Prevalence Of Disease In Cattle Research Articles

Modeling and Analysis of Fasciola Hepatica Disease Transmission

In this paper, a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of Fasciola hepatica in cattle and snail populations is formulated and analyzed. The snail mortality rate (μs) is the most important factor that indirectly impacts the basic reproduction number (R0). A 50% change, either an increase or decrease, in the snail mortality rate will result in an approximate 50% change in the opposite direction in the value of R0. The model shows a forward bifurcation at R0 = 1, indicating that the disease dynamics undergo a critical transition at this threshold. This change signifies a transition from a disease‐free state to a persistent infection, highlighting the possibility of a continuous disease presence given specific epidemiological conditions. Simulations show that reducing miracidia, metacercariae, and snail populations, improving treatment, and lowering pathogen transfer between cattle and snails significantly decrease disease prevalence in cattle. To control the disease, transmission rates for cattle and snails must be reduced below γc = 1.4338 × 10−7 and γs = 1.1473 × 10−8, respectively. Current treatments are insufficient, and a combination of improved treatments reduced transmission rates, and increased snail mortality is recommended for better disease control.

Detection of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairies milk in Medowo Village of Kediri District, Indonesia

Abstract. Putra GDS, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH, Lazuardi M, Kurniawan SC, Afnani DA, Silaen OSM, Waruwu YKK, Millannia SK, Widodo A, Ramadhani S, Farizqi MTI, Riwu KHP. 2023. Detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairies milk in Medowo Village of Kediri District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 423-430. Bacterial resistance has emerged as a major concern in dairy farms in Indonesia due to the pervasive usage of antibiotics. Furthermore, no specific research has been done to explain the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in isolated milk from dairy cows in Kediri, particularly in Medowo Village, and their antibiotic resistance. Moreover, to control the emergence of diseases in humans brought on by dairy cow's milk or infections transmitted through milk, additional research on the prevalence and resistance of bacteria in dairy farms in the Kediri district is urgently required. In Medowo, the Village Kandangan of District, Kediri Regency, Indonesia, 100 dairy cow's milk samples were taken from farms in numerous hamlets. The Kirby-Bauer method performed an antibiotic sensitivity test using disk diffusion. The sensitivity test was attached with antibiotic discs on tetracycline, penicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and cefoxitin. According to sample evaluation results, S. aureus was detected in 94 (94%) of the 100 isolated milk samples based on morphological culture features, Gram staining, and biochemical assays. According to the profile of antibiotic resistance derived from the findings of the S. aureus antibiotic resistance test, 23 isolates (24.47%) were proven to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) because they were resistant to three to four classes of antibiotics. The use of antibiotics typically rises in response to an increase in the prevalence of disease in cattle, which could lead to higher levels of antibiotic residue in milk and possibly higher levels of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, dairy farming requires methods for prudently and correctly employing antibiotics.

Foot and mouth disease prevalence in cattle and buffaloes from India determined by systematic review and meta-analysis

In the present study, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) prevalence in cattle and buffaloes from India was determined by employing systematic review and meta-analysis. The FMD prevalence studies (73) reported during 1986-2021 were obtained from online databases, offline literatures and meta-analysis by using meta package in R-Software was done. The pooled FMD prevalence in India was 43% (95% level CI 35-52%, PI 3-94%) obtained by using 5,00,267 samples. Period-wise analysis revealed a higher prevalence of 68% during 1986-2000 than recent years. A higher FMD prevalence in east zone (59%), and lower in central zone (24%) was observed. Among 19 states, a higher prevalence of FMD was detected in Rajasthan (81%) and lower in Andaman and Nicobar (3%). Species-wise analysis indicated a higher prevalence in cattle (45%) than buffaloes (30%). The method-wise analysis revealed a higher prevalence in antigen detection (49%) than the antibody detection (42%) methods. The FMD seroprevalence was 59% against the FMD vaccination obtained by liquid phase blocking ELISA. In India, a higher FMD prevalence by serotype O (64%) than other serotypes was observed. Thus, the higher FMD prevalence zone, states, species, methods and serotypes identified may be employed by policy makers for making informed decisions to maximise the use of scarce resources available. There was a decreasing trend in FMD prevalence in the recent years, however, need is there to prevent FMD by vaccination to move in the progressive control pathway stages. This will help in increasing export trade and eventually result in economic benefits to dairy farmers

Cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans of Maharashtra State, India.

Echinococcosis/hydatidosis which is a neglected parasitic zoonosis in the developing country like India. The study was conducted during April, 2010 to March, 2017 to determine the prevalence among slaughtered food animals, dogs and human. The samples were collected from the various slaughterhouses situated in different regions of Maharashtra state. A total of 9464 cattle (male), 3661 buffalo, 47189 sheep, 33350 goats and 13579 pigs were scientifically examined during PM inspection at different slaughterhouses. The study revealed that the prevalence of disease in cattle (3.00%) was highest followed by buffalo (2.05%), pig (1.28%), sheep (0.09%) and goat (0.01%), by PM examination. The average estimated economic losses (direct and indirect) due to hydatidosis were Rs. 8,65,83,566 in cattle, Rs. 44,33,93,900 in buffalo, Rs. 7,24,50,615 in sheep, Rs. 1,88,29,359 in goat and Rs. 5,20,49,081 in pigs. Dog faecal samples analyzed and showed the prevalence of echinococcosis as 4.34% (19/438) by sedimentation method and positive samples were confirmed by PCR assay, whereas in high risk human, 11.09% sera samples were found to be positive for echinococcosis. However, based on data collection for seven years, 58 patients were found to be surgically operated for hydatid cyst removal. The results of the present study indicated that cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis is prevalent in both human and animal population in study areas which attracts serious attention from veterinary and public health authority to reduce economic burden and in designing appropriate strategy for prevention and control of disease.

