Prevalence Of Tuberculosis In Children Research Articles

Prevalence of tuberculosis in children using Gene Xpert on gastric lavage samples

Prevalence of tuberculosis in children using Gene Xpert on gastric lavage samples

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Children

Background: Pulmonary TB is a relatively common disease in developing countries including Iraq . A relatively small proportion (5–10%) of the approximately 2 billion people infected with M. tuberculosis worldwide will develop TB. Objective: To show the prevalence of T.B. among children in Abu-Ghraib city Patients and Methods: A descriptive retrospective center-based study in the Abu-Ghraib health sector (chest and respiratory disease unit) was conducted to show the distribution of TB in children ≤ 18 years from the 1st January 2001 till the 31st December 2020. Results: A total sample of 248 patients which represents 15.1% of all patients with TB in Abu-Ghraib (1642) from1st January 2001 till 31st December 2020. Female (152; 61.2%) and male (96; 38.8%). Most common age group affected was 13-18 years which represents 71.7% of patient. The prevalence of TB in Abu-Ghraib during the study period for children was (3.4/100,000). Conclusion: The prevalence of all forms of TB in Abu-Ghraib during the study period was (3.4/100000). Females were affected more than males with a mean of 6.7+/-1.5 Extra-pulmonary TB was found to be more common than pulmonary TB. Keywords: TB, Children, Epidemiology, Iraq

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Children

Background: Pulmonary TB is a relatively common disease in developing countries including Iraq . A relatively small proportion (5–10%) of the approximately 2 billion people infected with M. tuberculosis worldwide will develop TB. Objective: To show the prevalence of T.B. among children in Abu-Ghraib city Patients and Methods: A descriptive retrospective center-based study in the Abu-Ghraib health sector (chest and respiratory disease unit) was conducted to show the distribution of TB in children ≤ 18 years from the 1st January 2001 till the 31st December 2020. Results: A total sample of 248 patients which represents 15.1% of all patients with TB in Abu-Ghraib (1642) from1st January 2001 till 31st December 2020. Female (152; 61.2%) and male (96; 38.8%). Most common age group affected was 13-18 years which represents 71.7% of patient. The prevalence of TB in Abu-Ghraib during the study period for children was (3.4/100,000). Conclusion: The prevalence of all forms of TB in Abu-Ghraib during the study period was (3.4/100000). Females were affected more than males with a mean of 6.7+/-1.5 Extra-pulmonary TB was found to be more common than pulmonary TB.

A DISTRIBUTION MAP OF CHILDHOOD TUBERCULOSIS IN AGE GROUP OF 0-14 YEARS BY THE COVERAGE OF EXCLUSIVE BREAST MILK AND BCG IMMUNIZATION

Tuberculosis (TB) can infect all age groups, even children. Three provinces in Indonesia namely West Java (14%), Papua (13%), and Bangka Belitung provinces (11%) have the highest proportion of children with TB disease. Some previous research reveals that there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and BCG immunization status of children with TB disease. This current study identified the increasing trend of children (aged 0-14 years) with TB disease in Bangka Belitung province based on the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and BCG immunization. It was observational research with a cross-sectional design. Data were retrieved from seven districts/cities in Bangka Belitung province in 2015-2017. The unit of analysis was the number of overall TB cases, the percentage of BCG immunization coverage, and exclusive breastfeeding. The data were analyzed using the Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03. The number of children (aged 0-14 years) with TB disease increased from 2015-2017, and BCG immunization coverage and exclusive breastfeeding decreased in 2015-2016 only, but swelled in 2016-2017. The number of TB cases was still high despite the high coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and BCG immunization. Several factors such as the quality of vaccines and exclusive breastfeeding might influence the prevalence of TB in children. Future studies should employ more variables to garner more references.

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Children After Natural Disasters, Bohol, Philippines.

