Prevalence Of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Research Articles

Prevalence of bovine herpes virus-1 among reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab region of India.

Bovine Herpes Virus (BHV-1) is a virus prevalent among cattle and buffaloes which accounts for considerable reproductive failures. This study was undertaken with the objective of studying the prevalence of BHV-1 in reproductive tract infections of cattle and buffaloes in Punjab region in India. A total of 70 reproductive tract samples (like vaginal mucous, cervical mucous, uterine discharges, uterine pus and aborted materials like placenta, caruncles, foetal stomach contents, amniotic fluid and placental fluid) were taken from cattle and buffaloes from various areas of Punjab which were suffering from different reproductive disorders. The samples were screened for the presence of genome of BHV-1using PCR targeting gE gene. Out of 70 samples screened, only one sample was positive for the presence of BHV-1 genome which had an amplicon size of 468bp, specific to the targeted gene. The study concluded that BHV-1 has very low prevalence among reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab region, but has increased over last few years, particularly in female cattle and buffaloes.

Diagnostic study of bovine herpes virus -l Infection in cattle by antigen sandwich ELISA in Mosul city, Iraq

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is worldwide disease affecting both domesticated and wild ruminants However, it has a significant economic impact on animal industry. Bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) can infect different organs of an animal. The current work aims to investigate the prevalence of BoHV-l in cattle of Mosul city, Iraq. In this study, 184 animals 6 months – 2 years old, were sampled between October 2020 and March 2022. Plasma and nasal swabs were tested using of Sandwich ELISA test for the detection of BoHV-l antigens. Results indicated that the infection rate of BoHV-l in cows was 12/184 (6.5%). Results show that, there was no significant difference indicated among prevalence of the diseases concerning BoHV-1 in the respiratory, ocular, and reproductive forms, the sample type, whether plasma and nasal swabs, between native and imported breed (P≤0.05). Furthermore, a significant difference in the prevalence of BoHV-1 was detected in males more than in females 12/144 (8.3%), (P≤0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of BoHV-1 10/100 (10%) at 6-8 months of age (P≤0.05).

Sero-prevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of BoHV-1 in Bovines in Haryana State of India

Background: Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle and buffaloes associated with various clinical conditions including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and abortion. To know the status of BoHV-1, a cross-sectional serological study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the apparent prevalence of BoHV-1 and potential risk factor among unorganized cattle and buffalo herds. Method: A total of 490 serum samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes from all twenty two (22) districts of Haryana from unorganised herd randomly and tested for antibodies against BoHV-1 using ELISA. Result: The overall percent sero-prevalence of BoHV-1 was observed as 48.78% however the species wise sero-prevalence was 37.77% in cattle and 62.27% in buffaloes. The overall sero-prevalence was significantly (p less than 0.05) associated with species, zone and age of animals. The likelihood of BoHV-1 was significantly higher (2.72 times) in buffaloes (Odds ratio (OR) =2.72, 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.86; 3.98) than in cattle (OR=1). Eastern zone of the state showed higher (1.52 times, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.26) likelihood of BoHV-1 as compared to western zone (OR=1.00).The aged animals with age³6.5 years (2.96 times), followed by 2.5-4.5 years (2.44 times) and 4.5-6.5 years (1.68 times) showed higher likelihood than younger animals (Age less than 2.5 years). Further, it can be concluded that BoHV1 is circulating among livestock population in the state.

