Prevent Disease Transmission Research Articles

Efektivitas Daya Bunuh Antiseptik Benzalkonium Klorida dibandingkan Dengan Alkohol 70%

Background: One of the prevention of disease transmission can be done by maintaining hand hygiene, in addition to using soap, the use of hand sanitizer is an innovation to prevent disease transmission. Benzalkonium chloride is a chemical compound that can be used as a substitute for alcohol as an antiseptic.Method: This study is a true experiment with samples taken from inanimate objects in the surrounding environment using the swab method, sample identification using bacterial gram staining and effectiveness testing using the liquid dilution method to determine the MIC measured by a spectrometer and see the density of bacteria based on turbidity and solid dilution to determine MBC by looking at regrowth after 24 hours of exposureResults: The results of the study obtained MIC and MBC values in gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial samples occurred in 0.12% benzalkonium antiseptic which was marked by no bacterial growth and a decrease in turbidity after 24 hours of exposure. This is supported by statistical results stating that benzalkonium chloride has a different effect on inhibiting bacterial growth compared to 70% alcohol and from 130 bacterial test samples exposed to 70% alcohol, 14 samples (8 gram-negative bacteria and 6 gram-positive bacteria) experienced regrowth after 24 hours of exposureConclusion: This shows that 0.12% benzalkonium is more effective in inhibiting and killing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the environment.

Visual Detection and Identification of Influenza A Viruses by Nucleic Acid Probe-Enabled Lateral Flow Assay.

Diagnosis of influenza A viral infection is crucial for preventing disease transmission and providing effective clinical treatments. There is an increasing need for convenient detection methods to enable simple yet precise identification of viral infections. Herein, a nucleic acid probe-enabled lateral flow assay (NALFA) is developed to realize visual detection and identification of influenza A viral infections (H1N1 and H3N2) of high sensitivity and specificity. Viral RNA targets are recognized by a padlock probe, which is circularized to induce rolling circle amplification (RCA). RCA products are enzymatically cleaved into short amplicons to complex with capture DNA probes for gold colloidal-induced visual lateral flow assay. NALFA achieved attomolar (aM) sensitivity for both standard viral RNAs, along with high specificity. While applying clinical samples (16 H1N1 patients, 12 healthy controls), NALFA exhibited high detection accuracy to successfully discriminate infected samples from noninfected samples. NALFA represents a potent and convenient nucleic acid detection assay that shall find its applications in fields of viral detection and beyond.

Use of personal protective equipment and cognitive load during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - A randomized cross-over simulation-based study.

Use of personal protective equipment and cognitive load during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - A randomized cross-over simulation-based study.

Mucosal vaccines with STING-agonist liposomal formulations inhibit RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) replication in cotton rats.

Mucosal vaccines with STING-agonist liposomal formulations inhibit RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) replication in cotton rats.

Accuracy of Emergency Department Coronavirus Disease-2019 Symptom Screening: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Accuracy of Emergency Department Coronavirus Disease-2019 Symptom Screening: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Evaluating the Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants Containing Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors Followed or Not by Post-Treatments

Sewage treatment is essential to prevent disease transmission and adverse environmental impacts. This study evaluated the performance of four Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in two cities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two STPs (Santana and São José) that have Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors as the sole biological treatment stage did not comply with the discharge standards in receiving water bodies, particularly for SetS, TSS and O&G parameters. This shows the need for improvements, such as the implementation of post-treatment. For the other plants that have UASB reactors followed by an activated sludge system (Industrial Complex STP) or an up-flow anaerobic filter (Carbonita STP) as post-treatment, only the O&G parameter was not met. With the exception of one of the STPs that lackes post-treatment (São José STP), the other three met the required minimum removals of 60% for BOD5 and 55% for COD. The Carbonita STP promoted the highest average removals of BOD5 and COD, at 90% and 86%, respectively. Despite the discharge of industrial wastewater into the sewage collection network of one of the cities in this study, the biodegradability of the raw sewage remained high (BOD5/COD ratio > 0.4). The wastewater treated by the STPs that have post-treatment showed greater potential for reuse in agricultural practices.

