Prevalence Of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Research Articles

Evaluation of Iodine and Goitrogens in Selected Vegetables from Owerri Imo State in Nigeria

The prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders remains a challenge in numerous developing nations despite widespread advocacy for iodized salt and iodine-fortified foods. As a result, this study assesses the iodine content of ten selected vegetables—water leaf, okra, green, tomatoes, lettuce, “okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf. The result revealed varying iodine concentrations among these vegetables: 159.93±2.25 μg/kg for water leaf, 151.27±1.61 μg/kg for okra, and 160.43±4.37 μg/kg for green. Tomatoes exhibited 110.10±2.76 μg/kg, while lettuce had 181.27±1.76 μg/kg. “Okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf showed iodine levels of 155.10±3.50 μg/kg, 153.43±2.47 μg/kg, 96.10±2.00 μg/kg, and 127.77±3.01 μg/kg, respectively. The evaluation for goitrogens demonstrated sufficient presence in these vegetables, with notable exceptions such as zinc, which was found in lower concentrations in “ugu”, lettuce, “okazi”, and cabbage, and was absent in “uha” leaf, garden egg leaf, green, water leaf, and okra. Based on these results, it was concluded that Owerri's vegetables exhibit relatively high iodine content within recommended dietary allowances. Consequently, ongoing vigilance is advised for the salt iodization program to prevent excess iodine intake, particularly among high-risk populations.

A Clinico-epidemiological Study to Evaluate the Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder in North 24 Pargana District of West Bengal

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) being major public health problems in India, including WestBengal needs to be continuously monitored through recommended methods and indicators.Present study is aiming to assess the total goiter rate, urinary iodine excretion, iodine content of salts at households’ level among primary school children and to find association with the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population.Method: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2019 to August 2019 among 540schoolchildren of class three and four. Goiter was assessed by standard palpation technique, urinary iodineexcretion (UIE) was analyzed by wet digestion method and salt samples were tested by spot iodine testing kits.The total goiter rate (TGR) was 10.56 %. About 97.22 % of the salt samples tested were adequately iodized. Though consumption of iodized salt was adequate irrespective of socio demographic characteristics; goiter prevalence was significantly different with respect to mother’s education level. Median urinary iodine excretion was found to be with in normal range. Lastly, a comparison is made between indicators of IDD over years which showed significant fall of TGR % of North 24 Pgs and a significant increase of adequately iodized salt consumption from 2004 to 2019.Conclucion: 2019 resurvey of North 24 parganas indicates that the district achieved close to the goal of NIDDCP i.e. prevalence of IDD should be below 10%. It also proved that universal salt iodinization program has increased the household’s iodine consumption above national goal of 91.2%. Goiter prevalence is found to be less in children whose mother attend the education up to 12th standard and beyond.

Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6-12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016-19.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have remained an unresolved public health problem in India. In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt at the household level and urine iodine excretion in this population. In this cross-sectional survey, we recruited 16,827 children between 6 and 12 years of age through multistage sampling from six districts. Goitre was examined clinically for all children. Household-level salt iodine estimation and urinary iodine estimation were carried out among a subset of the participants. Overall prevalence of goitre was 17.1% (95% CI: 16.5, 17.7). Out of this, 76.7% (n = 2116) had Grade-1 goitre, and 23.7% (n = 656) had Grade-2 goitre. The prevalence of goitre was higher among females (17.9%, vs. male 16.4%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt was 48.5% (95%CI: 46.7, 50.3). The overall median iodine excretion in urine was 85 μg/L (IQR: 60-150 μg/L). In total, 37.2% (n = 601) had mild iodine deficiency, 5.2% (n = 84) had moderate deficiency, and 10.1% (n = 163) had severe deficiency. All parameters showed high inter- and intradistrict variations. North Karnataka has a high goitre prevalence. Low use of iodized salt can be a major reason for the high prevalence of the condition. Ensuring the availability of iodized salt in this region and periodic surveillance to measure the impact of the programme should be the priority in this region.