104 Administration of a DNA immunostimulant does not mitigate bovine herpesvirus-1 recrudescence in dexamethasone challenged beef cattle

Abstract The study objective was to determine the effect of a DNA immunostimulant on recrudescence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) after dexamethasone challenge in beef cattle. It was hypothesized that the DNA immunostimulant would mitigate stress-induced immunosuppression; thereby, reducing the incidence of BHV-1 recrudescence. Steers (n=10) and heifers (n=10; initial BW = 489 kg ± 57 kg) were stratified by pre-existing BHV-1 antibody titer, sex and initial BW and randomly assigned to treatment (n=4 pens/treatment; 2 or 3 animals/pen). All calves were administered 40 mg of dexamethasone i.v. at 0600 h from d 0 to 2, 166-d subsequent to BHV-1 challenge with 1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units per nostril. On d 1, calves were administered treatments consisting of 2 mL i.m. of DNA immunostimulant (Zelnate; ZEL) or sterile saline (CON). Once daily (0600) from d 0 to 12, a whole blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture for complete blood count (CBC) analysis and nasal swabs were collected to determine BHV-1 prevalence via virus isolation testing. A repeated measures mixed model was used to test the effect of treatment, day and their interaction for CBC variables. There was a treatment × day interaction for eosinophils (P = 0.02) and percent eosinophils (P = 0.03). Eosinophils were greater (P < 0.01) for ZEL on d 3 and 6 post-dexamethasone challenge. On d 11 and 12, eosinophils for CON rebounded such that their concentration was greater than ZEL (P < 0.01). Lymphocytes, neutrophil and monocyte concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.44); however, a day effect (P ≤ 0.01) existed such that each variable increased transiently after dexamethasone challenge. All cattle had BHV-1 present in a nasal swab sample on at least one sample day, with prevalence of BHV-1 in nasal swab samples being greatest on d 5 (80% positive; P = 0.01). However, no treatment differences were detected for BHV-1 prevalence in this study. The DNA immunostimulant altered eosinophil concentrations but did not mitigate BHV-1 recrudesce after dexamethasone challenge

3 Administration of a DNA immunostimulant does not mitigate bovine herpesvirus-1 recrudescence in dexamethasone challenged beef cattle

Abstract The study objective was to determine the effect of a DNA immunostimulant on recrudescence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) after dexamethasone challenge in beef cattle. It was hypothesized that the DNA immunostimulant would mitigate stress-induced immunosuppression; thereby, reducing the incidence of BHV-1 recrudescence. Steers (n = 10) and heifers (n = 10; initial BW = 489 kg ± 57 kg) were stratified by pre-existing BHV-1 antibody titer, sex and initial BW and randomly assigned to treatment (n = 4 pens/treatment; 2 or 3 animals/pen). All calves were administered 40 mg of dexamethasone i.v. at 0600 h from d 0 to 2, 166-d subsequent to BHV-1 challenge with 1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units per nostril. On d 1, calves were administered treatments consisting of 2 mL i.m. of DNA immunostimulant (Zelnate; ZEL) or sterile saline (CON). Once daily (0600) from d 0 to 12, a whole blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture for complete blood count (CBC) analysis and nasal swabs were collected to determine BHV-1 prevalence via virus isolation testing. A repeated measures mixed model was used to test the effect of treatment, day and their interaction for CBC variables. There was a treatment × day interaction for eosinophils (P = 0.02) and percent eosinophils (P = 0.03). Eosinophils were greater (P < 0.01) for ZEL on d 3 and 6 post-dexamethasone challenge. On d 11 and 12, eosinophils for CON rebounded such that their concentration was greater than ZEL (P < 0.01). Lymphocytes, neutrophil and monocyte concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.44); however, a day effect (P ≤ 0.01) existed such that each variable increased transiently after dexamethasone challenge. All cattle had BHV-1 present in a nasal swab sample on at least one sample day, with prevalence of BHV-1 in nasal swab samples being greatest on d 5 (80% positive; P = 0.01). However, no treatment differences were detected for BHV-1 prevalence in this study. The DNA immunostimulant altered eosinophil concentrations but did not mitigate BHV-1 recrudesce after dexamethasone challenge

