Prevalence Of Infection In Relation Research Articles

Prevalence of fish Parasites IN Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens from Upper River Benue in Mutum Biu, Taraba State, Nigeria

The prevalence of fish parasites in Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens from Upper River Benue in Mutum Biu, Taraba State, Nigeria was carried out using standard parasitological method. The objectives of this study were to investigate the parasite species spectrum, prevalence of each parasites species, overall prevalence, prevalence of parasite infection in relation to the size and sexes of Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens and the infection induced by parasites on/in their body parts, with the view of providing relevant information that can be used in combating the rate of economic losses that could be experienced as a result of parasitic infestations. 4 parasite taxa comprising of Twelve (12) parasite species (Trichodina spp., Henneguya spp. Cryptobia iubilans, Diphillobothrium latum, Hymenolepis nanna and Bothriocephalus aengypticus, Capillaria philipinensis, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Camallanus spp., Eustrongylides spp., Contracaecum spp. and Clinostomum spp. were recovered from the samples of fish species used during the study period. Twelve (12) of the parasite species were recovered from Bagrus bayad while seven (7) were recovered from Protopterus annectens. Among the body parts of Bagrus bayad, while intestine had the highest percentage parasite load (56.37%), highest percentage parasite load (46.22%) in Protopterus annectens was recorded for stomach (46.22%). Out of the 400 fish samples comprising of 200 each of Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens, 234 (58.50%) comprising of 99 (49.50%) and 135 (67.50%) samples each of Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens were infested with 369 and 119 parasites, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection and parasite load between the fish species, respectively (P>0.05). Generally, larger sized samples of Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens had higher percentage of infection compared to the smaller sized of both samples although, the prevalence of infection in relation to sizes of both fish species was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Female Bagrus bayad and Protopterus annectens had higher prevalence of infection (21.61%) and (16.63%) than the males (6.37%) and (6.24%), respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection in relation to the sexes of both fish species (P>0.05). Epidermal necrosis of the caudal fin and skin, thickened intestinal epithelium at the site of parasite attachment, hyperplasia of the intestinal villi and lamina propria, hyperplasia of infected gills at the secondary lamellae, ulceration of the stomach, abdominal distention, eroded and flattened intestinal folds and lymphocytic infiltration of intestinal mucosa and edema of the lamina propria of the intestine were observed with the infected samples of B. bayad. The infected samples of P. annectens exhibited epidermal necrosis of the skin.

Epidemiological Assessment of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School-aged Children in Selected Local Government Areas in Gwandu Emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria

Urinary schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in the tropics. The study examines the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school-aged children in Bunza, Koko and Aliero Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Gwandu Emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Four hundred and seventy-four (474) urine samples were examined for ova of Schistosoma haematobium using sedimentation technique and chemical reagent strip for haematobium detection. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium recorded was 126 (26.58%). The distribution of infection by location revealed that Bunza had highest infection (35.1%), followed by Koko (28.00%) and Aliero (17.1%). Bunza showed Odd ratio (OR) of 2.02 and 95% CI (1.33 – 3.08) with statistical significance of P < 0.0014 which indicates that location plays a significant factor in prevalence of infection. The prevalence of infection in relation to gender showed that males had the highest percentage 37.13%, Chi-square revealed that there was difference between the males and female infection rate (P < 0.0001) while 16.03% was observed among the females. The age bracket 9 – 12 years old 47.05% were the most affected with the infection, while children 5 – 8 years bracket with 15.08% had the least infection rate. Chi-square shows that there was difference between the ages and infection rate of (P<0.0001). Blood in urine (haematuria) was significantly associated with infection rate. Water-contact activities recorded revealed that there was association between water contact and infection rate (P-value < 0.0001). With the high prevalence of infection in the study areas, there should be a concerted effort by stakeholders in the state, not just to establish a comprehensive data on the prevalence of the infection, but also to take decisive action in its control.

