Prevention Of Emergence Agitation Research Articles

Efeitos de cetamina e midazolam sobre a incidência de agitação pós‐anestesia com sevoflurano em crianças submetidas ao bloqueio caudal: estudo randomizado

Background and objectivesEmergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2–7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75mLkg−1, 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25mgkg−1, midazolam 0.03mgkg−1 and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Results and conclusionsModified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow‐up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia.

Effects of parecocib sodium on prevention of emergence agitation during the recovery period of general anesthesia for the patients undergoing epigastric surgeries

Objective To observe the preventive effects of parecoxib sodium on occurring of emergence agitation during the recovery period of general anesthesia for the patients who underwent epigastric surgeries.Methods one hundred and twenty patients,ASA Ⅰ ～ Ⅱ,underwent elective epigastic surgeries were divided randomly into four groups,30 cases in each group.Anesthesia of all patients was maintained with sevoflurane and remifentanil,keeping the bispectral index (BIS) around 40-50.Parecocib 0.8 mg/kg was intravenously infused into the patients just before anesthesia induction in group A and just before the closure of peritoneum in group B,Sufentanil 0.08 μg/kg was injected just before the closure of peritoneum in group C,2 ml saline as placebo was administrated in group D.The level of agitation(RS),visual analogue scales(VAS) and ramsay sedation score(RSS) were evaluated during the recovery period of general anesthesia.Mean arterial pressure(MAP) and heart rate(HR)were monitored at preinduction (T1),10 min before tracheal extubation (T2),immediately after tracheal extubation (T3) and 10 min after tracheal extubation (T4).Results The recovery time of group A,B,D(7±3),(8±4),(7±3) min is significantly shorter than that of group C.Requirement of remifentanil in group A (0.8±0.3) mg is significantly lower than that of group D (1.3±0.5) mg (P＜0.05).At T3,the MAP and HR in group D(126±25) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)(106±28) beats/min were significantly higher than those in group A [(106±25) mmHg,(96±25) beats/min],group B [(113±27) mmHg,(99±27) beats/min],group C [(111±27) mmHg,(86± 19) beats/min](P＜0.05),which happened similarly at T4.Compared with group D,the incidence of agitation (33.3％) is significantly higher than that of group A (6.7％),group B (13.2％) and group C (10.0％) (P＜0.05),and the incidence of agitation group A is significantly lower than group B (P＜0.05).Compared with group D,the median of score of VAS is 5,which is significantly higher than that of group A (2),group B (3),and group C (2) (P＜0.05),Compared with group D,the median of score of RSS is 4,which is significantly higher than that of group A (3),group B (3) and group C (3) respectively (P＜0.05).The incidence of nausea and vomiting of group C is much higher than other groups significantly (P＜0.05).Conclusions Parecoxib sodium has an analgesic effect for the patients of epigastric surgeries,preventing the incidence of postoperative agitation and adverse reactions during the recovery period of general anesthesia. Key words: Parecoxib; Postoperative agitation ; Side effect

Comparison of the Effects of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg Midazolam with Placebo on Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Having Strabismus Surgery

Midazolam has been widely studied for preventing emergence agitation. The authors previously reported that in children with sevoflurane anesthesia, intravenous administration of midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) before the end of surgery reduced the incidence of emergence agitation but prolonged the emergence time. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a lower midazolam dose could suppress emergence agitation with minimal disturbance of the emergence time in children with sevoflurane anesthesia. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 90 children (1 to 13 yr of age) having strabismus surgery were randomized to 1:1:1 to receive 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam, 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam, or saline just before the end of surgery. The primary outcome, the incidence of emergence agitation, was evaluated by using the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale and the four-point agitation scale. The secondary outcome was time to emergence, defined as the time from sevoflurane discontinuation to the time to extubation. The incidence of emergence agitation was lower in patients given 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam (5 of 30, 16.7%) and patients given 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam (5 of 30, 16.7%) compared with that in patients given saline (13/of 30, 43.3%; P = 0.036 each). The emergence time was longer in patients given 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam (17.1 ± 3.4 min, mean ± SD) compared with that in patients given 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam (14.1 ± 3.6 min; P = 0.0009) or saline (12.8 ± 4.1 min; P = 0.0003). Intravenous administration of 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam just before the end of surgery reduces emergence agitation without delaying the emergence time in children having strabismus surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia.