Meta-analysis of prevalence of bovine herpes virus 1 in cattle in Mainland China

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), an important pathogen of cattle, can cause severe clinical syndromes including respiratory disease, genital disease, and late-term abortions, as well as neurological and systemic disease in cattle. For assessing the prevalence of BHV-1 infection in mainland China, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched English and Chinese literature databases for published paper regarding the prevalence of BHV-1 in cattle in China from inception to May 20, 2018. Search strings included if they reported the cattle samples of more than 30 cattle and provided information that allowed us to establish the prevalence of BHV-1. Moreover, we excluded repeated studies, reviews, other hosts studies, as well as studies with inconsistent data, incomplete information or only provided prevalence data, and out of mainland China data. We extracted how many cattle have BHV-1 infection from the obtained studies, moreover, and calculated pooled prevalence of BHV-1 infection in cattle. The data of 41 articles (including data on 43,441 cattle) are compliant with the standards. The pooled prevalence of BHV-1 in cattle in China was 40%, the pooled prevalence of BHV-1 in cattle from Northeast China (24%) was significant lower than those from other regions. In addition, the prevalence of BHV-1 was associated with publication time of paper, detection methods, age of cattle, and clinical symptoms (pneumonia, abortion etc.).Our findings suggest that BHV-1 is common in cattle in mainland China. It is necessary to monitor the prevalence of BHV-1 in cattle and the powerful and effective regulatory measures should be taken out to prevent the spread of BHV-1.

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in Algerian dromedary camels (Camelus dromaderius).

This study was performed to investigate the presence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in dromedary camels (Camelus dromaderius) kept in mixed herds with sheep and goats in Algeria, since the prevalence of BHV-1, BVDV, and BLV infections among dromedary camels in Algeria is unknown. Totally, 111 camel sera were collected from two provinces (Laghouat and Ghardaia) in Algeria. The sera were analyzed for BHV-1 specific antibodies, BVDV specific antibodies and BVDV antigen using the ELISA, and BLV nucleic acid using PCR. The seropositivity rate was 9.0% for BVDV-specific antibody, although 41.4% of camels tested were positive for BVDV antigen. Moreover, there was no evidence of BHV-1 and BLV infections. The results indicated that camels might represent an important source for BVDV infection in all ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats bred in mixed herds in Algeria, since they had a higher BVDV prevalence rates. Therefore, the prevention and control measures for BVDV infection should put in place in camel populations to limit the spread of BVDV infection to ruminant populations in Algeria.

Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey.

The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological data of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4), bovine herpesvirus-5 (BHV-5) and Brucella–associated cattle that were previously reported to have abortion and infertility problems in Ankara, Corum, Kirikkale and Yozgat provinces, Turkey. Whole blood and sera samples were obtained from 656 cattle, and antibodies against Brucella spp. were detected in 45 (6.86%) and 41 (6.25%) animals by Rose Bengal plate and serum tube agglutination tests, respectively. The seropositivity rates against BVDV, BHV-1 and BHV-4 were 70.89%, 41.3% and 28.78%, respectively. RT-PCR and PCR were performed to detect RNA and DNA viruses in blood samples, respectively. The BVDV 5′-untranslated region and BHV-1 gB gene detected in this study were phylogenetically analyzed. The BVDV strains analyzed in this study were closely related to those previously reported from Turkey. The nucleotide sequence from the BHV-1 strain detected in this study is the first nucleotide sequence of BHV-1 circulating in this area of Turkey deposited in the GenBank. The presence of Brucella spp. and prevalence of BHV-1, BHV-4 and BVDV in cattle should be further investigated throughout these regions.

Prevalence of Bovine Herpesvirus-1 in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab

Aim: The aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence of Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in cattle and buffaloes in the Punjab using PCR as diagnostic tool. Materials and Methods: A total of 63 samples (Semen- 57, placental cotyledons-1, vaginal secretions-1, foetal stomach contents-1 and tracheal swabs-3) from cattle and buffaloes were processed for identification of BHV-1 using PCR Results: From January 2007 to December 2010 (Semen- 57, placental cotyledons-1, vaginal secretions-1, foetal stomach contents-1 and tracheal swabs-3) from cattle and buffaloes were collected. The DNA was extracted from a total of 63 samples and subjected to PCR revealed that none of the sample positive for the BHV-1 infection. Conclusion: From the study it was concluded that the farms screened were free from BHV-1 infection.

