Prevention Of Heart Disease Research Articles

The associationof quality of life and the functioning in the chronic disease among patients after myocardial infarction

Abstract Background The importance of health-relatedquality of life (HRQoL) and improving functional status in reducing risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) has also been increasingly recognized. Purpose This study aimed to examine the level of quality of life (QoL) in patients after myocardial infarction (MI) in relation to the degree of functioning in chronic disease. Methods This was a cross-sectional, single-centre study. The study was conducted among 231 patients who were hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL BREF) andthe Chronic Disease Functioning Scale(FCIS) were used. Results The Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant correlation (coefficient value 0.5 < |r/rho| ≤ 0.7) between general functioning in chronic disease and the average QoL (rho = 0.56;p < 0.001)and somatic QoL levels(rho = 0.52;p < 0.001), as well as a moderately strong positive correlation with the QoL level on the psychological domain (rho = 0.50;p < 0.001), social domain (rho = 0.48;p < 0.001) and environmental domain (rho = 0.43;p < 0.001). Conclusion Identifying the chronic disease functioning indicator in post-MI patients in relation to HRQoL allows for targeted counseling and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease (IHD), which translates into a reduced risk of further cardiovascular events and related rehospitalization.

Pediatric nurses in Greece, investigation of knowledge and attitude towards the predisposing factors of coronary heart disease

Abstract Introduction Today, everyone agrees that the best treatment of coronary artery disease is its prevention through understanding the role and, of course, controlling the predisposing factors, i.e. those particular characteristics whose presence predicts the occurrence and progression of the disease. As Health professionals, nurses must know about the predisposing factors, participate in prevention programs, and advise on the Algorithm of Care. Objective To investigate pediatric nurses' knowledge about the predisposing factors of coronary Heart disease and assess the degree of risk of developing coronary heart disease based on the prevention measures they take and their lifestyle. Material and Methods The study sample consisted of 164 working nurses in our Pediatric hospitals, and its duration was four months. A specially designed questionnaire was used for data collection, which was distributed to employees of different departments and was answered by a total of 164 nurses. The questionnaire was weighted to check its validity, and minor adjustments were made for the study. Results Pediatric nurses identify the most important predisposing factors of coronary heart disease as hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, and stress as a result of their profession. They have a significantly increased body mass index, poor dietary habits, and appear negligent in preventive cardiac screening. Conclusions The level of knowledge of Greek pediatric nurses regarding the prevention of coronary heart disease is satisfactory. Their working environment, stress, lifestyle, and lack of regular check-ups make them extremely vulnerable to the predisposing factors of coronary heart disease.

Racial variability in immune responses only partially explains differential systemic sclerosis disease severity

ObjectiveTo understand if autoantibodies account for racial variation in disease severity, we compared autoantibody distribution and associated phenotype between self-identified black and white systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.Methods803 black and 2178...

A screening for cerebral deoxygenation during VT ablations in patients with structural heart disease.

Patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation often present with structural heart disease (SHD) and reduced ejection fraction. Inducing VT by programmed electrical stimulation (PES) puts these patients at risk for hemodynamic instability and cerebral hypoperfusion. The present study screens for cerebral oxygen desaturation phases (ODPs) in patients undergoing VT ablation. Forty-seven patients (age 61 ± 14years, 72% males) underwent ablation of sustained VT with simultaneous neuromonitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Analysis of NIRS signal identified ODPs in 29 patients (62%). ODPs were associated with a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) (45% vs. 11%, p = 0.024), previous VT episodes (n = 16 vs. 4, p = 0.018), and VTs inducible by PES (n = 2.4 vs. 1.2, p = 0.004). Patients with ODPs were more likely to be admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) (78% vs. 33%, p = 0.005) and had more in-hospital VT recurrences (24% vs. 0%, p = 0.034). No differences were observed in VT recurrencerates after hospital discharge (41.4% vs. 44.4%, p = 0.60) and left ventricularejection fraction (34% vs. 38%, p = 0.567). IHD (OR: 32.837, p = 0.006), ICU admission (OR: 14.112, p = 0.013), and the number of VTs inducible at PES (OR: 2.705, p = 0.015) were independently associated with ODPs. This study registers episodes of cerebral hypoperfusion in 62% of patients undergoing VT ablation and identifies IHD and the number of VTs inducible at PES as possible risk factors for these episodes.