Prevention of emergence agitation by melatonin premedication after general anesthesia in children: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

Prevention of emergence agitation by melatonin premedication after general anesthesia in children: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

Effectiveness of electrical stimulation generated by a neuromuscular transmission monitor to the heart 7 acupuncture point in preventing emergence agitation in children: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial

Effectiveness of electrical stimulation generated by a neuromuscular transmission monitor to the heart 7 acupuncture point in preventing emergence agitation in children: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial

Dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of emergence agitation from anesthesia in pediatric ophthalmic surgery

Objective To investigate the security and effectiveness of dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of emergence agitation from intravenous anesthesia in ophthahmic surgery.Methods 60 operations of pediatric ocular trauma were randomly divided into two groups:The dexmedetomidine group (group A,n =30) and the control group(group B,n =30)).When anesthesia induction was administrated,normal saline 20 ml or dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg diluted to 20 ml was intravenously infused in 10 minutes.The difference between the mean artery pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR) and SpO2 before injection(T0),5 minutes after injection(T1),awakening(T2),5 minutes after extubation(T3),10 minutes after extubation (T4) and the agitation scale were observed in two groups.Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in sex,age,weight,time of operation and SpO2 in T0 to T4 (x2 =0.082,t =0.398,0.296,0.765,P ＞0.05).Compared with group B,the HR of T1,the MAP,HR and agitation scale of T2,T3 and T4 were lower in group A (t =5.651,12.438,10.928,14.247,13.819,17.717,15.141,2.321,8.797,8.797,x2 =5.963,8.365,6.667,P ＜ 0.05) in two groups.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine of 0.5 μg/kg was intravenously infused 10 min before anesthesia induction can safely and effectively reduce the occurrence of emergence agitation from anesthesia in pediatric ophthalmic surgery. Key words: Dexmedetomidine ; Surgery, ophthalmic, pediatric ; Anesthesia, intravenous ; Agitation, emergence

Research of the optimal dose of butorphanol to prevent emergence agitation after general anesthesia in pediatrics

Objective To compare the effect and safety of different dose of butorphanol intravenous injection and discuss the optimal dose of butorphanol to prevent emergence agitation after general anesthesia in pediatrics.Methods 120 cases (6-12 years old,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ) were selected from patients who scheduled for laparoscopic surgery under sevoflurane general anesthesia.With a completely randomized and double blind method,they were divided into 4 groups:butorphanol 10 μ g/kg group (group B1),butorphanol 20 μ g/ kg group (group B2),butorphanol 30 μ g/kg group (group B3) and placebo group (group C).Group B1-B3 received corresponding dose of butorphanol 10 minutes before operation was over,while group C received the same volume of saline.Monitored HR,MAP,RR and SPO2 before operation (T0),at the time entering PACU (T1),5,10,15,20 minutes after entering PACU (T2-T5) and at the time going out of PACU (T6).Recorded tracheal extubation time,recovery time,residence time of PACU and PAED.Recorded Ramsey sedation score 2,4 and 8 hours after operation and adverse reactions.Results MAP,HR at T1-T6 in group B1 were significantly lower than those in group C (P ＜ 0.05); MAP,HR at T1-T5 in group B2 and B3 were significantly lower than those in group C (P ＜ 0.01).In group B3,MAP,HR at T1-T3 decreased significantly compared with those at T0 (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of moderate and severe emergence agitation in group B1 was lower than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05),the incidences of moderate and severe emergence agitation in group B2 and B3 were significantly lower than that in group C (P ＜ 0.01).Recovery time and residence time of PACU in group B3 were significantly longer than those in other 3 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Ramsay scores of 2,4 hours after operation in group B3 were higher than those in group B1 and B2 (P ＜ 0.05),which were significantly higher than those in group C (P ＜ 0.01).The incidence of lethargy in group B3 was higher than that in other 3 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The dose of 20 μ g/kg butorphanol has good effect in preventing emergence agitation,which can avoid excessive sedation as well. Key words: Butorphanol; Pediatric patient; Emergence agitation; Optimal dose

Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial

Background and objectivesEmergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2–7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75mLkg−1, 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25mgkg−1, midazolam 0.03mgkg−1 and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Results and conclusionsModified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia.

Comparison of Propofol and Fentanyl Administered at the End of Anaesthesia for Prevention of Emergence Agitation After Sevoflurane Anaesthesia in Children

common in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. † This prospective randomized trial compared the use of propofol or fentanyl administered at the end of anaesthesia in reducing emergence agitation. † Both propofol and fentanyl reduced emergence agitation, but fentanyl was associated with more postoperative nausea and vomiting. Background. Propofol and fentanyl can be administered at the end of sevoflurane anaesthesia to decrease the incidence and severity of emergence agitation (EA), although it has not been determined which agent has superior efficacy. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of propofol and fentanyl on EA. Methods. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 222 children, 18‐72 months of age, undergoing sevoflurane anaesthesia were randomly assigned to one of the three groups receiving either propofol 1 mg kg 21 (Group P), fentanyl 1 m gk g 21 (Group F), or saline (Group S) at the end of anaesthesia. The incidence and severity of EA were evaluated with the paediatric anaesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scale. Time to recovery and incidence of nausea/vomiting were assessed. Results. The mean PAED score was 4.3 in Group P and 4.9 in Group F (P¼0.682), which were lower than 9.0 in Group S (P,0.001). Nausea and vomiting were significantly more frequent in Group F than Groups P and S (adjusted P¼0.003 and adjusted P,0.001). Group F had also longer stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) than Group S (P,0.001), while Group P did not. However, the differences in PACU stays between the P and F groups were considered clinically insignificant.