Production system, and egg quality of village chicken reared under traditional management system in Angecha and Damboya districts of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The study was conducted in two selected districts of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia with objectives of to assess the production system, and egg quality of village chicken reared under traditional management system. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select representative samples and one hundred eight six respondents (186) were interviewed with structured questionnaire. The data were organized and analyzed by using SPSS and SAS. The mean of Eggs per clutch per hen, Age at first lay, and number of clutches per hen/year were 15.82±0.54, 7.08±0.25, 5.26±0.25 and Age of sexual Maturity (Male=7.67±0.306 and female=8.13±0.301), respectively. The predominant breed is exotic (59.6%) with a village chicken production system. 50.55% of the respondents kept chicken in Perch at one corner of the common house, and 45.70% practiced isolation of sick birds from health to prevent disease transmission. The mean of eggs incubated, hatched, and hatchability percentages were (14.5±0.55, 12.5±0.57 and 80.5), respectively. The study revealed that 40.32, 26.2 and 17.32% of respondents rear chicken for sale, home consumption, and non-defined purpose, respectively. The highest percentage of the interviewed respondent’s use of eggs was for selling purposes 30.1% (Mid and 31.7% (Highland). Regarding egg storage conditions in high land and mid land agroecology about 21.5% and 18.3% of the respondents store their eggs inside cold containers, respectively. The major constraints of chicken production in the study areas were the prevalence of disease, high chick mortality, predator attack (Shululla), shortage of feed and grains, and lack of parent stock, respectively. The most economically important disease that attacks chicken Newcastle disease which is locally known as “Kenbesha” in the study areas. All egg quality parameters were statistically similar among the agroecology except significant difference in egg yolk height and albumen height. Shell thickness was comparable to the acceptable eggshell thickness to withstand egg breakage. The yolk index values of the eggs obtained from both agro ranged from 0.54–0.56. The HU value that figures out the quality of albumen was within the range of 70-100 set for good egg quality. Therefore, efforts should be geared to alleviate constraints like prevalence of disease, High chick mortality, predator attack, shortage of feed, and lack of parent stock hampering chicken production, training of smallholder farmers on chicken housing practices, and further research was needed on external and internal egg quality determination under different production system.

Edukasi Penyebaran Kuman Penyebab Penyakit pada Anak-Anak di SDN 07 Palmerah, Jakarta

Children are a vulnerable group to infectious diseases, which are the leading cause of death among them. Data from Palmerah Community Health Centre (Puskesmas Palmerah) showed that 6 of the ten most common illnesses are infectious diseases, such as colds (acute nasopharyngitis), fever, cough, flu, and gastrointestinal issues (diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin). Based on these issues, it is necessary to educate children about the spread of contagious germs. This community service aims to help students understand how germs spread diseases. The activity was held at SDN 07 Palmerah for 2nd-grade students in the form of a health talk and a demonstration using a game about how germs are transmitted. The event occurred on January 30, 2024, from 8:00 to 9:00 AM WIB. The program started with an opening by the MC, followed by a pre-test where students, working in groups, placed images of locations where germs are found. After the pre-test, the session continued with a presentation on places where germs are found and how they spread a Q&A session, and a post-test. The results of the pre-test and post-test showed an increase in students' knowledge about the places where germs are found. Therefore, regular health education is necessary to prevent disease transmission among students in the classroom.

The Importance of Minimally Invasive Therapy and Family Education Regarding Molluscum Contagiosum in Children

The Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a member of the poxvirus family, is the cause of the widespread viral skin disease known as Molluscum contagiosum (MC). It primarily affects children aged 1–10 years, with an estimated global prevalence of 5–20%. A 2020 report from the Indonesian Ministry of Health documented MC as the third most common viral skin infection in children, with prevalence rates of 8–12% in densely populated regions like Jakarta and Surabaya. Usually confined to the face, torso, or extremities, the infection manifests as skin colored, dome-shaped papules with central umbilication. Transmission occurs via direct skin contact, autoinoculation, or contaminated things. While MC is self-limiting, treatment is often sought to prevent spread, alleviate cosmetic concerns, or address persistent lesions. This case highlights a typical presentation of MC in a toddler and underscores the importance of family education and minimally invasive therapies. The treatment we gave to this patient was in the form of cantharidine 0.7% (left for 4 hours then rinsed) and mupirocin cream 2% (used if the bumps/papules have broken). The patient's family was also educated about preventing disease transmission, such as not touching, scratching, or squeezing papules, diligently cleaning hands by washing hands in running water or using wet wipes that are safe for babies, and avoiding sharing personal items.

