Prevent Terrorist Attacks Research Articles

The Ex-Terrorist Social Reintegration Based on Community Participation Through a Corporate Social Responsibility Program

This study examines how former terrorism convicts or prisoners can be integrated into society using the company's CSR funding help strategy. The author discovers a gap in regulatory standards because the Terrorism Law solely governs measures to prevent and suppress terrorism. This research aims to provide an overview of the reform of the Terrorism Law and the social reintegration model for former convicts using an empirical research model that involves interviewing sources. The findings of this study suggest that the Terrorism Law should be amended and the BNPT reimagined as an entity dedicated to preventing terrorist attacks in Indonesia.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ МЕР, НАПРАВЛЕННЫХ НА АНТИТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКУЮ ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТЬ ОБЪЕКТОВ С МАССОВЫМ ПРЕБЫВАНИЕМ ЛЮДЕЙ

Today, the efforts of international terrorists are aimed not only at intimidating society, but also at de-stroying as many ordinary citizens as possible who turned out to be accidental participants in the tragic events taking place. In this regard, the issues of developing measures related to ensuring anti-terrorist security in relation to more unprotected and vulnerable objects with large numbers of people exposed to terrorist threats are of particular relevance. Attacks on them occur without thorough preparation, thereby providing a significant advantage to terrorists. Such terrorist attacks are difficult to predict and prevent. In order to counter modern threats of international terrorism in relation to more unprotected and vulnerable objects, a set of special measures aimed at minimizing potential terrorist threats is important. In the process of research, the author notes that in a comprehensive assessment of the analyzed terrorist threats and risks, it is necessary to determine the factors con-tributing to the emergence of such risks, and also strive to develop actions to prevent terrorist attacks or minimize their consequences. Determining specific measures aimed at ensuring anti-terrorist se-curity of the objects in question could be facilitated by their categorization and certification. In con-clusion, the author draws conclusions that in order to protect facilities most exposed to the risk of ter-rorist threats, a special role should be played by the improvement of proactive countermeasures, which must be grouped around the main areas: identifying these threats; development of public-private cooperation in the area under consideration; carrying out preventive work with society; an integrated approach based on high-quality security, effective access control and competent leadership, etc. In particular, the emphasis is placed on the fact that anti-terrorist security requires constant new original solutions to the problem associated with the protection of vulnerable objects and targets. Therefore, when assessing the anti-terrorist security of each vulnerable object and target, individual approaches are required. At the same time, the author especially notes the importance of continuing research into the characteristics of modern international terrorism in order to prepare a comprehensive, scientifically based approach to creating an anti-terrorism system for the protection of potential vulnerable objects and targets

Legitimacy of Social Justice in the Terrorism Regulations: Insight from Several Countries

<p>Indonesia continues to experience recidivist terrorism regularly as a result of the injustices it faces. As a result, it is critical to prioritize the legitimacy of social justice for both victims and perpetrators, as well as adopt a humanitarian approach to non-criminal terrorism to mitigate and avert criminal acts of terrorism. This research aims to analyze the legitimacy of social justice in counterterrorism environments. This research employs normative juridical research to compare the counterterrorism regulations of several countries that incorporate social justice legitimacy. The findings of this research show that, <em>first</em>, it is crucial to integrate procedural justice and legitimacy principles into counterterrorism initiatives to preserve public confidence in the justice system, prevent exploitation, and uphold human rights. <em>Second</em>, it is critical to compare other countries' terrorism regulations to understand and evaluate their strategies for enhancing international cooperation and preventing terrorist attacks. In response to persistent terrorist threats, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, and the European Union implemented more ambitious counterterrorism strategies and incorporated social justice into their policies. To achieve effective and socially just terrorism regulations, Indonesia must adopt regulations in these countries.</p>

Preventing Terrorist Attacks Through Community Policing

Preventing Terrorist Attacks Through Community Policing

Artificial intelligence technologies utilization for detecting explosive materials

Explosive material detection considers the identification and classification of explosive materials using techniques from traditional sniffer dogs to cutting-edge sensing technology like thermal imaging, X-ray scanners, and chemical sensors. Explosive detection is applied in various locations, including airports, government buildings, and public areas, to prevent terrorist attacks and criminal actions that attempt to employ explosive devices. The effectiveness of these procedures is dependent on the detection materials, equipment, and environment, so new techniques are continuously explored to increase precision, sensitivity, and detection speed. Because explosive substances present a critical risk to infrastructure, security, and public safety, extensive analysis of existing detection methods is needed. This paper highlights key areas for further research and development in explosive materials detection by addressing identified limitations and challenges. Specifically, advancements in technology, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the integration of AI techniques offer significant opportunities for improving detection accuracy, reducing false positives, and ensuring safer environments for individuals and society.