Study of Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Salt Consumption Patterns in an Urban area of South- West Maharashtra. A Cross Sectional Study

Study of Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Salt Consumption Patterns in an Urban area of South- West Maharashtra. A Cross Sectional Study

Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among pregnant women residing in an urban slum of west Delhi

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) constitute a significant public health problem globally, particularly among pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of IDDs among pregnant women during third trimester of pregnancy residing in an urban slum of west Delhi. This was a community based cross sectional observational study conducted on 178 pregnant women from October 2014 to July 2016. Socio demographic information was collected through questionnaire cum interview method. The presence of iodine deficiency disorders was observed through urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid profile, presence of goiter and level of iodization of household salt samples and analyzed respectively using Spectrophotometer, IMMULITE 1000 analyzer, palpation method and standard iodometric titration method. A total of 59.9% pregnant women had insufficient iodine nutrition with the median UIC 132.5 μg/L and interquartile range (IQR) of 145 μg/L. Grade 1 goitre was detected in 2 participants (1.15%) through palpation method. Inadequate iodine content (<15 ppm) was found in 19.8% household salt samples. Results reported the prevalence of hypothyroidism among 27.9% pregnant women. The mean ± SD values of TSH, T4 and T3 were 2.51 ± 1.19 mIU/L, 11.6 ± 2.38 μg/dl and 170.7 ± 41.5 ng/dl respectively. High prevalence of iodine deficiency reflecting low iodine intake along with prevalence of hypothyroidism was recognized among pregnant women residing in slum area of Delhi.

Time Series and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of the Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in China

ObjectiveTo recognize the spatial and temporal characteristics of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), China national IDD surveillance data for the years of 1995–2018 were analyzed. MethodsTime series analysis was used to describe and predict the IDD related indicators, and spatial analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of salt iodine levels. ResultsIn China, the median urinary iodine concentration increased in 1995–1997, then decreased to adequate levels, and are expected to remain appropriate in 2019–2022. The goiter rate continually decreased and is expected to be maintained at a low level. Since 2002, the coverage rates of iodized salt and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt (the percentage of qualified iodized salt in all tested salt) increased and began to decline in 2012; they are expected to continue to decrease. Spatial epidemiological analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation in 2016–2018 and revealed feature regarding the spatial distribution of salt related indicators in coastal areas and areas near iodine-excess areas. ConclusionsIodine nutrition in China showed gradual improvements. However, a recent decline has been observed in some areas following changes in the iodized salt supply in China. In the future, more regulations regarding salt management should be issued to strengthen IDD control and prevention measures, and avoid the recurrence of IDD.

Iodine deficiency and thyroid dysfunction: Current scenario in Nepal

Iodine deficiency is a major cause of thyroid disorders worldwide. Nepal lies in the endemic area of iodine deficiency which was previously referred to as Himalayan goiter belt, with high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders including goiter, cretinism and hypothyroidism. With effective implementation of universal salt iodization program, Nepal has a successful public health story to share having drastically reduced the iodine deficiency disorders. Moreover, challenge has appeared with rising number of excess iodine states. Thyroid dysfunction is growing higher and the increasing proportion of hyperthyroidism is particularly concerning. Time has come for us to suitably review the standards of salt iodization and control the increasing number of cases with thyroid dysfunction by the coordinated efforts of all stakeholders, along with sustaining the optimal level of iodine.

Wrangle with hypertension: lowered salt intake may not compromise iodine status among tribes of Central India.

The most important risk factor of cardiovascular disease is hypertension and high salt intake contributes to high blood pressure. However, to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, the iodisation of salt is a proven strategy. So, on one hand, we suggest people reduced salt consumption but on the other hand, we also fear an increase in the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of salt intake at WHO recommended levels resulting in higher or lower iodine status in India by assessing the urinary iodine status and its relation with blood pressure. It was a cross-sectional study. It was a community-based study. We collected 24-hour urine samples for estimation of iodine concentrations in urine from 411 adult hypertensives in the Mandla district of central India. Urinary iodine was estimated using Thermo ORION make ion-selective electrodes. The median urinary iodine excretion was 162·6 mcg/l. Interestingly 371 (90·26 %) subjects were observed with > 200 mcg/l urinary iodine concentration level indicating iodine sufficiency. Individuals with high urine Na significantly had high blood pressure as compared with individuals with low urinary Na excretion (P < 0·01). There is a higher probability of high urine iodine levels among individuals with higher urine Na levels. The study revealed that 90 % of the population were excreting excessive iodine in urine, which is more than adequate iodine uptake. This excess uptake enables a scope for reduction in salt intake to control hypertension.

Burden of iodine deficiency disorders and its association with various sociodemographic variables in a district of North East India.