Intelligent Identification of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Self-Transfer Deep Learning and Ensemble Prediction Based on Single-Cell Raman Spectrum

Intelligent Identification of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Self-Transfer Deep Learning and Ensemble Prediction Based on Single-Cell Raman Spectrum

A Comprehensive Review of Biologically Active Natural Products on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) at a Glance.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widespread known as the sexually transmitted infection, which is responsible, for genital warts and certain types of cancer. Low-risks HPV types are responsible for genital warts. Genital warts can be treated through various medical and surgical methods. High-risks HPV types may cause dangerous cancers such as cervical cancer. The clinical approach in treatment of HPV-related cancers were different depending on the diseases stage ranging from surveillance and minor procedures for dysplasia to chemotherapy for more advanced cases. It is crucial to vaccinate adolescents against HPV to prevent infections from high risk strains. Researchers have explored natural products as potential solutions against viral infections with eight biologically active compounds. Including EGCG, curcumin, podophyllotoxin, resveratrol, pterostilbene, tanshinone IIA, indole-3-carbinol, and carrageenan. They are showing promising therapeutic effects in treating different stages of HPV-related diseases. Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of EGCG and podophyllotoxin in treating warts while other compounds, like curcumin, resveratrol, pterostilbene, indole-3-carbinol, and tanshinone IIA offer benefits in combating cervical cancer. In addition, carrageenan shows promising effects in HPV transmission prevention. It appears that compounds from nature may have an impact, on different phases of the HPV infection like genital warts treatment, disease transmission prevention, and healing-related cancers. These findings highlight the potential of natural products as valuable sources to combat HPV infection and related cancers. Further more extensive studies are necessary to discover the effective mechanism of these natural compounds as anti-HPV agents.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention among barbing and beauty salon operators in Mogadishu, Somalia, 2024

IntroductionHIV/AIDS is a global public health issue affecting 40.4 million lives. Barbershops and beauty salons pose health risks due to the use of sharp tools, which can transmit blood-borne diseases like HIV. Somalia Over 45% of HIV-positive. Training and capacity building can enhance service quality and prevent disease transmission. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and prevention practices of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention among barbing and beauty salon operators in Somalia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 barbers and beauty salon operators in Districts Mogadishu selected using multistage sampling techniques from September 2023 to June 2024. A structured questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice about HIV/AIDs transmission and prevention. The factors associated with the knowledge, attitude and practice of the barbers and beauty salon operators about HIV/AIDs were explored using multiple logistic regression. Data was analyzed using Stata Version 15.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 27±6.6 years. Regarding sex, the vast majority of the participants (65.3%) were males Only 23.0% (92/400) had good knowledge, and 19.0% (76/400) had a good attitude, in addition, 6.5% (26/400) had good practice towards HIV transmission and prevention. Participants with secondary education showed higher odds of having a good attitude than those with primary and non-formal education though the difference was not significant (AOR = 2.3 (0.87-5.95), p = 0.094ConclusionBarbers’ awareness and education about HIV/AIDS and age-related factors contributing to infection spread are poor, and local health authorities could significantly reduce the spread of these pathogens through occupational hazards training.

Geospatial modeling of geographical spread of Aedes species, in relation to climatic and topographical factors in Lagos State, Nigeria.

The ecology and biology of mosquito disease vectors of the genus Aedes are highly dynamic, adapting to various climatic and topographic factors which makes their control challenging. Evidence-based control of Aedes mosquitoes requires a detailed understanding of this adaptability, which is greatly influenced by environmental dynamics. Understanding the drivers of their distribution is hence pertinent to predict disease risk. To better understand drivers and dynamics, we studied the distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in Lagos State, Nigeria, and its connection to climatic and human factors. Aedes larvae and adults were collected from eight Local Government Areas (LGAs, four urban and four rural) in Lagos State, resulting in 98 occurrence points. Using 23 environmental variables, we modeled the geographic distribution of Aedes spp. under current climatic conditions. Human population density was overlaid to estimate the risk of arboviral diseases. Although Aedes mosquitoes were found in all the eight LGAs in different proportions, species distribution varied considerably. Both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were found across the LGAs with evidence of species partitioning. Virtually all the LGAs were predicted to be highly suitable environments for Aedes mosquitoes, with only two LGAs being moderately suitable. Anthropogenic factors including the extensive accumulation of tires contribute to larval habitat availability for both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Urban areas with high population density were also associated with increased larval habitat availability when compared with rural areas. Furthermore, the model suggests that LGAs sharing border with Ogun State are highly suitable environments for Aedes spp. Our study highlights that the main contributing factors to Aedes distribution were precipitation and temperature in the coldest quarter. This paper aims to understand how human and climatic factors affect Aedes mosquitoes distribution in Lagos State, which is crucial to prevent disease transmission.

