Prevalence Of Tuberculosis In Patients Research Articles

Burden of Tuberculosis in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Study and Experience from Ethiopian Dialysis Setting.

Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are at a higher risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) due to the immunosuppressed state along with concomitant comorbidities and socioeconomic and demographic factors. Data on the prevalence of tuberculosis in ESRD are scarce despite the high burden of the disease in developing nations. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted at eight dialysis centers in Addis Ababa on the prevalence of TB among CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis from August 2022 to October 2022 G.C. The study enrolled 263 participants selected by systematic random sampling. Data were collected by reviewing the patient's electronic medical records. The Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Our study found a 27% prevalence of TB in patients with ESRD receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most prevalent form, and lymphadenitis was the most common extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Only 5.6% of the study participants had microbiologic evidence of TB. Chemistry and cytological studies from pleural fluid and imaging evidences were commonly used diagnostic modalities. The presence of HIV infection, longer duration of dialysis (>1 year), and contact history with a known TB patient were all significantly associated with higher prevalence of TB among the study participants. Although there is a strong association between TB and CKD, there are no local data from Ethiopia. Our study identified a higher prevalence of TB among CKD patients on MHD. Thus, maintaining a high index of suspicion and early diagnosis and treatment of TB among ESRD patients on MHD and use of TB preventive therapy (TPT) is important in decreasing morbidity and mortality.

Prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with prurigo nodularis: A multicenter cross-sectional study

Prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with prurigo nodularis: A multicenter cross-sectional study

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Patients Visiting Massawa Hospital: Cross-Sectional Study, 2021

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Patients Visiting Massawa Hospital: Cross-Sectional Study, 2021

Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients: Epidemiology, Immunological Basis, and Its Amalgamated Management.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most widespread and infectious diseases in the world, which is brought onbyMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Most infection lacks traditional signs. Latent TBis the name given to this ailment. Of these latent infections, 10% become active and cause illness. Fever, night sweats, a prolonged cough with blood-containing mucus, and weight loss are common signs of active TB infection. Diabetes, on the other hand, is a group of metabolic illnesses characterized by elevated serum glucose levels. It is a chronic metabolic condition brought on by a deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance. It is of two types, that is, type 1 and type 2. Among all the cases of diabetes, the occurrence of type 2 is more common and less fatal than type 1. The prevalence of diabetes is currently increasing in low- and middle-income nations. As both diabetes and TB come under the most widespread chronic condition; therefore, their combined effect is evaluated. In recent years, the higher occurrence of TB in patients with hyperglycemia has come to light. People with elevated blood glucose levels exhibit several risk factors that make them more vulnerable to contracting TB. This review provides information on epidemiological data about the prevalence of TB in patients with hyperglycemia. In addition, this paper discusses the immunological underpinnings of TB development in patients with diabetes mellitus and how glycemic management reduces the risk of TB infection. It illustrates how the clinical signs and radiographic evidence of TB differ between people with diabetes and healthy people and mentions diabetes and TB combined management.

Diagnostic approaches and prevalence of Rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in District Mardan

The disease tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) is most common infectious disease in developing countries. The disease is fatal if not treated during the early stages of infection, thereby early and precise detection is a decisive step in curing the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis in patients reporting to Mardan Medical Complex (MMC), located in the district Mardan, KPK, Pakistan. The sputum of patients was analysed by Ziehl-Nilsen (ZN) staining technique followed by light microscopy called Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) staining. The sputum samples were collected from the patients and analysed by special PCR method called GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, for genomic detection and resistance assay for rifampicin antibiotic were used, are the commonly used medicine for the treatment of MTB infection. Total 121 patients reported to MMC, represented 74 % patients from Mardan, 12% from Nowshera and 14% from Swabi. These patients were screened for the aim to evaluate the techniques for the detection of MTB. The light microscopy method confirmed 66 (55%) of the patients positive for MTB, whereas the same samples reported 78 (68%) patients positive for MTB through GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) found for light microscopy were 99% and 78.1% respectively. The most used drug rifampicin was found ineffective in 9 patients (7%). Additionally, 83% of the patients when interviewed had a folk history of tuberculosis. Keywords: Microscopy, PCR, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rifampicin.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis in patients with hematological neoplasms in a cancer referral hospital in Mexico City

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis in patients with hematological neoplasms at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City using the Tuberculin skin test (TST).MethodsThis retrospective study included all patients with a recent diagnosis of hematological neoplasms who were admitted for treatment from 2017 to 2018 and who were screened for latent tuberculosis with the TST. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis in this group, tolerance and therapeutic adherence in treated patients are described.ResultsThe files of 446 patients with hematological malignancy who had a TST were reviewed. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis was 31.2% (n = 139). Ninety-three patients received isoniazid, 15.1% had some adverse reactions, but only 4 (4.3%) had to discontinue treatment. Two patients with latent tuberculosis under treatment with Isoniazid reactivated tuberculosis infection.ConclusionsThe prevalence in our study was within the range of other similar Mexican populations. Isoniazid treatment had an adequate tolerance and adherence. Longer follow-up could offer more information on the risk of reactivation in both groups.

Diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis in a high TB burden area.

The larynx is the second most commonly affected site in the head and neck region in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Despite this, the prevalence of laryngeal TB is largely unknown, particularly in areas with a high TB burden. The laboratory diagnosis of TB includes microscopy, culture and molecular testing. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of laryngeal TB in patients presenting with laryngeal pathology in a region with a high TB burden and to determine the optimal diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of laryngeal TB. This was a prospective descriptive study of 80 adult patients undergoing direct laryngoscopy and biopsy for laryngeal pathology in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa over a 1year period. Histopathological and microbiological investigations (microscopy, Xpert MTB/RIF, and TB culture) were performed on all laryngeal biopsies. Five (6.25%) out of 80 patients were diagnosed with laryngeal TB. In one patient, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay was positive on the laryngeal tissue and histology showed granulomas. Two patients had granulomas on histology although the microbiological tests on the tissue were negative. Two patients had only positive tissue cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. None of the biopsies had positive Ziehl-Neelsen stains. The results suggest that the diagnosis of laryngeal TB required a combination of histopathology, culture and PCR and that the Xpert MTB/RIF assay is not a sensitive test for the diagnosis of laryngeal TB.

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Studies have shown that patients with liver cirrhosis are more susceptible to tuberculosis because of immune dysfunction; however there are only limited data. We carried out this study to know the prevalence and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. In this retrospective study, medical files of 200 consecutive patients admitted with diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in the medical ward of liver unit, Bir Hospital from January 2011 to December 2014 were evaluated for the presence of TB and clinical characteristics of these patients were analyzed. Eighteen patients were diagnosed to have tuberculosis with a prevalence of 9%. The median age of patients with tuberculosis and liver cirrhosis was 53 (35-71) years and M: F ratio was 2:1. 67%, P=0.01). Median CTP score of patients were 8.5 (5-12) (CTP A: B: C: 3:7:8). Extra pulmonary tuberculosis was more common (67%) than pulmonary (33%). In extra pulmonary tuberculosis, distribution was as pleural effusion (n=4), abdominal (n=4), intestinal (n=2), peritoneal (n=9), and pott's spine (n=2). Tuberculosis is prevalent in patients with liver cirrhosis. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis was more compared to pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was common in decompensated liver cirrhosis than compensated liver cirrhosis .

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

A Study of Clinical Profile of Recurrent Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV/AIDS

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a common infection in an endemic country like India and a major cause of mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Primary objectives: To study the prevalence of recurrent TB in patients of HIV/TB coinfection. Secondary objective: 1) To study the clinical profile of recurrent TB cases. 2) To study the factors associated with recurrence of TB in patients of HIV/TB co-infection. Materials and method: This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India between November 2014 to August 2016 in which case records of 185 patients with known HIV/TB co-infection were studied for the clinical and immunological status during initial presentation and during recurrence TB. Results: The prevalence of recurrent TB in this study was 34.59% (64 subjects). The average time to recurrence was 34.27 months. Occurrence of disseminated or sputum negative pulmonary TB during initial TB illness was significantly associated with recurrence of TB (RR of 0.325 (0.18-0.58) and RR of 2.45 (1.68-3.57) respectively. The 6-month anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) regimen was significantly associated with recurrence of TB as compared to 9 month of ATT (p value<0.001, OR 0.0029 ). Conclusion: Recurrent TB is a significant clinical problem in HIV positive patients. Male sex, sputum negative pulmonary TB or disseminated infection at the first instance of TB, a high Mantoux reading at initial TB presentation (≥ 20 mm) and shorter duration of ATT (6 months versus 9 months) are all significant risk factors for recurrence.

Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Tubercular Regimens in Cirrhosis of Liver with Tuberculosis: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background: Patients with liver cirrhosis are susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) because of immune dysfunction. However, limited data is available regarding prevalence of TB in cirrhotics and its treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to elucidate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of TB with liver cirrhosis and its treatment with different anti tubercular (ATT) regimens. Methods: Two eighty nine (289) patients with cirrhosis of liver were evaluated for evidence of tuberculosis during a period of 24 months (March 2011 to March 2013) in a tertiary care centre. Patients with evidence of tuberculosis were randomised into two different ATT regimens (Regimen A and B) after exclusion. Regimen A included initial phase of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), and ethambutol (EMB) for 2 months followed by a continuation phase of INH and RIF for 7 months, for a total of 9 months and regimen B included EMB, a fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin), and RIF for 12 months. All drugs were given on weight based daily doses. Results: Forty two patients (14.5%) out of 289 with cirrhosis of liver were detected to have evidence of TB. Aetiological agents responsible for cirrhosis amongst these patients were alcohol (n=18, 42.8%), hepatitis B (n=11, 26.1%), hepatitis C (n=2, 2.6%) and other causes (11, 26.1%). The most common site of tuberculosis was pulmonary (n=20, 47.6%) followed by abdominal (n=11, 26.1%), peritoneum (n=8, 19.2%), intestinal (n=2, 4.6%) and small bowel (n=1, 2.3%). After exclusion of six patients, thirty Six (36) patients with cirrhosis of liver were randomised into two different groups (ATT regimen A and B). Two out of eighteen patients (11.11%) in Regimen A while none of 18 patients in regimen B developed ATT induced hepatotoxicity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with cirrhosis of liver in our study was 145.3 per 1000 patients (14.5 %) which was higher than the prevalence of all forms of tuberculosis in general population in India and alcoholic cirrhotic were highly vulnerable. Combination RIF, EMB and Ofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) was well tolerated in cirrhosis of liver, even in Child B cirrhosis.

Tumour necrosis factor antagonist and tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: An Asian perspective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which inflammation of the joints is one of the dominant clinical abnormalities resulting in serious morbidity. Over the past decade, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist has revolutionized the treatment of RA. However, the subsequent increased risk of developing tuberculosis is one of the major drawbacks of this otherwise effective treatment. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an asymptomatic form of tuberculosis that is confined by the host's immune system. Active tuberculosis may develop when the immune status weakens. This risk is much higher in patients receiving TNF antagonist. Traditionally, tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to diagnose LTBI. Unfortunately, TST cannot distinguish bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination from tuberculosis making it difficult to use as a reliable diagnostic tool. In addition, possible anergy and interaction of the altered autoimmune status in rheumatological diseases further complicate the interpretation of TST results. Although interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) has improved the diagnosis of LTBI in immunocompetent individuals, its respective sensitivity/specificity values are unknown in patients with autoimmune disease due to variable pretest probability and lack of confirmatory test for LTBI. Thus, the use of IGRA for screening LTBI is variable among different countries. This review explores the prevalence of tuberculosis in patients receiving TNF antagonist in countries with different tuberculosis disease burdens and the potential mechanisms for variation in the incidence of tuberculosis with different TNF antagonists, the current practice guidelines for assessing the risk of LTBI in different countries, and the possible solutions for improving diagnosis, monitoring and management of LTBI.

Prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with anthracosis: study on 150 subjects.

A probable concordance and association between pulmonary tuberculosis and anthracosis was observed in the published literature. We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical and radiologic characteristics of patients with bronchoscopic evidence of anthracosis as well as the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with anthracosis. Included in the study were 150 consecutive patients with evidence of anthracosis as evidenced by bronchoscopy. Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic work up which included bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum smears and cultures, or histologic examination of lung biopsies was performed on all patients. Patients' clinical, pathological, and radiological findings were also recorded and analyzed. A total of 88 men and 62 women, ranging in age from 42 to 92 years were included in the study. Dyspnea (38.7%) and productive cough (35.3%) were among the most common chief complaints. The abnormal bronchoscopic findings were seen most frequently in the right middle lobe bronchus. In 42 patients pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed either bacteriologically (n = 32) or histologically (n = 10). CT scans of 26 patients were examined, of which the most frequent findings were consolidation and a reticular pattern. Pleural involvement was observed in 14 patients. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was higher among those with bronchial stenosis (P < 0.05). These findings have suggested that bronchial anthracosis, especially cases of localized anthracosis, in patients with bronchial stenosis and in those without a history of smoking or occupational exposure may be caused by tuberculosis.

Prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with cirrhosis of liver in western India

Tuberculosis is a common disease in India. Its prevalence is higher in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with liver cirrhosis in Western India. The prevalence was fifteen times higher than in the general population. It was significantly higher in alcoholics. The response to treatment and outcome were found to be favourable.

A review of antimycobacterial natural products.

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by several species of mycobacteria. Due to multi-drug resistant strains of mycobacteria and to a high prevalence of tuberculosis in patients who have acquired human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the number of patients infected with the disease is increasing worldwide. Thus there is an urgent need for new effective antimycobacterial agents to replace those currently in use. In this instance, the plant kingdom is undoubtedly a valuable source for new anti-tuberculosis agents. The present review article reports the findings from an extensive literature search of all plants that have been assessed for antimycobacterial/antitubercular activity over the past 20-30 years. An attempt has been made to summarize the information in order to highlight those promising plant species which are worthy of further investigation as leads for drug development. Over 350 plant species from a wide range of families and origins, containing various chemical classes of compounds, have been screened for such activity. A review of the relevant in vitro assays using different species of pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria is also included.