The Influence of Various Types of Physical Activity on Blood Pressure. A Literature Review

Blood pressure is a key indicator of cardiovascular health, playing a significant role in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of heart and vascular diseases. In recent years, interest in the influence of physical activity on blood pressure has increased among researchers and health-conscious individuals. Among the studies presented, researchers examined the effects of various types of physical activity on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension and the level of hypertension control, as well as other components affecting the overall health of patients, such as blood lipid levels, arterial pressure variability over 24 hours, and BMI. The conclusions of the presented studies seemed to be consistent regarding the positive impact of engaging in physical activity on blood pressure and thus the better well-being of patients.

Weighted Dual-Channel Model for Arrhythmia Detection using Single Electrocardiogram Signal

The single-lead method plays a central role in arrhythmia warning, and its anomaly detection is of practical significance for the prevention of heart diseases. However, the detection performance is often limited due to the limited information content of single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. To address this issue, this paper proposes a weighted dualchannel arrhythmia classification model aimed at improving the detection performance of single-lead ECG signals. The model employs a parallel structure of CNN-LSTM and Transformer to capture both local and global features of the ECG signals. By applying weighted learning to the features from the two channels, the model achieves precise arrhythmia classification. Additionally, to alleviate the class imbalance problem, a weighted cross-entropy loss function is introduced, further enhancing the classification performance. Experimental results based on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits excellent performance in terms of overall accuracy, F1 score, and sensitivity, achieving 99.33%, 94.71%, and 99.33%, respectively. Compared with existing classification models, the proposed model shows superior classification performance and significant practical value, providing solid technical support for the auxiliary diagnosis of arrhythmias and bringing new possibilities for actual clinical applications.

Urban diabetes: analysis of diabetes prevalence in cities of the Lombardy region participating in the cities changing diabetes project.

The urban population increases by about 60 million people/year. Urbanization, unhealthy lifestyle and aging of the population are reflected in a constant growth in the prevalence of diabetes. In 2014, Steno Diabetes Centre in Copenhagen, University College London and Novo Nordisk, launched the Cities Changing Diabetes® program with the aim of creating a unified movement that would stimulate policy-makers to prioritize urban diabetes. The socio-demographic data derive from (1) ISTAT (National Institute of Statistics of Italy), (2) ATS Metropolitan City of Milan, (3) ATS Val Padana-Cremona, (4) ATS Insubria-Varese, (5) The unemployment rates of the various municipalities have been extrapolated from an ISTAT-MEF elaboration published by Sole 24 Orejournal. In the different sanitary districts of the Metropolitan City of Milan, a strong linear correlation was found between the prevalence of diabetes and the prevalence of heart disease (R = 0.695, p < 0.001), as well as between the prevalence of diabetes and of nephropathies (R = 0.316, p < 0.001). The analysis concerning the province of Cremona showed a fair correlation between the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (R = 0.658, p < 0.001). Even for the municipalities of Varese, the analysis documented a good correlation between the prevalence of diabetes and heart disease (R = 0.419, p < 0.001), but not between diabetes and nephropathies. Interesting differences in the relationship of diabetes prevalence with several diseases and socio-demographic factors have been found when comparing the metropolitan City of Milan with two smaller size cities as Varese and Cremona. Our present data confirm the hypothesis that urban diabetes will be the challenge for our society during the next decades.