A novel cross-priming amplification technique combined with lateral flow strips for rapid and visual detection of zoonotic Toxoplasma gondii.

A novel cross-priming amplification technique combined with lateral flow strips for rapid and visual detection of zoonotic Toxoplasma gondii.

P-625. Missed opportunities for vaccination among healthcare-seeking children–Kyrgyzstan, 2023

Abstract Background High vaccination coverage is critical to prevent disease transmission. In Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (population: 1.15 million), coverage for many childhood vaccines had dropped to < 90% in 2022. Opportunities for vaccination were being missed at child healthcare visits. Understanding the burden and reasons for these missed opportunities was needed to increase coverage.Figure 1.Missed opportunities for vaccination by vaccine type among healthcare-seeking children in Kyrgzystan, 2023 Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Bishkek in 2023 using the Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) World Health Organization protocol. We selected 33 primary care clinics and interviewed 20 caregivers of < 30 months olds in each. We abstracted vaccine history from medical records. MOV was calculated as the number of children not receiving a vaccine among those eligible for vaccination (defined as missing a dose at the start of the visit and no vaccine contraindications). The p-values from Poisson regression Wald tests are shown.Table 1.Characteristics associated with missed opportunities for vaccination among healthcare-seeking children in Kyrgzystan, 2023 Results Of 660 caregivers interviewed, 69% (448/650) met the inclusion criteria. MOV prevalence was 86% (386/448). In children aged 0-11 months, 81% (195/240) had MOV and in children 12–30-month-olds 92% (191/208) had MOV. Vaccine-specific MOV was lowest for hepatitis B vaccines (8%; 52/648) and highest for diphtheria- pertussis-tetanus vaccines (50%; 52/103) (Figure 1). Among eligible children (n=448), 62% had >4 annual clinic visits, 6% had never been immunized, and 84% were missing vaccine cards (Table 1). Healthcare providers did not check immunization status in 53% of children or ask to see vaccine cards in 79%. Among children who came specifically for vaccination, 53% (71/133) had a MOV. MOV did not differ by sex, district, or number of annual clinic visits. MOV was higher among children with never-vaccinated caregivers vs vaccinated caregivers (98% vs 85%, p=0.03) and caregivers with self-reported negative vaccine attitudes vs positive (94% vs 83%, p=0.01). Conclusion Nearly nine out of ten children missing an opportunity to be immunized while seeking healthcare services. Additional training for healthcare workers, to check immunization status of all children at each visit can help reduce MOV. Strategies that address caregiver barriers to timely vaccinations can help increase immunization coverage. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

An image dataset for surveillance of personal protective equipment adherence in healthcare

Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) use is critical to prevent disease transmission to healthcare providers, especially those treating patients with a high infection risk. To address the challenge of monitoring PPE usage in healthcare, computer vision has been evaluated for tracking adherence. Existing datasets for this purpose, however, lack a diversity of PPE and nonadherence classes, represent single not multiple providers, and do not depict dynamic provider movement during patient care. We introduce the Resuscitation Room Personal Protective Equipment (R2PPE) dataset that bridges this gap by providing a realistic portrayal of diverse PPE use by multiple interacting individuals in a healthcare setting. This dataset contains 26 videos, 10,034 images and 123,751 bounding box annotations for 17 classes of PPE adherence and nonadherence for eyewear, masks, gowns, and gloves, and one additional head class. Evaluations using newly proposed metrics confirm R2PPE exhibits higher annotation density than three established general-purpose and medical PPE datasets. The R2PPE dataset provides a resource for developing computer vision algorithms for monitoring PPE use in healthcare.