Efficacy of midazolam premedication for prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing minor surgery

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of midazolam premedication for prevention of emergence agitation (EA) after sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing minor surgery.Methods One hundred and twenty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ paediatric patients,aged 3-9 yr,weighing 15-35 kg,scheduled for elective tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =30 each):control group (group C) and midazolam 0.25,0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg groups (groups M1-3).The 10 ml mixture of midazolam 0.25,0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg and 10％ glucose was taken orally at 30 min before anesthesia in M1-3 groups,respectively,while 10 ml of 10％ glucose was taken orally in group C.Anesthesia was induced with inhalation of sevoflurane and maintained with iv infusion of remifentanil and inhalation of sevoflurane.EA was assessed using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale.Results Compared with group C,the PAED scores and incidence of EA were significantly decreased in groups M2 and M3 (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in group M1 (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group M1,the PAED scores and incidence of EA were significantly decreased in groups M2 and M3 (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the PAED scores and incidence of EA between groups M3 and M2 (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Premedication with oral midazolam can prevent EA following sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing minor surgery and the optimum dose is 0.50 mg/kg. Key words: Dose-response relationship,drug; Premedication; Midazolam; Mood disorders; Anesthetics, inhalation; Child

Effect of ketorolac on the prevention of emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane anesthesia

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ketorolac on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children recovering from sevoflurane anesthesia.MethodsEighty-five children aged 3 to 7 years were randomly assigned to the control group or the ketorolac group (1 mg/kg ketorolac). The children were evaluated by the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale and a four-point agitation scale.ResultsThe median agitation scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. The overall incidence of emergence agitation was similar in the two groups (41% in the control group vs. 32% in the ketorolac group, P = 0.526). The number of children who received rescue drugs for treatment of emergence agitation was not significantly different between the two groups.ConclusionsThe administration of 1 mg/kg of ketorolac is not effective in decreasing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children aged 3 to 7 years after sevoflurane anesthesia.

Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Analgesia and Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

Survey of Anesthesiology: June 2011 - Volume 55 - Issue 3 - p 156-157 doi: 10.1097/01.SA.0000396294.71060.a7

Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Analgesia and Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Analgesia and Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

Three Adjuncts to Anesthesia to Prevent Emergence Agitation in Pediatric Dentistry; a Pilot Study

PURPOSE A pilot study of adjuncts to anesthesia that decrease pain, tissue edema, and nausea intended to direct research into postoperative emergence agitation in children having dentistry under general anesthesia. METHODS A blinded randomised controlled trial compared morphine/ meperidine, dexamethasone, granisetron, and a combination of the three to saline placebo. Primary outcome was incidence of emergence agitation in each group. Data was collected in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit, and at home next day.RESULTS 205 subjects took part. The placebo group had more emergence agitation (18/40; 45% [95% confidence intervals 29 to 61%] compared to morphine (1/20; 5% [0.2 to 26%]; P = 0.004), but had less vomiting (6 [1.2 to 11] episodes) compared to morphine (51 episodes [37 to 65]; P < 0.0001). No other agent was efficacious. Of four patients with pain at home follow-up, only one had dental pain. Four patients were ill enough for their parents to seek medical attention. CONCLUSION Intravenous morphine 50 mcg kg added to a vapour-based anesthetic prevented emergence agitation, but produced unacceptable vomiting. Other agents had no evident effect. A number of subjects had mild to moderately severe adverse events postoperatively. Pediatric dental care under general anesthesia is not entirely innocuous. Improvements to anesthesia care must still be sought. IMPLICATION STATEMENT Many children require dental care under general anesthesia. Post-operative emergence agitation, vomiting, pain, or distress is upsetting for child and parent, and can result in complications. This is a pilot study of anesthetic adjuncts with diverse properties given to promote smooth awakening. No promising agents were found.

Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Analgesia and Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

Dexmedetomidine, a specific α(2) agonist, has an analgesic-sparing effect and reduces emergence agitation. We compared an intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion with bolus fentanyl to reduce perioperative opioid use and decrease emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing adenotonsillectomy (T&A). One hundred twenty-two patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing T&A, ages 2 to 10 years, completed this prospective, randomized, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved study. After mask induction with sevoflurane, group D received IV dexmedetomidine 2 μg · kg(-1) over 10 minutes, followed by 0.7 μg · kg(-1) · h(-1), and group F received IV fentanyl bolus 1 μg · kg(-1). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane, oxygen, and nitrous oxide. Fentanyl 0.5 to 1 μg · kg(-1) was given to subjects in both groups for an increase in heart rate or systolic blood pressure 30% above preincision values that continued for 5 minutes. Observers in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were blinded to treatment groups. Pain was evaluated using the objective pain score in the PACU on arrival, at 5 minutes, at 15 minutes, then every 15 minutes for 120 minutes. Emergence agitation was evaluated at the same intervals by 2 scales: the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and a 5-point scale described by Cole. Morphine (0.05 to 0.1 mg · kg(-1)) was given for pain (score >4) or severe agitation (score 4 or 5) lasting more than 5 minutes. In group D, 9.8% patients needed intraoperative rescue fentanyl in comparison with 36% in group F (P = 0.001). Mean systolic blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in group D (P < 0.05). Minimum alveolar concentration values were significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.015). The median objective pain score was 3 for group D and 5 for group F (P = 0.001). In group D, 10 (16.3%) patients required rescue morphine, in comparison with 29 (47.5%) in group F (P = 0.002). The frequency of severe emergence agitation on arrival in the PACU was 18% in group D and 45.9% in group F (P = 0.004); at 5 minutes and at 15 minutes, it was lower in group D (P = 0.028). The duration of agitation on the Cole scale was statistically lower in group D (P = 0.004). In group D, 18% of patients and 40.9% in group F had an episode of Spo(2) below 95% (P = 0.01). An intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine combined with inhalation anesthetics provided satisfactory intraoperative conditions for T&A without adverse hemodynamic effects. Postoperative opioid requirements were significantly reduced, and the incidence and duration of severe emergence agitation was lower with fewer patients having desaturation episodes.

Post‐induction alfentanil reduces sevoflurane‐associated emergence agitation in children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy

Emergence agitation is a common problem in paediatric anaesthesia, especially after volatile induction and maintenance anaesthesia (VIMA) with sevoflurane. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alfentanil to prevent emergence agitation without delayed recovery after VIMA with sevoflurane in children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy. One hundred and five children, aged 3-10 years, were randomly allocated to receive normal saline (control group), alfentanil 10 microg/kg (A10) or 20 microg/kg (A20) 1 min after loss of the eyelash reflex. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane. Time to tracheal extubation, recovery time, Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale and emergence behaviour were assessed. The incidence of severe agitation was significantly lower in the A10 and A20 groups compared with those in the control group (11/32 and 12/34 vs. 24/34, respectively) (P=0.007, 0.006, respectively). PAED scales were significantly different between the three groups (P=0.008), and lower in the A10 and A20 groups than that in the control group (P=0.044, 0.013, respectively). However, the incidence of severe agitation and PAED scale was not different between the A10 and the A20 groups. Time to tracheal extubation and recovery time were similar in all three groups. The administration of alfentanil 10 microg/kg after induction of anaesthesia for children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy under VIMA reduced the incidence of emergence agitation without delaying the recovery time or causing significant hypotension.

Bradycardia During Dexmedetomidine and Therapeutic Hypothermia

Dexmedetomidine is a centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist which is currently Food and Drug Administration-approved for the short-term (less than 24 hours) sedation of adults during mechanical ventilation. Given its beneficial physiologic effects and limited adverse effect profile, there is growing interest regarding its potential applications in the Pediatric intensive care unit patient including sedation during mechanical ventilation, procedural sedation, the treatment of withdrawal, and prevention of emergence agitation. Although generally safe and effective, occasional hemodynamic effects including bradycardia and hypotension have been reported. Clinical experience has demonstrated that bradycardia may be more common when dexmedetomidine is administered with other medications that have negative chronotropic effects. We report 2 pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury who had good long-term neurologic outcomes, but developed clinically significant bradycardia when therapeutic hypothermia was added to a sedation regimen that included dexmedetomidine and remifentanil. The role of dexmedetomidine as a neuroprotective agent is explored as well as a review presented of previous reports of bradycardia related to dexmedetomidine.

A Single Dose of Propofol at the End of Surgery for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery During Sevoflurane Anesthesia

A Single Dose of Propofol at the End of Surgery for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery During Sevoflurane Anesthesia

A Single Dose of Propofol at the End of Surgery for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery during Sevoflurane Anesthesia

A Single Dose of Propofol at the End of Surgery for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery during Sevoflurane Anesthesia

Pre‐emptive use of haloperidol in ICU to prevent emergence agitation

Pre‐emptive use of haloperidol in ICU to prevent emergence agitation