Iodine is one such micronutrient, the deficiency of which can impair the mental growth and development of young children and is the leading cause of preventable mental impairment. The present study has been conducted to study the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and its association with various sociodemographic variables among children (6-12 years) residing in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. The sample size was 2700 with a multistage 30 cluster sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the various sociodemographic variables. The weight and height of each child were recorded as per the standard procedure. In order to assess goitre, children were examined as per standard procedures prescribed by the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme (NIDDCP). A total of 2700 children were interviewed in total. Out of these, 1365 (50.5%) were males. The total goitre rate was found to be 195 (7.22%), indicating that IDDs are a mild public health problem in the study area. The median (interquartile range) urinary iodine excretion levels were 150 (108.05-189.37) mg/L. With respect to weight-for-age, it was observed that 93 (3.9%) children were severely underweight and 389 (16.8%) had severe stunting. A significant association was observed between goitre with the age group of children (p <.00001), maternal education (p <.00001), prevalence of stunting (p <.00001), and underweight (p <.05).

Результати епідеміологічних досліджень поширеності йододефіцитних захворювань у Республіці Узбекистан

Актуальність. Незважаючи на проведені заходи, що спрямовані на ліквідацію йодної недостатності, Республіка Узбекистан (РУз) залишається зоною значної поширеності йододефіцитних захворювань. Мета дослідження — вивчення динаміки поширеності йододефіцитних захворювань серед населення в РУз. Матеріали та методи. Поширеність йододефіцитних захворювань серед школярів РУз вивчалася з урахуванням рекомендацій Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров’я. Були проаналізовані такі показники, як поширеність дифузного зоба, йодурія, споживання йодованої кухонної солі. Дані порівнювалися з результатами досліджень попередніх років. Результати. Згідно з показниками йодурії, частка тяжкого дефіциту йоду (менше 20 мкг/л) знизилася з 94,4 % у 1998 році до 21,4 % у 2004 році, до 1,9 % — у 2010 і 2016 роках. Оптимальний рівень споживання йоду (понад 100 мкг/л) збільшився від 0 % в 1998 році до 46,3 % у 2004 році, до 63,7 % — у 2010 і до 76,3 % — у 2016. Порівняльний аналіз поширеності дифузного зоба I і II ступенів показав, що частка даного захворювання становила загалом 72,8 % в 1998 році, 58,8 % — у 2004, 40,2 % — у 2010 і 28,6 % — у 2016. Висновки. Значну роль у прогресі в галузі профілактики йододефіцитних захворювань у РУз відіграв ухвалений у 2007 році закон «Про профілактику йододефіцитних захворювань». Незважаючи на проведені широкомасштабні заходи, дані щодо вмісту йоду в кухонній солі і сечі, отримані у 2016 році, свідчать про те, що 25 % населення РУз все ще залишаються в стані йодного дефіциту.

Possible effects of iodized salts on the taste, colour and consistency of traditional pickles

A national survey was conducted in Jordan in 1991 to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. A sample of 2679 children aged 8-10 years was screened and the results revealed that 37.7% of the study sample were suffering from iodine deficiency disorders. Iodization of salt is the preferred approach for supplementation. The present study was conducted to identify the effect of iodized salt on the colour, taste and consistency of traditionally prepared pickles. It was concluded that iodized salt has no effect on any of the sensory characteristics of traditionally prepared pickles

Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four taluka s, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention. Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) among School Going Children in Rural Areas of Bangalore

Spectrum of IDD includes simple goitre to debilitating problems like mental retardation, psychomotor defect and still birth. School-age children of 6 to 12 years are considered as an important target group for surveillance of IDD because they are highly vulnerable, easy to access, and also their applicability in a variety of surveillance activities. The objective of the study was to estimate prevalence of goitre among school children of rural areas of Bangalore urban district and to estimate the urine iodine excretion and the salt iodine content in a sub sample. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among school going children of rural areas of Bangalore Urban district. Cluster sampling method was used to select in 30 villages. A sample of 90 children was selected from each village. All 2703 children were examined for goiter, 540 salt samples and 270 urine samples were collected for iodine estimation. Goitre prevalence in the study population was 33%. Maximum prevalence of goitre was observed in ≥10 years age group followed by 8-9 years and 6-7 years age group and equally distributed among boys and girls. The Median Urine Iodine (MUI) levels detected were 12.5 mg/l and median salt iodine detected was 27.5 ppm. The total goitre rate is above 5% in the children surveyed between 6-12 years age group indicating the district is endemic for goitre. The goitre grade 1+2 prevalence is ≥30% indicating a severe public health problem with current adequate nutritional iodine intake.

Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

Monitoring of iodine deficiency disorders in the Republic of Tyva

ОбоснованиеОбоснование. Республика Тыва — регион с доказанным тяжелым природным йодным дефицитом и высокой распространенностью ЙДЗ (йододефицитных заболеваний). Однако в регионе в определенные периоды времени предпринимались меры по ликвидации дефицита йода в питании населения. В статье представлены результаты проведенного в октябре 2020 г. специалистами ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России контрольно-эпидемиологического исследования, направленного на оценку современного состояния йодной обеспеченности населения Республики Тыва. Исследование проведено по поручению Министерства здравоохранения России в рамках государственного задания «Научная оценка необходимости принятия дополнительных нормативных правовых и иных мер по ликвидации йодного дефицита в пилотных регионах с тяжелым йодным дефицитом» (фрагмент, посвященный контрольно-эпидемиологическим исследованиям в регионе), «Эпидемиологические и молекулярно-клеточные характеристики опухолевых, аутоиммунных и йододефицитных тиреопатий как основа профилактики осложнений и персонализации лечения» (аналитический обзор мероприятий, предшествующих контрольно-эпидемиологическим исследованиям в регионе).ЦельЦель. Оценка йодной обеспеченности населения Республики Тыва.Материалы и методыМатериалы и методы. Исследование проводилось в трех населенных пунктах республики — гг. Кызыл, ­Шагонар, п. Сарыг-Сеп. Обследованы 227 школьников допубертатного возраста (8–10 лет) с проведением сбора анамнеза, осмотра врача-эндокринолога, пальпации щитовидной железы, забора разовых образцов мочи в одноразовые микропробирки типа Эппендорф, с последующей заморозкой до -20–25 °С для дальнейшего определения концентрации йода в моче с помощью церий-арсенитного метода в лаборатории (клинико-диагностическая лаборатория ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России). Кроме того, всем школьникам выполнено ультразвуковое исследование щитовидной железы (с использованием портативного ультразвукового аппарата LOGIQe (China) с мультичастотным линейным датчиком 10–15 МГц, в положении лежа). Рост и вес детей определялись по стандартной методике в момент обследования. Проведены сбор образцов пищевой соли, которая используется в семьях школьников, и определение наличия йодата калия в ней экспресс-методом.Родители школьников подписали информированные согласия на проведение обследования детей. Разрешение локального этического комитета ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России получено 25 марта 2020 г., № 5.РезультатыРезультаты. Обследованы 227 школьников 8–10 лет. Определена медианная концентрация йода в моче, исследовано наличие йодата калия в пищевой соли и проведено ультразвуковое исследование щитовидной железы с целью уточнения йодной обеспеченности, охвата использования йодированной соли в питании и распространенности зоба.Медианная концентрация йода в моче составила 153 мкг/л, частота зоба — 7,7%, доля йодированной соли — 95,2%.ЗаключениеЗаключение. Показатель медианной концентрации йода в моче свидетельствует об оптимальной йодной обеспеченности ­населения Тывы. Частота зоба у школьников значимо снизилась по сравнению с данными, полученными в ходе предыдущих эпидемиологических исследований. Доля домохозяйств, использующих йодированную соль (­более 90%), свидетельствует об эффективности ­профилактических мероприятий.

Iodine nutrition: Disorders, monitoring and policies.

Iodine is an essential mineral nutrient and an integral component of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency is typically associated with goiter, but can have more serious health implications. Adequate iodine status is important for normal brain development. Iodine deficiency in utero or in early life can cause severe neurological and cognitive impairment. Over the last three decades, global efforts have reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in many areas of the world with implementation of nutrition policies and programs such as "salt" iodization. However, in a number of areas iodine deficiency is still widespread. Iodine deficiency in remote regions with high poverty will be more difficult to eradicate. Efforts to eliminate IDD in affected areas and sustaining successful iodine programs will be a priority given the substantial public health and economic benefits. A key component will be periodic monitoring of population iodine status to ensure sufficient intakes and the absence of excessive intakes. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), a validated biomarker for assessing population iodine status, will facilitate monitoring. Research validating "usual" UIC for use in combination with the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method will expand its utility and allow accurate determination of the prevalence of inadequate intakes in populations. Further research on the development of biomarkers for assessment of individual iodine status for routine patient care will be important.

Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Children in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India

To assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among school-going children in Meghalaya. Multi-stage 30 cluster sampling with probability proportionate to size (PPS) method was used. Children (age 6-12years) were examined clinically for goiter. Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was performed by spectrophotometric method. Iodine content in the salt was analyzed using iodized salt test kits. A total of 195 (7.22%) out of 2700 children had goiter on examination. Goitre prevalence was significantly associated with wasting (P<0.05) and stunting (P <0.001). The median (IQR) UIE level was 150 (108.05 - 189.37) µg/dL. Nineteen (9.74%) children had severe iodine deficiency (UIE<20µg/L). Iodine content was above the recommended level of 15 ppm in 95.9% salt samples. A positive correlation was observed between household salt consumption and UIE levels (r=0.25; P<0.001). Iodine deficiency disorder is a public health problem in Meghalaya, which needs to be addressed.

Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders and its determinants among school children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, Karnataka

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders are recognized as major public health problem in India and the simplest, most effective and inexpensive preventive method is the consumption of Iodized salt. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of goitre among children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, to determine various factors associated with goiter among children, to estimate the level of urinary iodine excretion among urine samples collected from children and to estimate the level of iodine content among salt samples collected in the study setting.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a duration of 6 months from June 2018 to November 2018 in rural areas of Koppal district among 3047 school children aged 6 to 12 years selected by cluster sampling technique. Goiter was detected and graded using standard techniques and the collected salt and urine samples were sent to MRHRU, Sirwar, Raichur for analysis. Data was collected using pretested and semistructured questionnaire and was analyzed using WHO Epi info software version 3.5.4.Results: The prevalence of goitre among school children in Koppal district was 442 (14.5%) and it was found to be significantly associated with age and source of drinking water. Majority i.e., 65.96% of urine samples had iodine content less than 100 µg/l and majority i.e., 79.15% of salt samples had iodine content less than 15 PPM.Conclusions: Goiter is mild public health problem in Koppal district with majority of urine samples excreting iodine below optimum levels and majority of salt samples being inadequately iodized.

A Cross-sectional study assessing the Prevalence ofIodine Deficiency Disorders among school children aged6 to 12 years in Tumakuru district of Karnataka

Background Iodine deficiency disorders IDD constitute a major public health problem in India. Deficiency of iodine can cause physical and mental retardation cretinism abortions stillbirth deaf mutism squint amp various types of goitre. Methodology A community ndash based cross section survey was undertaken during the February-March 2019 in Tumakuru district of Karnataka to find out prevalence of goitre estimate urinary iodine excretion in 6-12 years old school children and household salt iodine concentrations. 2875 school children aged 6-12 years were examined for goitre. Urine samples of 270 childrenwere collected for estimation of urinary iodine using Sandell-Kolthoff method. Household salt samples of the 540 selected children from schools were analyzed for its iodine content by standard iodometric titration method. Results The overall prevalence of Goitre was found to be 9.5 among children examined. The median urinary iodine excretion UIE was 104 mugL. All the household salt samples were adequately iodized having Iodine content of gt15ppm. Conclusion Considering prevalence of goitre in 6-12 years children Tumakuru district is lsquoendemicrsquo for IDD. But as inferred from median UIE obtained IDD is not a public health problem of significance. Household level salt is adequately iodized as per NIDDCP recommendations

Universal Salt Iodinization is not that Universal - A study among school age children in Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh.

Background: Iodine deficiency is a preventable cause of brain damage. Aims &amp;Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of goiter in school going children clinically, to assess the iodine status (urinary iodine excretion) of school children, and to assess the iodine content of the salt consumed by the population. Materials and Methods: It is school based cross-sectional study, conducted in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India in 2016. The study participants were school children in 6-12 years of age. Probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling was used. Palpation method was used to identify the presence of goiter. Urine samples were collected and median urinary iodine excretion was found. The salt samples were also collected from the households and local market to determine the iodinization status. Results: A total of 2700 school children were studied. The total goitre rate was 0.74%. Among those clinically palpable goiter 15(75%) were girls. The prevalence of goitre higher among girls was statically significant with p=0.025. All the cases of clinically palpable goiter belonged to caste other than general with p&lt;0.001. The median urinary iodine excretion of 270 urine samples of school children was 184 µg/l. The prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders using urinary iodine excretion as indicator in the present study was 22.9% Seven percent of the samples had median urinary iodine The normal iodine content i.e more than the 15 ppm iodine was present in 84% of samples collected from households. Conclusion: The children of Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh had low prevalence of goiter. However, there is significant burden of goiter among backward classes.