Additional mechanism for selective absorption of cholesterol and phytosterols

Phytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol but they are much less absorbed (<2%) than cholesterol (>50%) in the intestine. We hypothesize that phytosterols are poor substrates of intestinal acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and thus minimal phytosterol esters are formed and packed into chylomicrons, leading to their low absorption. Two isotope tracing models, including a radioactive hamster microsomal ACAT2 reaction model and a differentiated Caco-2 cell model, were established to examine the specificity of ACAT2 to various sterols, including cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Both models consistently demonstrated that only cholesterol but not phytosterols could be efficiently esterified by ACAT2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking further suggested that unfavorable interactions existed between ACAT2 and phytosterols. In conclusion, phytosterols are poor substrates of ACAT2 and thus minimally absorbed. This work provides a theoretical basis for the use of phytosterol-based supplements in treating dyslipidemia and preventing heart diseases.

Preeclampsia and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with maternal congenital heart disease: A nationwide cohort study from Norway.

The prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) among women of reproductive age is rising. We aimed to investigate the risk of preeclampsia and adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnancies of mothers with CHD compared to pregnancies of mothers without heart disease. In a nationwide cohort of pregnancies in Norway 1994-2014, we retrieved information on maternal heart disease, the course of pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes from national registries. Comparing pregnancies with maternal CHD to pregnancies without maternal heart disease, we used Cox regression to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for preeclampsia and log-binomial regression to estimate the adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for adverse neonatal outcomes. The estimates were adjusted for maternal age and year of childbirth and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among 1 218 452 pregnancies, 2425 had mild maternal CHD, and 603 had moderate/severe CHD. Compared to pregnancies without maternal heart disease, the risk of preeclampsia was increased in pregnancies with mild and moderate/severe maternal CHD (aHR1.37, 95% CI 1.14-1.65 and aHR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13-2.32). The risk of preterm birth was increased in pregnancies with mild maternal CHD (aRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.15-1.54) and further increased with moderate/severe CHD (aRR 2.49, 95% CI 2.03-3.07). Maternal CHD was associated with elevated risks of both spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth. The risk of infants small-for-gestational-age was slightly increased with mild maternal CHD (aRR 1.12, 95% CI 1.00-1.26) and increased with moderate/severe CHD (aRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.36-1.95). The prevalence of stillbirth was 3.9 per 1000 pregnancies without maternal heart disease, 5.6 per 1000 with mild maternal CHD, and 6.8 per 1000 with moderate/severe maternal CHD. Still, there were too few cases to report a significant difference. There were no maternal deaths in women with CHD. Moderate/severe maternal CHD in pregnancy was associated with increased risks of preeclampsia, preterm birth, and infants small-for-gestational-age. Mild maternal CHD was associated with less increased risks. For women with moderate/severe CHD, their risk of preeclampsia and adverse neonatal outcomes should be evaluated together with their cardiac risk in pregnancy, and follow-up in pregnancy should be ascertained.

Low-cost electrocardiogram monitoring system for elderly people using LabVIEW

Cardiovascular diseases increase due to factors such as obesity, an inadequate diet, and are a problem due to shortages of medical personnel and hospitals. In this case, the implementation of technological solutions is presented as a necessity to prevent heart diseases. Various approaches are used to design low-cost electrocardiogram (ECG) devices, from the use of Bluetooth technology to facilitate data transmission, to the development of wearable ECG devices that use artificial intelligence. The objective is to develop a monitoring system in LabVIEW to visualize the heart rhythms of older adults in the city of Lima (Peru), focusing on ease of use and adaptation to their needs, with the purpose of collaboration between health professionals. A development approach is used that encompasses design, implementation, and iterative testing, as well as practical evaluations and pilot testing. As a result, the correct functioning of the ECG device was validated. Electronic components and electrodes were integrated into the board to capture cardiac signals, energized with batteries and sending the information to an interface in LabVIEW. In conclusion, a portable ECG device has been developed that uses operational amplifiers (Op-amps) and analog filters to reduce noise in cardiac measurements and an intuitive interface in LabVIEW