Association of herd BHV-1 seroprevalence with respiratory disease in youngstock in Estonian dairy cattle

The associations between herd bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) seroprevalence, along with other infectious and farm management factors with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in dairy calves and heifers, were investigated. Serum samples from 103 dairy cattle herds were analyzed for antibodies against BHV-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis). A questionnaire was used to record herd management practices.A high occurrence of respiratory disease in unweaned calves was associated with low to moderate and high prevalence of BHV-1 among cows (OR=14.8, p=0.005 and OR=19.2, p=0.002, respectively) and positive BVDV status of a herd (OR=5.1, p=0.02). The presence of BVDV in a herd was related to a high incidence of respiratory disease in heifers 3–16months old (OR=4.3, p=0.027). Based on the results of multiple correspondence analysis, holding youngstock separately from cows until pregnancy, introducing new animals and the activities of on-farm employees may contribute to a higher incidence of BRD.

Seroepidemiology of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) infection among Estonian dairy herds and risk factors for the spread within herds

The objectives of this study were to reassess the herd level and within-herd prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) infection in Estonian dairy cattle, estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bulk tank milk (BTM) testing and determine the risk factors related to high prevalence of the infection in herds. To estimate the herd prevalence, BTM samples from each of the 1,205 herds that sell milk to dairy companies were analysed for BHV1 antibodies. One hundred and three herds with known BHV1 infection status were selected to estimate within-herd prevalence and to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of BTM ELISA. In these herds serum samples were collected from cows and youngstock, together with BTM samples. A commercial blocking ELISA test was used to analyse samples for antibodies against BHV1. A questionnaire was completed to collect herd data. The sensitivity and specificity of the BTM ELISA were 76.5% and 97.2%, respectively, and the true herd prevalence of BHV1 was calculated to be 22.0%. The herd prevalence increased significantly with herd size, being 3.4% in the smallest category (less than 20 cows) and 85.7% in herds of size over 400. The mean within-herd prevalence was 37.8% (range 1–100, median 31.5). The mean within-herd prevalence increased with herd size. Data from 59 infected herds was used to determine the risk factors associated with high within-herd prevalence (>50%) of BHV1, using logistic regression analysis. As, in some infected herds, the youngstock were uninfected, risk factors for the presence of BHV1 among youngstock from 6 months until calving were analysed. The results indicate the importance of iatrogenic spread of the virus, since the overall within-herd prevalence was higher in those herds in which a veterinarian was an employee of the farm and an inseminator worked only for the particular farm. The presence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in a herd was associated with a higher prevalence of BHV1.