In 2013, a severe earthquake and typhoon affected Bohol, Philippines. To assess the postdisaster risk for emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children, we conducted a cross-sectional multistage cluster study to estimate the prevalence of tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity and tuberculosis (TB) in children from 200 villages in heavily affected and less affected disaster areas. Of the 5,476 children we enrolled, 355 were TST-positive (weighted prevalence 6.4%); 16 children had active TB. Fourteen (7%) villages had >20% TST-positive prevalence. Although prevalence did not differ significantly between heavily affected and less affected areas, living in a shelter with >25 persons approached significance. TST positivity was independently associated with older age, prior TB treatment, known contact with a person with TB, and living on a geographically isolated island. We found a high TST-positive prevalence, suggesting that national programs should consider the differential vulnerability of children and the role of geographically isolated communities in TB emergence.

Risk Factor of Tuberculosis in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome who Received Immunosuppressant Therapy in Hasan Sadikin Hospital

Patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) are in immunocompromised condition due to illness and therapy given. Treatment of NS with long-term steroids, high doses and combination with cyclophosphamide decreases body resistance. Immunocompromised conditions facilitate the occurrence of infection, one of the infections that might occur is tuberculosis (TB) with a high incidence in Indonesia. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk factors of TB in children with NS, specifically related to the duration of steroids administration, and combinations of steroids with cyclophosphamide. This was cross sectional study data retrieval from out-patients and in-patients NS children in RS Hasan Sadikin Bandung (RSHS) during 1st January 2012 until 31st December 2016. Statistical analysis using chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. There were 34 children with TB from 199 NS patients, the prevalence of TB in children with NS in RSHS (17%). The results showed that duration of steroids administration, combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide, female gender, and under nutrition were significant to tuberculosis incidence (p <0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed duration of steroid 175,5 days OR 20,7 (CI95% 7,5-68,1); p<0.001, combination of steroids with cyclophosphamide OR 3,2 (CI95% 1,1-11,7); p=0,027, female gender OR 2,5 (CI95% 0,9-7,2); p=0,077, and under nutrition OR 7,2 (CI95% 2,4-3,7); p=0.001. Duration of steroid administration, combination of steroids with cyclophosphamide, female gender, and under nutrition were risk factors for tuberculosis. The duration of steroid administration was the most dominant factor in the incidence of tuberculosis in children with NS.

Prevalence of latent pulmonary tuberculosis in children with diabetes mellitus attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mansoura: a cross-sectional study

Aims Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus are closely associated with each other. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and pattern of latent pulmonary TB in diabetic children using a combined screening tool. Settings and design A cross-sectional study was carried out in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt, during the period from January to December, 2016. Materials and methods The study enrolled all diabetic children with the inclusion criteria who were available during the study period and attending the endocrinology outpatient clinics or admitted in the inpatient ward. A total of 70 diabetic patients completed tuberculin skin test (TST) reading, and their results were compared with those of 70 healthy controls. All patients were subjected to detailed medical history, complete physical examination, and laboratory and radiological evaluation. TB screening was done for both groups using TST, sputum microscopy and culture, and chest radiography. We used TST induration diameter more than 6 mm as the cut-off value to determine test positivity. Results A total of 53 (75.7%) patients of the studied diabetic group were poorly controlled. TST was positive in 30% of the screened diabetic patients. Test positivity was significantly higher among diabetic group when compared with control group. TST positivity was significantly higher in poorly controlled diabetic cases. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between TST induration diameter and HBA1C. Conclusion Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to latent pulmonary TB. The association between poor glycemic control and latent pulmonary TB among diabetic patients was evident. Combining TST with sputum culture and chest radiography did not improve screening results.

Prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors of tuberculosis in children with HIV living in the UK and Ireland (CHIPS): a cohort study

Tuberculosis is the most common serious co-infection in people living with HIV worldwide, but little is known about its incidence in HIV-infected children living in high-resource settings with low tuberculosis prevalence. We aimed to assess the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in children with HIV living in the UK and Ireland to understand rates, risk factors, and outcomes of the disease in this group. We did an analysis of children enrolled in CHIPS, an observational multicentre cohort of children receiving HIV care in the UK and Ireland. We assessed characteristics and prevalence of tuberculosis at baseline, measured incidence of disease through the follow-up period using the CHIPS database, and calculated associated risk factors in these children with multivariable logistic and Cox regression models. Between Jan 1, 1996, to Sept 18, 2014, data for 1848 children with 14 761 years of follow-up were reported to CHIPS. 57 (3%) children were diagnosed with tuberculosis: 29 children had tuberculosis at presentation (prevalent tuberculosis) and 29 had the disease diagnosed during follow-up (incident tuberculosis), including one child with recurrent tuberculosis events. Median age at diagnosis was 9 years (IQR 5-12). 25 (43%) children had pulmonary tuberculosis, 24 (41%) had extrapulmonary tuberculosis with or without pulmonary involvement, and the remainder (n=9; 16%) had unspecified-site tuberculosis. The overall incidence rate for the follow-up period was 196 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 137-283). In our multivariable model, tuberculosis at presentation was associated with more severe WHO immunological stage at baseline (odds ratio 0·25, 95% CI 0·08-0·74; p=0·0331; for none vs severe) and being born abroad (odds ratio 0·28, 0·10-0·73; p=0·0036; for UK and Ireland vs abroad). Incident tuberculosis was associated with time-updated more severe WHO immunological stage (hazard ratio 0·15, 95% CI 0·06-0·41; p=0·0056; for none vs severe) and older age at baseline (1·11, 0·47-2·63; p=0·0027; for age >10 years vs 5-9 years). Tuberculosis rates in HIV-infected children in the UK and Ireland were higher than those reported in the general paediatric population. Further study is warranted of tuberculosis screening and preventive treatment for children at high-risk of this disease to avoid morbidity and mortality in this population. NHS England, PENTA Foundation.

To study the prevalence of tuberculosis in children of sputum positive adult of pulmonary tuberculosis living in same household

Introduction: Mortality due to tuberculosis can be prevented with proper screening, diagnosis and treatment. Present study is proposed to propagate screening of all children in families of all adult with sputum positive for AFB by relevant test available locally. This will help in early detection childhood infection. Objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of tuberculosis in children of sputum positive adult of pulmonary tuberculosis living in same household. If the findings are statistically significant routine screening should be recommended as part of RNTCP. Method: Prospective, hospital plus community based study during a period of February 20013 to November 20014, inclusion criteria includes all children 5-14 year, should have contact with sputum positive adult, exclusion criteria - children who treated with antitubercular, TB with concurrent immunosupression, Detail history, clinical examination, and investigation done to find out tubercular infection or disease. Result: We observed that among 218 children 40% children had tubercular infection out of which 23 children had tubercular disease. Data of different parameter is observed and analyzed which is found statistically significant. Conclusion: This study argue strongly in favours of routine screening of all children in contact with sputum positive adult of PTB and identify this group of child at high risk who should be screened on a priority basis if there of resources and time to screen all family contact.

PO-0356 How Frequent Get Tuberculosis A Cf Patient

Background Cystic fibrosis patients are predisposed to pulmonary infections. Conditions associated with CF, like underweight, diabetes mellitus (CFRD), liver disease (CFLD) are favouring factors for tuberculosis (TB). The hypothesis of a potential comorbidity of TB in CF children occurred. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the prevalence of TB in children with complicated CF. Methods Thirty-two patients (pts) with typical CF, associating complication like CFLD(27 pts), diabetes (3 pts) and 2 with both complication were considered for a prospective five years study. Biannual bacteriologic exam (TB specific also) were included, in addition to clinical examination and annual CT, to the patients evaluation. Results Tuberculosis occurred in 6.25% (2 patients), both F508 del homozygous, with CFLD and poor nutritional status; one patient had also CFRD. His evolution was unfavourable; he developed portal hypertension and died from respiratory failure. The other patient was diagnosed with active TB, Pseudomonas positive and poor nutritional status, but good evolution after treatment. The rest of CFLD patients had a stationary evolution, except 4 of them (15.38%) developed diabetes. Tuberculin skin test was positive in 4 patients (12.5%), 3 of them received TB vaccine. Despite the mandatory vaccination for TB in our country, only 84% pts were vaccinated. 18.75% of patients (6 pts) were considered and treated as TB cases,without bacteriological confirmation, before being diagnosed with CF. Conclusion Although TB is a frequent condition in our area, the prevalence among CF children is not as high as expected. It is possible that other factors, unknown so far, are implicated.