Prevalence of Worm Infection in Relation to Body Mass Index in Children of 5-10 Yrs of Age in Tehsil Narowal, Pakistan

Aim: To assess the magnitude of worm infections, their type and to correlate the impact of worm infections in children with their body mass index. Method: The study was carried out on school going children for 5-10 years of age in Tehsil Narowal, District Narowal, and Pakistan. They were of different age groups with lower socio economic status. 406 children randomly selected from various government and private schools from the various union councils for both genders (male and female). Early morning fresh stool samples were collected in sealed labeled plastic containers with lid and analyzed microscopy for the presence of eggs/ova/larvae or worm infections in laboratory. Anthropometric measurements were taken at the spot by using measuring scale for weight and height along with their mid arm circumferences. Body Mass Index was calculated and compared with standard percentile charts for age and gender. Results: 145 (35.71%) children found with various types of worm infection. 56 (35.67%) and 89 (35.74%) children were positive with helminthes male and female respectively in the studied population. Sixth and seventh year of age in both male and female were more susceptible for the infestation. Taenia saginata was the more common found organism in gastrointestinal tract of male population and Giardia lamblia in female among the children of studied area. 137 (94.48%) children were infected with the single intestinal worm while only 8 (5.52%) children with more than one intestinal worm. 57.24% had lower, 41.4% had normal and only 1.4% had above normal BMI among infected children. Majority (65.9%) had normal, 27.2% had lower than normal, and 6.9% had above normal BMI found among non-infected children. Conclusion: From the results of present study it can be concluded that intestinal worms play significant role in reducing anthropometric measurement of school going children. The factors including personal hygiene, dietary habits, type of drinking water, animals and pets keeping, overcrowded and congested living environment, large family members, toilet facility, toilet trainings, personal hygiene awareness, PICA habits and lack of de-worming contributes largely towards the worm burden in the children. A single cause is not only the attributing factor to reduce the anthropometric measurements.

Assessing the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract parasites of poultry and their environmental risk factors in poultry in Iwo, Osun State Nigeria

This study was carried out to identify and estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites of poultry in Iwo local council of Osun state, Nigeria. A total of 250 layers comprising of 75 chicks, 100 growers and 75 adults were examined from five different poultry houses between April and July 2016 in different areas during the survey. Our finding showed that 62% were infected with different species of parasites. Parasites identified includes Ascaridia galli; coccidian; Heterakis gallinae (C ecal worm); Syngamus trachea (Gapeworms); Capillaria annulata (Thread worm) and Tape worm. Among the helminthes, Ascaridia, galli was the most dominant species (17.2%). Generally, there was a significantly higher coccidia infestation relative to the helminthes (P < .05). Infection was greater among adults. There was no significance in prevalence of infection in relation to the location of poultry houses. There was high prevalence of mixed infections. Parasitism could be a big constraint to production in the study area and we recommend a sustainable control strategy.Keywords: Prevalence; Risk factors; Gastrointestinal Parasites; Stocking density; Water source; Poultry

Plasmodium Malaria and ABO Blood Group among Blood Donors in Yenegoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Transmission of Malaria by blood transfusion remains a significant public health problem in the malaria endemic regions like Nigeria. This study therefore was to investigate Plasmodium malaria and ABO blood group among blood donors in Yenegoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Prevalence of malaria infection was determined on 250 randomly selected blood donors (201 males and 49 females) using standard parasitological method and ABO blood group was done using the monoclonal antisera A, B, and D (murex Diagnostic, inc, Dartford, UK) on a slide and observing for agglutination. Results: The overall prevalence was 91(36.4%) out of which 84(41.8%) were males and 7(14.3%) were females. Prevalence of infection in relation to age showed that subjects within age’s 24-29 years were more infected with 48.6%. Followed by those within ages 30-35 years with 42.9%, and those within 42-47 years with 30.4% while the least infected age group were those within the ages 18-24 years with 23.7% rate of infections. ABO blood group of the population sampled showed that Blood group O+ was the most prevalent with 119(47.6%) followed by blood group B+ with 62(24.8%) and A+ with 31(12.4%) while the least prevalent was AB- with 0 prevalence. The prevalence of infection in relation to ABO blood group showed that blood group O+ had the highest prevalence with 42.9% followed by blood group A+ with 41.9% and groups AB+ and A- both tied with 33.3% while the least prevalence was recorded in blood group AB- with zero prevalence. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria infection among blood donors is high and blood group O harbours more parasite than any other blood group in Bayelsa State.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections among children of Vunoklang Primary School in Moderei Ward of Girei Local Government of Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