Minimizing the explosion enthalpy of ammonium nitrate with polyethylene glycol and carboxymethyl cellulose to prevent terrorist attacks

Minimizing the explosion enthalpy of ammonium nitrate with polyethylene glycol and carboxymethyl cellulose to prevent terrorist attacks

Persistence of risk awareness: Manchester arena bombing on 22 May 2017

Digital technologies are providing new opportunities for the exchange of information, which can be used to disseminate information about events of general societal concern, such as a rare extreme terrorist attack, exemplified by the Manchester Arena bombing of 22 May 2017. Social media which are largely based on digital technologies, are becoming an important source of information exchange. This leads to questions about the impact of information webs on the persistence of risk awareness. What are the patterns of usage of such sources as Wikipedia when people are searching for information about major disasters? Is there any correlation between publications in mass media about the event and the intention of people to search for further information about the event while using Wikipedia? What are the temporal dynamics of the Wikipedia Manchester bombing page traffic? The research aim of this study is to address these salient questions through statistical analysis of Wikipedia access. The outcome is relevant for gauging public risk awareness, which is important because of the important role of public assistance in preventing terrorist attacks.

Machine Learning based Terrorist Attacks Prediction Algorithm

Terrorist attacks are spreading rapidly all over the world, which has caused heavy casualties and property losses. Therefore, it is very necessary to predict precisely the types of terrorist attacks and provide important information for counter-terrorism work. The existing research on terrorist attacks only analyzes a few characteristics, which leads to the limitations of the research. Therefore, this paper not only adds some continuous and discrete features, but also adds unstructured features based on the current research, which can accurately describe terrorist attacks. This paper proposes a random forest method based on threshold for feature selection because of the added characteristics of terrorist attacks, and then uses XGBoost model to predict the types of terrorist attacks. This method helps to prevent terrorist attacks and reduce the damage caused by terrorist attacks, and providedecisionsupport for the counter-terrorism department to take measures in advance.

A Modular Architecture of Command-and-Control Software in Multi-Sensor Systems Devoted to Public Security

Preventing terrorist attacks at soft targets has become a priority for our society. The realization of sensor systems for automatic threat detection in crowded spaces, such as airports and metro stations, is challenged by the limited sensing coverage capability of the devices in place due to the variety of dangerous materials, to the scanning rate of the devices, and to the detection area covered. In this context, effectiveness of the physical configuration of the system based on the detectors used, the coordination of the sensor data collection, and the real time data analysis for threat identification and localization to enable timely reactions by the security guards are essential requirements for such integrated sensor-based applications. This paper describes a modular distributed architecture of a command-and-control software, which is independent from the specific detectors and where sensor data fusion is supported by two intelligent video systems. Furthermore, the system installation can be replicated at different locations of a public space. Person tracking and later re-identification in a separate area, and tracking hand-over between different video components, provide the command-and-control with localization information of threats to timely activate alarm management and support the activity of subsequent detectors. The architecture has been implemented for the NATO-funded DEXTER program and has been successfully tested in a big city trial at a metro station in Rome both when integrated with two real detectors of weapons and explosives and as a stand-alone system. The discussion focuses on the software functions of the command-and-control and on the flexibility and re-use of the system in wider settings.

Analysis of the System and Terrorism Attacks Prevention in an Offices of Law Enforcement Agencies in Indonesia

Terrorism is a global issue for countries in the world, both in Indonesia itself. Since the existence of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, the country has always faced incidents and threats of terror. This study aims to determine the security system and prevention of terrorist attacks in one of the offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia in order to anticipate potential threats of crime that may occur. This study used a qualitative approach, followed by an analysis of the location security system based on three ring security in the surveillance detection program and CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). Furthermore, conclusions and anticipation of problems can be made. This study concludes that in order to create comfort and security from the threat of various criminal acts, it is deemed necessary to have an integrated security plan as a preventive measure in securing and preventing terrorist attacks at the offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia.

THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM: THE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION AND SOME NATIONAL ANTITERRORISM PROGRAMMES

Terrorist attacks strike not only the victims, their friends and families, but also the fun­damental principles of the European Union. The choice of the topic of the article is caused by the fact that today the European Union recognizes money laundering, terrorist financing and international terrorism as some of the main threats to its financial system and citizens’ security. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activities and decisions of the European Union in this area. The methodological basis of the work consists of both general scientific and special meth­ods of scientific knowledge. The EU legislation in the sphere of counter-terrorism was investi­gated using the analytical method, the method of abstraction gave an opportunity to assess the general current state of legal regulation of the fight against terrorism. The use of the compara­tive legal approach made it possible to analyze the national antiterrorist programmes of chosen European countries. The logical legal method was applied when formulating conclusions and proposals. The article deals with the issues related to the legal aspects of the fight against internation­al terrorism. The paper investigates the steps taken by the European Union, i.e., the adoption of resolutions and strategies, the signing of treaties, the creation of institutions that function with the purpose to combat and prevent terrorist attacks, which are the constituents of the general concept of the antiterrorist system. The authors indicate the most important treaty provisions and institutions as well as their development and influence on the system of the fight against terrorism by the European Union. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activities and decisions of the European Union in this area. It has been investigated that the external activities of the EU include the support of countries in improving their judicial systems and the potential of law enforcement authorities as well as the integration of European antiter­rorist legislation into their security strategies. In the studied countries, the systematic approach to the fight against terrorism is clearly visible.

Assessing and reporting leaking of violent intent: Influences of perpetrator and witness characteristics

Because the police are reliant on laypersons to report announcements (leaking) of terrorist attacks, it is crucial to examine potential determinants for their assessment of the seriousness of leaking and the likelihood to report it. Members of the law enforcement authorities also need to decide which instances of leaking to prosecute further. We asked 392 laypersons and 188 police students to assess the seriousness and anticipated likelihood to report/prosecute leaking. Using a behavioral process tracing (BPT) task, we examined which further information they consider important for their decisions. We also assessed participant characteristics that may influence these decisions. Laypersons rated the seriousness of leaking higher than police students, but were less likely to report it to the police than police students were likely to have the leaking prosecuted. Both groups selected information about the potential perpetrator's criminal history, political attitude, and repetition of leaking most frequently. Accordingly, receiving information about the potential perpetrator's criminal past, right-wing attitude, and repetition of leaking in the BPT task was associated with increases in the seriousness ratings and the likelihood to report/prosecute leaking in both groups. Concerning the participants’ characteristics, particularly fear of terrorism (and partly political attitude and news consumption) predicted both the seriousness ratings and the likelihood to report/prosecute leaking. In conclusion, characteristics of both the potential perpetrator and the participants drove the decisions. Thus, it seems important to provide more information about the concept of leaking and to emphasize its importance in preventing terrorist attacks in order to improve the likelihood to report/prosecute it. Additionally, the development of objective assessment criteria for the police seems essential in order to reduce the influence of witnesses' characteristics on these decisions.

Architectural and Urban Planning Solutions for the Protection of Heritage Buildings in the Context of Terrorist Attacks: Following the Example of Passive Protection Systems

Events in recent years showing numerous terrorist attacks raise awareness regarding the necessity of considering the safety of heritage buildings. The analysis of available data allows us to conclude that it is not possible to fully prevent terrorist attacks. On the other hand, it is possible to minimize the impact of such incidents through proper design of passive protection system (PPS) components. One possible architectural solution to be deployed as a passive defense system is laminated glass panel walls. The study presented in this article is innovative, considering there are no current standard documents or recommendations to determine the conditions of destruction as well as the methods of testing the strength of glass components used in laminated glass panel walls under vehicle impact. The present work represents the material used in PVB interlayers using the Mooney–Rivlin constitutive model, which correctly describes the non-linear characteristics of PVB. Based on the obtained results, new parameters of PVB laminated glass exposed to vehicle impact were developed. The newly developed parameters underwent quality verification through a comparison of results from experimental studies and numerical simulations. Finally, the strength of laminated glass panel walls was subject to evaluation, considering the amount and thickness of individual VSG glass layers and the number of PVB interlayers at ground floor level of a heritage building with high susceptibility to terrorist attacks. The newly developed parameters of laminated glass may be implemented as a premade input .mat file for the material available in the KEYWORD database under the name MAT_32-LAMINATED_GLASS in the LS-DYNA software.