Analysis of patient data to explore cardiovascular risk factors

According to the World Health Organisation, cardiovascular diseases claim over 17.9 million lives yearly on a global scale. Hence, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for 32 percent of global deaths yearly. Furthermore, it is estimated that more than 50 percent of heart disease cases are only discovered after they have reached the critical stage of heart failure and stroke. However, early detection of these heart diseases can reduce the mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases. Scientists have suggested using machine learning algorithms to identify the risk factors. However, the unavailability of data has hindered the significant success of this approach. In this study, machine learning algorithms are used to identify the important features that should be monitored to prevent heart diseases by considering a dataset obtained from 1000 patients. The six machine learning algorithms used for this study are Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, k-nearest Neighbour, Decision Tree, Random Forest and Multi-layer Perception Classifier. The dataset consists of twelve features that are considered to be associated with heart disease and a target variable. The results from this study show that patients suffering from typical and atypical angina chest pain are prone to heart disease. Patients who exercise up the slope have a higher likelihood of living without heart disease. Among the six algorithms used, the MLP Multi-layer Perception Classifier outperforms all others by achieving a 99 percent accuracy. Moreover, the Random Forest algorithm follows with an accuracy of 98 percent.

The relationship of some physical variables to heart health

The research aims to identify the impact of some physical variables and their relationship to heart health, as an unhealthy lifestyle affects physical changes, which in turn indirectly affect heart health, as not exercising, especially strength exercises, can negatively affect heart health. While aerobic exercises such as walking and running are essential for improving cardiovascular function, strength exercises (such as weightlifting or resistance exercises) play an important role in supporting heart health. Therefore, following a good healthy lifestyle gives the individual a healthy and positive life away from diseases and enables him to perform his daily duties with vitality and activity. In general, regular exercise, whether strength or endurance exercises, helps prevent heart disease and promote heart health by improving cardiovascular function and reducing the risks associated with chronic diseases.

Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Issues of Concern

In the Russian Federation, cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of both morbidity and mortality and high economic costs of healthcare. Early identification of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their primary prevention underlie the ongoing process to reduce these indicators. The purpose of this work was to conduct a clinical and epidemiological study to analyze the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in young and middle-aged people living in the Oryol region. Materials and methods: The prospective study included 353 young and middle-aged patients with acute forms of coronary artery disease (unstable angina and myocardial infarction) and 112 apparently healthy individuals. All respondents were assessed for cardiovascular risk factors and patient adherence to treatment, for a total of 21 parameters. Results: according to the study, it was found that among young and middle-aged patients living in the Oryol region, IHD develops against the background of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the prevailing ones being arterial hypertension (88.6 %), sedentary lifestyle (68 %), poor nutrition (53.0 %) and alcohol consumption (52 %), their gender differences were established. Conclusion. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors showed their widespread prevalence among the population, low awareness of the population and insufficient adherence of patients to treatment.

Smoking Cessation Support for Active Smokers

Smoking behavior is a significant risk factor causing heart and blood vessel disorders and resulting in high mortality rates. It is essential to stop this behavior as an effort to prevent and control risk factors, break the chain of nicotine addiction, and reduce the prevalence of heart and blood vessel disease. This study aimed to improve the knowledge and attitudes of smoking cessation in active smokers. The coaching clinic using smoking effect video learning for nine active smokers in RT 02 RW 06 Pasar Ambacang, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A smoking cessation questionnaire was used to measure attitudes of respondents. The results found a significant increase in smoking cessation scores from 18 to 22 after participating in education. Video-based education is effective for increasing knowledge and motivating smokers to want to stop smoking. Continuous education and assistance are needed to increase the implementation of smoking cessation in the community.