PREVALENCE OF HERPESVIRUS 1 IN SMALL HERDS IN SOUTHERN BAČKA AND SREM DISTRICT

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection (IBR/IPV virus) presents the most spread infection in nowadays cattle breeding. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) may be an agent of serious health disorders causing great economic losses. Since the largest number of cattle in Southern Baåka and Srem district are raised in small herds (what may considerably influence effective implementation of program for control and eradication of BHV-1 infection) it was necessary to investigate the prevalence of BHV-1 infection in the cattle population in this area, what was the aim of this work. Detection and estimation of the presence and prevalence of BHV-1 was done by detection of specific antibodies against BHV-1 in sera samples of cattle raised individually or in small herds (up to 20 animals) collected during the State Program of Disease Control in 2005 and 2006. The sampling was randomly carried out taking care that the samples from all the settlements and municipalities in Southern Bačka and Srem were present. A total of 16,610 samples was collected. Animals seropositive for BHV-1 were detected in all municipalities, but not in all settlements. The highest percent of seropositive animals was found in Beočin municipality(27.27%), Titel municipality (27.16%), Žabalj (22.45%) and Stara Pazova municipality (22.15%). The lowest prevalence was in Bački Petrovac (8.16%) and Temerin municipalities (9.68%). In other municipalities the prevalence ranged between 10% and 20%. From the obtained results it can be concluded that BHV-1 infection was not present in 10 settlements in Southern Bačka and 14 settlements in Srem district. In other settlements (151) the percentage of seropositive animals ranged from 1 to 50%. However, if we analyze the obtained results in the area, it may be concluded that the prevalence is almost the same: in Srem district there were 18.42% and in Southern Bačka 18.79% seropositive animals. Low prevalence was detected in the majority of settlements. The data that in 24 settlements in both districts there were no seropositive animals His an encouraging information. This points on a possibility of easier and faster implementation of control measures and eradication of BHV-1 infection. The results obtained in serology examination provide us an insight in immunology status of small herds in Southern Bačka and Srem districts, what is a starting point in designing and implementing necessary measures with the aim to prevent cases of this disease, as well as its spreading and eradication.

The prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1 in traditional cattle in Southern Province, Zambia.

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), which causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, in cattle destined for market in Southern Province, Zambia. A total of 116 nasal secretion samples were tested using the direct fluorescent antibody test, while blood samples from the same cattle were examined by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The prevalence of the BHV-1 antigens in cattle was 23.28% (27/116), while the mean prevalence of the BHV-1 antibodies was 48.28% (56/116). This study showed that cattle in transit to markets could easily spread the virus, which was reactivated by the stress of trekking for long distances under unfavourable conditions, to the other cattle with which they came into contact. Thus, these transit cattle posed a serious threat to other bovines. Systems of cattle trading where cattle must be transported a long wayto market should be reviewed by the authorities to minimise the conditions that may exacerbate the spread of infection.

Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1 in the Belgian cattle population

The national bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) seroprevalence (apparent prevalence) in the Belgian cattle population was determined by a serological survey that was conducted from December 1997 to March 1998. In a random sample of herds ( N=556), all cattle ( N=28 478) were tested for the presence of antibodies to glycoprotein B of BHV-1. No differentiation could be made between vaccinated and infected animals, because the exclusive use of marker vaccines was imposed by law only in 1997 by the Belgian Veterinary Authorities. Twenty-one percent of the farmers vaccinated continuously against BHV-1. In the unvaccinated group, the overall herd, individual-animal and median within-herd seroprevalences were estimated to be 67% (95% confidence interval (CI)=62–72), 35.9% (95% CI=35.0–36.8) and 33% (quartiles=14–62), respectively. Assuming a test sensitivity and specificity of 99 and 99.7%, respectively, the true herd, individual-animal and median within-herd prevalence for the unvaccinated group of herds were estimated to be 65, 36 and 34%, respectively. The true herd prevalence for dairy, mixed and beef herds were respectively, 84, 89 and 53%; the true individual-animal prevalence for those types of herds were, respectively, 35, 43 and 31%; whereas, the true median within-herd prevalences were 36, 29 and 38%.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) seroprevalence in the breeding cattle population of the Veneto region: prospects for the implementation of a control programme.

The results of a serological survey for bovine herpes virus (BHV1) antibodies in the breeding cattle population of the Veneto region are presented. The data do not support the hypothesis of an high prevalence of BHV1; on farms where vaccination was not carried out most animals were seronegative, and seropositive animals were generally older. Therefore, when drawing up the guidelines for a control programme, systematic immunization (with glycoprotein E-deleted vaccines) should be restricted only to farms with a high prevalence of BHV1 antibodies and/or with a high risk of BHV1 occurrence; in most unvaccinated farms a 'test and removal' policy appears to be more appropriate in order to rapidly eradicate BHV1 from the entire stock.