanding of and willingness to cooperate with the pandemic prevention and control policies and Study 2 surveyed 1635 Chinese residents on their activeness of pandemic prevention and control (APPC), pandemic risk perception, perceived stress, and future-oriented coping.ResultsStudy 1 found that public understanding of and willingness to cooperate with prevention policies were significantly lower in 2022 than in 2020 and 2021. Study 2 found that risk perception negatively predicted the APPC; perceived stress and preventive coping significantly mediated the relationship between risk perception and APPC; but perceived stress and proactive coping did not significantly mediate the relationship between risk perception and APPC.ConclusionThis revealed an increase in public fatigue in the third year of the pandemic. Pandemic fatigue can be predicted by pandemic risk perception, but the direct pathway of action is not significant and requires the mediation of perceived stress and preventive coping.

Objective: This study aimed to relate life satisfaction and psychological distress to coping with the perception of criminal danger in university students. Method: Three scales were used: The Life Satisfaction Scale, the K-10 Psychological Distress Scale, and the Coping with Perceived Danger Scale. A total of 370 university students participated, of whom 65.4% were female, and 13.8% had experienced crime in the previous two years. Result: A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between coping with perceived danger, such as cautious avoidance (r=0.274, p ≤ 0.00), preventive coping (r=0.344, p ≤ 0.00), and extreme avoidance (r=0.207, p ≤0.00), with psychological distress. These relationships were even stronger for victims of crime. Women show higher levels of psychological distress and more cautious, avoidant and extreme coping strategies in the face of danger compared to men. Finally, a negative and significant relationship was observed between psychological distress and life satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that regardless of whether a person has been a victim of crime in the last two years, perceptions of danger and strategies of cautious and even extreme crime prevention are related.

Aims: The current research aims to identify the preventive coping among university students according to some demographic variables. Method: to achieve the aims of the study, the researcher adopted the Greenglass, Schwarzer &amp; Taubert scale, which consists of (10) items with five alternatives. In order to investigate the validity and reliability of the scale, the researchers applied the scale to a random sample consisted of (300 male and female university students) ranged in age (18-22 years). The psychometric properties of the scales were then calculated. Preventive Coping scale showed high validity and reliability (0.84) and (0.81) respectively. Then, the researchers applied the validated scale to a sample of (200) male and female university students. Results: using the statistical package (SPSS) represented by the t-test for one sample and two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient and Alpha Cronbach equation for internal consistency, the results showed that the university students have a high level of preventive coping. The results also indicated that there are differences in coping according to the variable of sex and in favor of females. Too, there are no statistically significant differences in the preventive coping according to the variable of specialization. Suggestion and recommendation: the researchers recommended the there is need to focus on the role of families and educational institutions to support the individual's self-confidence. It was also suggested that the is a gab in literature for more studies to investigate the preventing coping in relation to some variables such as motivation, life satisfaction, and emotional intelligence.