Assessing potential benefits of visits to neighborhoods with higher tree canopy coverage using mobility data: Associations with cardiovascular health outcomes in twenty US metropolitan areas

BackgroundResearch on health benefits due to exposure to green space, such as tree canopy coverage, has predominantly focused on canopy coverage in home neighborhoods. Yet exposures to tree canopy coverage in other spaces visited during the week or on weekends outside the home neighborhoods remains largely unexplored. ObjectivesWe examined whether differences in coverage levels of tree canopy in neighborhoods visited compared to home neighborhoods was associated with lower prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, adjusting for exposure to home canopy coverage. We further investigated if the associations varied across levels of home canopy coverage, and if they were more pronounced on weekdays or weekends. MethodsWe used 2018 mobile phone data from the twenty largest U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). For each home census tract, we derived a weighted tree canopy coverage exposure from all visited tracts based on the proportion of visits to other tracts by home tract residents. We subtracted home canopy coverage from the weighted canopy coverage in each of the visited tracts to calculate tract-specific differences. We evaluated associations between differences in tree canopy coverage and prevalence of CHD and stroke via spatial error models, adjusting for tract-level home canopy coverage, MSA, socioeconomic and built environment characteristics. ResultsFor every ten-percentage-point increase in tree canopy coverage in visited tracts relative to home tracts, there was a 0.32–0.34% decrease in stroke prevalence. Association with CHD prevalence was not observed after adjusting for spatial autocorrelation. Variations between weekdays and weekends were minimal. The difference in tree canopy coverage was associated with CHD prevalence only for home tracts with low tree canopy coverage, while the difference was associated with stroke prevalence across home tracts with low, moderate, and high tree canopy coverage, with diminishing effect size. DiscussionThis study identified that greater tree canopy coverage in visited neighborhoods relative to home neighborhoods was associated with lower stroke prevalence, and associations varied across home neighborhoods with different tree canopy coverage levels. It emphasized the need to factor in the neighborhood mobility networks in urban planning initiatives to promote cardiovascular health.

Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence and Aging: Current State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Future Perspectives.

Population aging has increased the global prevalence of aging-related diseases, including cancer, sarcopenia, neurological disease, arthritis, and heart disease. Understanding aging, a fundamental biological process, has led to breakthroughs in several fields. Cellular senescence, evinced by flattened cell bodies, vacuole formation, and cytoplasmic granules, ubiquitously plays crucial roles in tissue remodeling, embryogenesis, and wound repair as well as in cancer therapy and aging. The lack of universal biomarkers for detecting and quantifying senescent cells, in vitro and in vivo, constitutes a major limitation. The applications and limitations of major senescence biomarkers, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, telomere shortening, cell-cycle arrest, DNA methylation, and senescence-associated secreted phenotypes are discussed. Furthermore, explore senotherapeutic approaches for aging-associated diseases and cancer. In addition to the conventional biomarkers, this review highlighted the in vitro, in vivo, and disease models used for aging studies. Further, technologies from the current decade including multi-omics and computational methods used in the fields of senescence and aging are also discussed in this review. Understanding aging-associated biological processes by using cellular senescence biomarkers can enable therapeutic innovation and interventions to improve the quality of life of older adults.

Prevalence of asymptomatic valvular heart disease in the elderly population: a community-based echocardiographic study.