AI-Based W-Band Suspicious Object Detection System for Moving Persons: Two-Stage Walkthrough Configuration and Recognition Optimization

In recent years, terrorist attacks have been spreading worldwide and become a public hazard to human society. The suspicious object detection system is an effective way to prevent terrorist attacks in public places. However, traditional systems face two main challenges: First, they need to conduct security checks at the entrance one by one, which leads to crowding; second, they rely heavily on screeners’ ability to understand security images, which can easily lead to misjudgment. To address these issues, we propose an AI-based W-band suspicious object detection system for moving persons that can perform a two-stage walkthrough screening for suspicious objects in an open area to maintain high throughput. The 1st screening uses millimeter wave radar and cameras to automatically screen suspects who may have concealed suspicious objects in an open area. The 2nd screening involves security personnel using a hybrid imager with active and passive imaging capabilities to identify the specific suspicious objects carried by the suspect. Convolutional neural network (CNN) based artificial intelligence (AI) technology will be used to improve the accuracy and speed of suspicious object detection. We performed an experiment to validate the proposed system. The usability and safety of the system are demonstrated by recognition rate (aka accuracy rate) or both recall and precision rate. In addition, in the process of improving the suspicious object recognition rate by AI techniques, we use generative adversarial network to help build a suspicious object database and successfully validate the effectiveness of the method and the factors affecting the suspicious object recognition rate to optimize the system.

Facial recognition technology for policing and surveillance in the Global South: a call for bans

The use of facial recognition technology (FRT) for policing and surveillance is spreading across Asia, Africa and Latin America. Advocates are saying this technology can solve crimes, locate missing people and prevent terrorist attacks. Yet, as this article argues, deploying FRT for policing and surveillance poses a grave threat to civil society, especially systems to identify or track people without any criminal history. In every political system, this has the potential to deepen discriminatory policing, have a chilling effect on activism and turn everyone into a suspect. The dangers rise exponentially, moreover, in places with inconsistent rule of law, poor human rights records, weak privacy and data laws and authoritarian rulers – traits common across scores of countries now installing FRT. Regulating use is unlikely to prevent these harms, the article contends, given the powerful political and corporate forces in play, given the ways firms push legal limits, exploit loopholes and lobby legislators, and given the tendency over time of surveillance technology to creep across state agencies and into new forms of social control. Calls to ban FRT are growing louder by the day. This article makes the case for why bans are especially necessary in the Global South.

Emotional security as a condition for preventing fear of terrorism

Introduction. Terrorophobia is today one of those fears that are commonly called global. The fear of terrorism as a real threat to private life becomes social and not every government is able to prevent terrorist attacks committed on its territory.Purpose setting. Prevention of the emergence and development of terrorophobia is, coming from society and the individual himself, a specific barrier to the fear of terrorism as an action and a social phenomenon as a whole. We believe that the main factor contributing to the overcoming of terrorophobia coming from society is educational activities. A factor coming from the individual (family) upbringing and self-education. The purpose of these three processes is one – the emotional protection of the individual from fears of different qualitative certainty. Analysis of emotional security as a factor in the prevention of terrorophobia.Methodology and methods of the study. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made up of the main provisions of the subject-activity, system and functional approaches developed by domestic and foreign scientists.Results. The article proclaims the thesis that the emotional security of the subject, formed and developed at the personal level, is the most important condition (along with many others) of prevention and "experiencing" both the threat of terrorism itself and the terrorist attack itself as an action, a witness (and even a victim ) which any individual can become. Educational potential is a factor contributing to an increase in emotional security through psychological readiness, extensive communications and the improvement of one’s intellectual level.Conclusion. The goal of emotional security is always twofold: overcoming fears of any etiology and conscious reflection on the impossibility of their absolute overcoming. In the extreme, the goal is to teach yourself to live in conditions of uncertainty.