Increased risk of tuberculosis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: results from a population-based cohort study in Taiwan.

The studies on the risk of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) alone are limited. We examined this relationship using a population-based retrospective cohort study. From claims data of the National Health Insurance system of Taiwan, we identified 5195 patients with T1DM newly diagnosed from 2002 to 2011 and 20,780 randomly selected controls without T1DM, frequency matched by age, sex, and year of diagnosis. Both cohorts were followed up until the end of 2011 to evaluate the risk of TB. The overall incidence of TB was 4.07-fold higher in the T1DM cohort than in the control cohort (1.18 vs 0.29 per 1000 person-years, P < 0.001). Compared with the controls, the Cox model estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of TB in patients with T1DM were greater in men than in women (4.62 vs 3.59) and in adults than in children (4.06 vs 3.37), but not significant. The adjusted HR was much greater for those with comorbidities than those without comorbidities (14.6 vs 1.62, P < 0.001). Compared with the controls, the patients with T1DM were also more likely to develop TB with multiple emergency room visits (adjusted HR: 116.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.8–307.4) or hospitalizations (adjusted HR: 86.5, 95% CI = 33.7–222.4). Patients with T1DM are at elevated risks of developing TB with much higher HRs for those with comorbidities, within the first year of diagnosis, and with frequent emergency cares or hospitalizations.

Impact of expanded antiretroviral use on incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in children with HIV in Kenya

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. Recent ART recommendations have increased the number of children on ART. To determine the prevalence and incidence of TB in HIV-infected children after the implementation of expanded ART guidelines. A prospective cohort study including HIV-infected children aged 6 weeks to 14 years was conducted in Kenya. The primary outcome measure was clinically diagnosed TB. Study participants were screened for prevalent TB at enrollment using Kenya's national guidelines and followed at monthly intervals to detect incident TB. Predictors of TB were assessed using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. Of 689 participants (median age 6.4 years), 509 (73.9%) were on ART at baseline. There were 51 cases of prevalent TB (7.4%) and 10 incident cases, with over 720.3 child-years of observation (incidence 1.4 per 100 child-years). Months on ART (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.91, P = 0.003; aOR 0.91, P< 0.001) and months in care before ART (aHR 0.87, P= 0.001; aOR 0.92, P < 0.001) were protective against incident and prevalent TB. ART was protective against TB in this cohort of HIV-infected children with high levels of ART use. Optimal TB prevention strategies should emphasize early ART in children.

THE TUBERCULIN PATCH TEST

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PIRQUET TEST When Pirquet,1in April, 1907, announced his tuberculin test, it marked an epochal advance in phthisiology. Basing his memorable researches on the underlying principle that there was an immediate reaction in serum sickness and vaccination, Pirquet not only offered a simple and reliable method for determining the presence or absence of tuberculous infections, but also valuable data on the prevalence of tuberculosis in children as well as in adults. This also opened an avenue of approach to experimental cutaneous reactions in other diseases, notably in diphtheria (Schick test) and scarlet fever (Dick test). MODIFICATIONS OF THE PIRQUET METHOD So universally recognized was the value of the tuberculin test in clinical as well as in experimental medicine that it has given stimulus to numerous modifications aiming at greater precision and simplicity, and to mention those of Craig, Hamburger, Kahara, Lautier, Mantoux-Mendel, Moro, Petruschky, Trambusta and

The relative prevalence of abdominal tuberculosis in children in Great Britain and America

The relative prevalence of abdominal tuberculosis in children in Great Britain and America