With an ageing population, the presence of asymptomatic valvular heart disease (VHD) in the community remains unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors of asymptomatic VHD in individuals ≥60 years old and to evaluate the feasibility of echocardiographic screening for VHD in this population. This was a prospective cohort study conducted between 2007 and 2016 in the UK. Asymptomatic patients with no prior indication for echocardiography were invited to participate and evaluated with a health questionnaire, clinical examination, and transthoracic echocardiography. A total of 10,000 individuals were invited through their general practices. A total of 5429 volunteered to participate, of whom 4237 were eligible for inclusion. VHD was diagnosed in more than a quarter of patients (28.2%). The most common types of VHD were regurgitation of the tricuspid (13.8%), mitral (12.8%), and aortic (8.3%) valves (trivial regurgitation was not included). The rate of prevalence of clinically significant VHD was 2.4% (2.2% moderate and 0.2% severe), with mitral and aortic regurgitation being the most common. The only parameter associated with significant VHD was age (odds ratio 1.07 per 1 year increment, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.09, P < 0.001). The number needed to scan to diagnose one clinically significant case of VHD is 42 for individuals ≥60 and 15 for those ≥75 years old. Asymptomatic VHD is present in a significant proportion of otherwise healthy individuals without known VHD over 60 years old. Age is strongly associated with an increased incidence of significant VHD.

The prevalence of congenital heart disease in newborn detected by pulse oximeter screening test at 24 hours of birth and its correlation with clinical findings and ECHO

The prevalence of congenital heart disease in newborn detected by pulse oximeter screening test at 24 hours of birth and its correlation with clinical findings and ECHO

Chronic Health Conditions, Disability, and Physical and Cognitive Limitations among LGBTQ+ Cancer Survivors.

Cancer survivors are at high risk for chronic health conditions and physical and cognitive limitations. However, few studies have explored these outcomes among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Plus (LGBTQ+) survivors. We used pooled, weighted Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 23 states that completed two specific modules at least once from 2020 to 2022. We calculated age-adjusted prevalence for heart disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depressive disorders, myocardial infarction, kidney disease, stroke, diabetes, hearing disability, vision disability, cognitive limitations, and difficulty walking, dressing, and running errands in LGBTQ+, lesbian, gay, or bisexual, transgender or gender nonconforming (TGNC), and non-LGBTQ+ cancer survivors. Four multivariable logistic regression models controlling for different factors were run for each outcome. Of 40,990 cancer survivors, 1,715 were LGBTQ+. LGBTQ+ survivors had significantly higher age-adjusted prevalence of all outcomes. The prevalence of all outcomes was the highest among TGNC survivors, except for depressive disorders and cognitive limitations. LGBTQ+ survivors had higher odds of reporting asthma [adjusted OR (aOR): 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-1.9], depressive disorders (aOR: 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.4), kidney disease (aOR: 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), stroke (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3), diabetes (aOR: 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6), vision disability (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2), cognitive limitations (aOR: 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8-2.9), difficulty walking (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.0), dressing (aOR: 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.7), and running errands (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1). In TGNC models, TGNC cancer survivors had increased odds of most outcomes in comparison to cisgender survivors. LGBTQ+ cancer survivors have an elevated burden of all chronic health conditions, disabilities, and limitations assessed. TGNC cancer survivors experience even higher burden of the same outcomes. Findings highlight substantial disparities regarding the health of LGBTQ+ cancer survivors. See related In the Spotlight, p. 1395.

An application of the Bayesian network model based on the EN-ESL-GA algorithm: Exploring the predictors of heart disease in middle-aged and elderly people in China.

The morbidity and mortality of heart disease are increasing in middle-aged and elderly people in China. It is necessary to explore relationships and interactive associations between heart disease and its risk factors in order to prevent heart disease. To establish a Bayesian network model of heart disease and its influencing factors in middle-aged and elderly people in China, and explore the applicability of the elite-based structure learner using genetic algorithm based on ensemble learning (EN-ESL-GA) algorithm in etiology analysis and disease prediction. Based on the 2013 national tracking survey data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database, EN-ESL-GA algorithm was used to learn the Bayesian network structure. Then we input the data and the learned network structure into the Netica software for parameter learning and inference analysis. The Bayesian network model based on the EN-ESL-GAalgorithm can effectively excavate the complex network relationships and interactive associations between heart disease and its risk factors in middle-aged and elderly people in China. The Bayesian network model based on the EN-ESL-GA algorithm has good applicability and application prospect in the prediction of diseases prevalence risk.