Development Strategy of International Cooperation of Forensic Science Institutions of Ukraine with Foreign Experts in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks on Critical Infrastructure

The issue of using modern foreign experience of preventive activity in criminological work of forensic science institutions of Ukraine has been considered in this study. Peculiarities of the main organisational forms of forensic science activity have been analysed through specialised (forensic science) institutions and through specific specialists, namely: forensic experts (for example, practice of the institute of sworn experts: specialists who took the oath or received a license for forensic examination). Analysis of international standards used in forensic science activity has been carried out. Necessity position of legislative introduction of international standards in process of forensic examination has been revealed and substantiated. The main emphasis is on highlighting problems of cooperation of forensic institutions of Ukraine with foreign experts in preventing terrorist attacks on critical infrastructure. The research aim is to study the use of modern foreign experience in preventive activities in criminological work of forensic expert institutions of Ukraine. The result of the study provides evaluation of the problems of cooperation of forensic institutions of Ukraine with foreign experts in preventing terrorist attacks on critical infrastructure. Based on this evaluation, a proposal is put forward for the improvement of normative regulations. Keywords: forensic science, forensic expert, international standards, prevention, critical infrastructure facilities

Litigating Terror in The Sinai After The Egyptian Spring Revolution: Should States Be Liable to Foreign Investors for Failure to Prevent Terrorist Attacks?

The ambiguity of the due diligence standard of the Full Protection and Security obligation in investment treaties persists to this day. A recent ICSID tribunal found a developing state liable for breaching the Full Protection and Security obligation due to its inability to protect a foreign investment against terrorist attacks in a remote deserted area. In this article, we analytically criticize the Ampal v. Egypt arbitral award against the comprehensive factual matrix behind the case. Based on our criticism of Ampal, we argue that developing states should not be liable for failing to prevent or stop terrorist attacks under the Full Protection and Security obligation when they exert efforts relevant to their limited capacity to offer such protection. Further, we argue that investors should also optimize political risk insurance offered by the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency when they choose to invest in a host state that might be vulnerable to terrorist attacks, might face potential insurgencies, or suffer from political turmoil. Finally, we highlight the importance of integrating other subfields of international law – such as international human rights law – to the international investment arbitration system, especially in defining what acts or omissions are required of a host state to fulfill the due diligence standard of the Full Protection and Security Obligation.

Terrorism Risks and Economic Assessment of Infrastructure Protection against Progressive Collapse

Existing infrastructure has proven to be resilient and robust against car and truck bombings. The impacts of terrorist attacks are often overstated, and the tragic events of 9/11 appear to be more of an aberration than a harbinger of worse to come. A case study describes fatality risks from progressive collapse caused by a large truck bomb, and then assesses probabilistic costs and benefits of design measures mandated by the United States to mitigate against progressive collapse for new federal government buildings. It was found that disproportionate collapse is a rare event, and there have been no fatalities from disproportionate collapse or other structural damage in Western countries in the 20 years since the tragic events of 9/11. Clearly, a specific threat involving a massive and larger than expected vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) attack can lead to blast-resistant strengthening for buildings to be justified and cost-effective. However, the likelihood of nonspecific threats will need to exceed 2.5×10−4 per building per year for structural strengthening against progressive collapse to be cost-effective. This is equivalent to an average of six VBIED threats against large federal buildings per year, and that the threat involves a VBIED large enough to potentially cause progressive collapse. Policing and intelligence measures to warn or prevent terrorist attacks are likely to be a more cost-effective countermeasure.

Learning Lessons from Countering Terrorism: the UK Experience 2017–2020

Research QuestionWhat lessons can be learned from counter-terrorism policing in a recent 3-year time period in which the UK suffered the loss of 41 lives by 12 terrorist attacks, with the concurrent successful disruption of 29 other attacks?DataA 2017 internal review into the 2017 attacks was undertaken by police and MI5, yielding 104 recommendations for improved practices. This list was later complemented by multiple reviews in 2018–2020 that led to more than 400 further recommendations for multiple counter terrorism partners.MethodsThematic analysis of these 500 + recommendations led to the author’s distillation, as a participant observer, of 8 key focal points for future efforts to prevent terrorist attacks.FindingsEight themes uniting the recommendations for developing future CT practice emerged from the internal reviews, raising complex issues of (1) data, (2) partnerships, (3) right-wing terrorism, (4) the 625,000 crowded public spaces in the UK, (5) online harm, (6) management of convicted terrorists, (7) domestic growth of terrorism replacing overseas direction and (8) earlier onset of terrorist commitments, from age 13.ConclusionsThese thematic findings led to four conclusions: (a) the Protect Duty will provide an improved framework for countering terrorism, (b) we must adapt to the changing nature of terrorists, (c) we must increase our efforts against online harm and (d) we must renew and sustain our commitment to the Prevent pillar of the CONTEST strategy, which is now and shall be fit for purpose.