Brucellosis at the Human-Animal Interface in Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt

Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Egypt among humans and animals. Accurate estimates of disease prevalence are the cornerstone to apply and study the efficiency of any control program. In this study, a cross sectional study was carried out at one area of the Nile Delta with high livestock density; Kafrelsheikh district to study the disease prevalence in cattle and humans. A total of 149 milk samples randomly collected from cattle in this district were tested using ELISA against Brucella spp. antibodies. The prevalence of brucellosis was estimated at 7% (95% CI: 2.9 – 11.1%). The within village seroprevalence was ranged from 0% to 46.5%. About half of the visited villages had at least one infected cattle; 44.8% (95% CI: 13.0 % – 75.9%). There is a positive strong correlation (> 0.7) between the prevalence of brucellosis among sheep and cattle on village flock level (P < 0.02). In humans, the prevalence of Brucella was estimated at 1.25% (95%CI: 0% – 3.45%) in Kafrelsheikh district. Hospital-based incidence rate of human brucellosis at the governorate level was 0.54/100000 population; 0.75/100000 population for male and 0.38/100000 population for females. Half of the reported human cases with brucellosis in the governorate have no contact with animals, while 35.7% of them owned a seropositive animal in their households. Continuous integrated surveillance at human-animal interface, revising the current national control program in animals with suggestion of vaccination to be in place, restriction of raw milk marketing and enhancement of public health education regarding brucellosis risks are recommended measures to reduce brucellosis prevalence among human and animal population of the study region.

Mycobacterium bovis: Characteristics of Wildlife Reservoir Hosts

Mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis in animals and sometimes humans. Many developed nations have long-standing programmes to eradicate tuberculosis in livestock, principally cattle. As disease prevalence in cattle decreases these efforts are sometimes impeded by passage of M. bovis from wildlife to cattle. In epidemiological terms, disease can persist in some wildlife species, creating disease reservoirs, if the basic reproduction rate (R0) and critical community size (CCS) thresholds are achieved. Recognized wildlife reservoir hosts of M. bovis include the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, European badger (Meles meles) in Great Britain and Ireland, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in South Africa, wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Iberian Peninsula and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan, USA. The epidemiological concepts of R0 and CCS are related to more tangible disease/pathogen characteristics such as prevalence, pathogen-induced pathology, host behaviour and ecology. An understanding of both epidemiological and disease/pathogen characteristics is necessary to identify wildlife reservoirs of M. bovis. In some cases, there is a single wildlife reservoir host involved in transmission of M. bovis to cattle. Complexity increases, however, in multihost systems where multiple potential reservoir hosts exist. Bovine tuberculosis eradication efforts require elimination of M. bovis transmission between wildlife reservoirs and cattle. For successful eradication identification of true wildlife reservoirs is critical, as disease control efforts are most effective when directed towards true reservoirs.

Association of trypanosomosis risk with dairy cattle production in western Kenya

Dairy cattle reared in western Kenya are exposed to medium to high levels of trypanosomosis risk. The social background, farm characteristics and dairy cattle productivity of 90 and 30 randomly selected farmers from medium- and high-risk trypanosomosis areas, respectively, were compared. All the 120 farmers were visited between July and August 2002. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The results showed that increased trypanosomosis risk represented by an increase in disease prevalence in cattle of 1% to 20% decreased the density of dairy cattle by 53% and increased the calving interval from 14 to 25 months. The increased risk was also associated with a significant increase in cattle mortalities and in a lactation period of 257 to 300 days. It was concluded that removal of the trypanosomosis constraint on dairy production would lead to expansion of dairying since the domestic demand for dairy products is expected to increase.

Association of trypanosomosis risk with dairy cattle production in western Kenya

Dairy cattle reared in western Kenya are exposed to medium to high levels of trypanosomosis risk. The social background, farm characteristics and dairy cattle productivity of 90 and 30 randomly selected farmers from medium- and high-risk trypanosomosis areas, respectively, were compared. All the 120 farmers were visited between July and August 2002. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The results showed that increased trypanosomosis risk represented by an increase in disease prevalence in cattle of 1% to 20 % decreased the density of dairy cattle by 53 % and increased the calving interval from 14 to 25 months. The increased risk was also associated with a significant increase in cattle mortalities and in a lactation period of 257 to 300 days. It was concluded that removal of the trypanosomosis constraint on dairy production would lead to expansion of dairying since the domestic demand for dairy products is expected to increase.

Tuberculosis and badgers: new approaches to diagnosis and control.

The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) is considered to be an important wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection for cattle in Ireland and in Great Britain. The inability to eradicate the disease from cattle is, in part, a consequence of M. bovis infection in badgers sharing the environment with cattle. Whereas national tuberculosis eradication programmes continue to be effective in maintaining the disease prevalence in cattle at a low level, strategies to control and eradicate tuberculosis in badgers remain constrained by a lack of reagents and rapid tests to diagnose tuberculosis infection in live badgers. However, the development of rational control measures for both badgers and cattle can be achieved by detailed epidemiological analysis combining immunological testing and strain typing with current developments in information technology and geographical information systems. This allows for construction of detailed profiles of tuberculosis episodes which can identify the nature of the outbreak, its likely origin and future spread. The identification of critical areas for control then permits the strategic allocation of resources based on analysis of disease patterns in cattle and badgers. Targeted vaccination of badgers is an option which could facilitate the elimination of disease in affected areas.