A study on the intestinal helminth infection was carried out among primary school pupils of Vunoklang. 250 stool sample were examined for infection. 114 (45.6%) were observed to be infected. Six parasite species were encountered namely hookworm, with a prevalence rate of 34.2%, Ascaris lumbricoides (22.8%), Strongyloides stecoralis (15.8%), Trichuris trichiura (10.2%), Schistosoma mansoni (10.0%) and Taenia Spp (7.0%). Males were observed to be more infected than the females, though statistically not significant (p >0.05). Age of pupil was observed to have significant effect on infection, pupils between age group of 11-13 years (60.0%) were the most infected, while those above 14 years (31.3%) where the least infected (p < 0.05). Prevalence of infection in relation to parents' occupation was not significant, with children of farmers (53.2%) being the most infected and the least infected where children of civil servant 42.3% (p > 0.05). Keywords: gastrointestinal helminth, prevalence, school, Adamawa, Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 27 2006: pp. 73-75

CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY IN MAPS: WHY WE NEED ERROR MAPS

ISEE-185 Introduction: Maps are widely used to illustrate variation in disease, in disease risk factors, and in health delivery indicators. Such maps may be descriptive of disease distribution, showing geographical variation of disease prevalence or incidence (e.g. cancer, malaria, HIV), or descriptive of geographical variation of exposures (e.g. climate, facility based health delivery, community based interventions) or part of studies investigating the relationship between disease and risk or intervention. In many cases the quantities displayed in map form, whether based on sample surveys, health information systems, or outputs from models, are subject to considerable uncertainty. Explicit mapping of the uncertainty of mapped quantities is essential for the correct interpretation of maps. Yet this information is rarely provided. Methods: We use data from three unrelated studies (primary health facility indicators of management of sexually transmitted infections in South Africa, district level variation of malaria incidence in Malawi, and malaria prevalence of infection in relation to an intensive intervention in an equatorial region) to illustrate how maps can lead to interpretation and mis-interpretation of results. We apply Bayesian autoregressive modelling techniques to produce smoothed maps and to derive uncertainty maps. We briefly outline the methodology employed. Results: Unsmoothed, smoothed and error maps from the three studies will be presented and discussed. Conclusion: Maps that are processed using only GIS approaches can be highly misleading. Uncertainty in mapped quantities should be made explicit by accompanying error maps. GIS tools generally ignore this challenge.

Investigation of Nematopsis spp. oocysts in 7 species of bivalves from Chonburi Province, Gulf of Thailand

This is the first detailed report of Nematopsis spp. in Thai bivalves. A monthly survey was conducted on 7 species of commercial bivalves from Chonburi province, on the eastern seaboard of Thailand, from November 2000 to November 2001 to investigate the prevalence of the apicomplexan parasite Nematopsis Schneider, 1892. Nematopsis spp. sporozoites were found in the cultivated bivalves Arcuatula arcuatula, Anadara granosa and Perna viridis as well as the locally harvested Paphia undulata. They were not found in Donax faba, Meretrix meretrix or Saccostrea cucullata. Using light microscopy, we were able to identiby 4 oocyst morphotypes of the gregarine Nematopsis spp. Prevalence of Nematopsis spp. during the 13 mo sampling period was highest in A. arcuatula (91.8%; n = 110) and lowest in A. granosa (59.2%; n = 130). The morphology of the oocysts differed between hosts, with an average (x +/- SD) length/width of 16.28 +/- 0.64/12.01 +/- 0.35 microm (n = 50) for A. arcuatula, 16.90 +/- 0.71/12.69 +/- 0.33 microm (n = 50) for A. granosa, 17.61 +/- 0.69/12.72 +/- 0.36 microm (n = 50) for P. viridis, and 11.21 +/- 0.62/8.55 +/- 0.52 microm (n = 50) for P. undulata. Identification of oocysts of these apicomplexan gregarines to species was not attempted. The prevalence of infection in relation to habitat and time of sampling is discussed.