Sosialisasi Penerapan Biosecurity Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penularan Penyakit Pada Ternak Kerbau

The aim of this activity is to provide understanding to buffalo breeders regarding the importance of implementing biosecurity in preventing disease transmission in livestock, increase breeders' awareness of biosecurity measures that must be taken in the livestock environment, and equip breeders with practical knowledge about ways to prevent disease through implementation of biosecurity. This activity was carried out using an outreach method involving the community and the Head of Syota Hamlet and his staff. The methods used in this activity are: Material Presentation and Interactive Discussion. Some common biosecurity applications are access control, animal movement control, cleanliness and sanitation, waste management, health monitoring and vaccination. This socialization activity was successfully attended by around 35 people in the program target area. Most breeders showed an increased understanding of the importance of implementing biosecurity after following the socialization. Farmers claim to be ready to implement biosecurity measures such as quarantining new livestock, managing livestock waste, and providing good sanitation in the livestock environment. Some farmers also asked for further assistance regarding more specific biosecurity implementation, such as how to properly vaccinate livestock. In this socialization, several biosecurity measures were emphasized to be applied to buffalo livestock, including: quarantine of new livestock, cleanliness of pens and the environment, prevention through vaccination, waste management, protection of workers and visitors.

Infection Control Measures In Dental Practice

Preventing infectious disease transmission is imperative for patient and staff safety in dental settings. This paper provides an extensive review of evidence-based infection control guidelines recommended by authoritative bodies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention (OSAP), and American Dental Association (ADA). Key measures are discussed including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), sterilization, and disinfection of instruments, sharp safety, respiratory protections, surface asepsis, dental water quality, special precautions for emerging pathogens, staff training, and quality assurance programs. Despite clear protocols, compliance remains suboptimal – a critical gap requiring multifaceted interventions to address. The ethical obligation and practical necessity for diligent adherence to infection control is highlighted. With emerging infectious diseases and antibiotics resistance, vigilance cannot waiver. Infection control in dentistry demands unstinting diligence from all staff through rigorous education, enabling systems, and a culture of accountability focused on patient safety and continuous quality improvement. This paper provides a comprehensive framework for evidence-based infection control practices to mitigate risks and prevent disease transmission in dental settings.

The Role of Smallholder Pig Farmers in the Biosecurity of Pig Diseases in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Biosecurity forms an important component of preventing disease transmission. However, data on the demographics and practices of smallholder pig farmers in Southern Africa are scant, and little is published on the biosecurity related to these farms. A questionnaire survey was, therefore, carried out in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to describe the demographics and practices of smallholder pig farmers and to understand their role in the biosecurity and prevention of pig diseases. Females represented 52% of pig farmers and reflect the cultural importance of pig farming in Xhosa culture. All the farmers who were interviewed had poor biosecurity measures on their farms. A low level of education, lack of training and reliance on remedies to treat and prevent pig diseases were key findings for the majority of farmers. Farmers had a poor knowledge of correct antibiotic use, which could contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Smallholder farms were found to frequently involve free‐ranging pigs, swill feeding and informal trading, practices known to contribute to the spread of communicable pig diseases such as foot and mouth disease and African swine fever. Smallholder pig farms are, therefore, a potential risk for disease incursion and spread of communicable diseases within a region. Cost‐effective biosecurity measures and marketing opportunities will help to prevent pig diseases, while a continuing education programme will modernise the rural pig industry and reduce the impact of AMR.

Plant Leaf Disease Classification in Precision Farming With Hybrid Classifier: Colour, Deep and Pattern‐Based Feature Descriptors

ABSTRACTIn the agricultural sector, pesticides are used to prevent disease transmission and protect crop yields. However, due to the diverse range of diseases, the human observation can often lead to misidentification. It is essential for a timely and precise disease classification approach without human intervention. Classifying the plant leaf diseases with an automated system is the significant need in this scenario. In this work, a hybrid classification model for the categorisation of plant leaf diseases is presented. Preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification of leaf diseases are the four steps in this method. In this work, crops such as grapes and mango are considered. Primarily, preprocessing the input image by utilising Gaussian filtering methods, which enhances the quality of image. The filtered image is then put through a segmentation process using the MBIRCH framework. The segmented image is then used to extract a number of features, including GLCM, ILGBHS, colour, shape and deep features using the VGG16 and AlexNet networks. Following the procedure, the hybrid model—which combines Bi‐GRU and DCNN with TL—is applied to the acquired features, and the final classified result is determined by the enhanced fusion score method.