Prevalence Of Ptosis Research Articles

The prevalence of ptosis and nystagmus in rural population

PurposeTo determine the prevalence of ptosis and nystagmus in the general rural population in Iran. MethodsTwo villages were selected from the north and southwest of Iran using a multi-stage cluster sampling approach. After selection of the participants and inviting them to a complete eye exam, they all had vision tests and an ophthalmic examination. Vision tests included measurement of visual acuity, refraction, and the cover test. Then the slit-lamp exam was performed, and the diagnosis of ptosis and nystagmus was determined by an ophthalmologist. ResultsOf the 3851 invitees, 3314 people participated in the study. The prevalence of ptosis in this study was 2.23% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73–2.74], and 45.3% of the cases were bilateral ptosis. The prevalence of ptosis was lowest in the 21–30 year (0.2%) and the under 5 year (0.8%) age groups, and the highest prevalence was observed in people over 70 years of age (6.7%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of ptosis was higher in illiterate people than those with an academic education level (P = 0.012). The prevalence of astigmatism was 62.8% in those with ptosis and 34.2% in those without ptosis (P < 0.001). The prevalence of nystagmus was 0.39% (13 cases). ConclusionsThis study found that the prevalence of ptosis is relatively high in the general rural population in Iran, and the prevalence increases with age. Astigmatism is significantly high among cases with ptosis, and its prevalence has an inverse relation with the level of education. Nystagmus also had a high prevalence in this population.

Assessing the Accuracy of Eyelid Measurements Utilizing the Volk Eye Check System and Clinical Measurements.

The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy of marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) measurements obtained by the Volk Eye Check system, a modified smartphone that measures MRD1 automatically, relative to clinical and digital measurements. In this prospective observational study of adults with normal eyelids and ptosis, MRD1 was measured clinically, digitally, and automatically with the Volk device. Eyes were divided into successful versus unsuccessful Volk trial groups; successful eyes were then subdivided into control and ptosis subgroups. The primary outcome measures were mean MRD1 obtained by the 3 modalities. Secondary outcome measures included the success rate of the device and the prevalence of ptosis within the successful and unsuccessful groups. In the overall sample of 88 eyes, clinical and digital MRD1 were not significantly different. Among eyes with successful Volk trials, significant differences in MRD1 measured by the 3 modalities were as follows: in the successful group, Volk MRD1 (3.05 mm) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than digital MRD1 (2.68 mm); in the ptosis subgroup, Volk MRD1 (2.47 mm) was significantly higher than clinical (2.05 mm; p < 0.05) and digital MRD1 (1.91 mm; p < 0.01). Eyes in the successful group (66% of attempted collections) demonstrated significantly higher MRD1 (mean difference, 1.21 mm; p < 0.01) and were significantly less likely to demonstrate ptosis (2.7×; p < 0.05) than those in the unsuccessful group. The Volk device measures MRD1 well in normal patients but overestimates MRD1 in patients with ptosis. It may be most appropriate in assessing patients with normal or elevated eyelid position. Clinical and digital MRD1 measurements were not different than each other.

The prevalence of ptosis in an Iranian adult population

PurposeTo determine upper eyelid ptosis prevalence and some related factors in 44- to 69-year-olds of Shahroud in the north of Iran. MethodsIn 2009, using multi-stage cluster sampling, 300 clusters of 40–64-year-olds were selected in Shahroud city, and all 5190 participants were invited to be re-examined in 5 years (2014). The current report is the second phase of the study in which 4737 (91.3%) people participated and underwent vision tests, slit lamp examination, biometry, and ophthalmoscopy in 2014. Upper eyelid ptosis was determined by an ophthalmologist. ResultsThe prevalence of upper eyelid ptosis was 4.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.1–5.4]; 5.2% in women and in 4.0% in men. The prevalence of bilateral and unilateral ptosis was 1.3% (95% CI: 1.0–1.7) and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.8–4.0), respectively. The observed prevalence of ptosis was 3.1% in the 45- to 49-year age group and 5.8% in 65- to 69-year-olds. The prevalence of ptosis increased with age. In the multiple logistic regression model, ptosis prevalence correlated with older age, diabetes (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.16–2.02) and hypertension (odds ratio = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03–2.92). Mean corneal astigmatism was 1.02 (95%C]: 0.87–1.18) diopter in ptotic eyes and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84–0.89) diopter in non-ptotic eyes (p = 0.013). ConclusionsThe present report provides valuable information on the prevalence of ptosis in a population of 45-to 69-year-olds. The prevalence of ptosis in this study was considerably high and significantly increased with age.

The Prevalence of Ptosis and Its Association with Amblyopia and Strabismus in 7-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Iran

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of ptosis (congenital/acquired) in Iranian children aged 7 years and its relationship with amblyopia and strabismus.Methods: Eight Iranian cities were selected for this cross-sectional study using multistage randomized cluster sampling. A number of primary schools were randomly selected in each city. All grade 1 students in each selected primary school underwent optometric examinations including the measurement of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, cover test, and cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refraction.Results: Of 4614 selected students, 4106 students participated in the study (response rate = 89%). The prevalence of ptosis (congenital/acquired) was 1.41% (95% CI 1–1.83); 0.49% (95% CI 0.26–0.72) and 0.93% (95% CI 0.59–1.26) had unilateral and bilateral ptosis, respectively. The prevalence of ptosis had no significant correlation with sex (p = 0.810, OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.59–1.97). The prevalence of amblyopia was 48.28% and 0.89% in students with and without ptosis, respectively. The prevalence of tropia was significantly higher in cases with bilateral ptosis (p < 0.001). The mean cylinder error was 1.63 ± 1.72 and 0.44 ± 0.60 in ptotic and non-ptotic eyes, respectively (p < 0.001). With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism was significantly more prevalent in students with ptosis.Conclusion: We report the prevalence of ptosis (congenital/acquired) in children in Iran and the Middle East region for the first time. Amblyopia was considerably more prevalent in ptotic patients. We found a significant correlation between ptosis and tropia. Astigmatism, especially WTR stigmatism, was more prevalent in children with ptosis.

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of blepharoptosis in patients with diabetes in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009–2010

We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of ptosis in patients with diabetes in the general Korean population. This cross-sectional study is based on data from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys , conducted in 2009 and 2010 among members of the Korean population. Participants included 5,811 males and 7,650 females 20 years of age or older. Ptosis was defined as the marginal reflex distance 1 of <2 mm. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was calculated in participants without diabetes. HbA1c was measured and diabetic retinopathy was defined in participants with diabetes by ophthalmologic examination. The prevalence of ptosis was 20.8 and 9.4 % among participants with diabetes (n = 1,379) and those without diabetes (n = 12,082), respectively. Results of multiple regression analyses of the correlation between ptosis and the study variables showed that diabetes was a significant determinant in the general population. Patients with diabetes and ptosis had longer duration of diabetes (7.49 ± 0.51 vs. 6.19 ± 0.23 years, P = 0.012), higher serum creatinine level (80.4 ± 1.76 vs. 76.9 ± 0.88 mmol/l, P = 0.009), and higher prevalence of hypertension (60.3 vs. 47.9 %, P < 0.001), and were older (67.0 ± 0.6 vs. 60.5 ± 0.4 years, P < 0.001) compared to those without ptosis. Prevalence of ptosis was found to be remarkably higher in subjects with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for ptosis in the general Korean population. Screening for ptosis is warranted for patients with diabetes and longer duration, higher serum creatinine, hypertension, and old age.