Prevalence Of Body Mass Index Research Articles

Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in Indian Expatriate Children in Dubai: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study.

Background Childhood obesity is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders affecting children across the world, which further leads to diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and fatty liver disease in adulthood. The magnitude of this problem among Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has not been investigated before.This study delves into the prevalence of childhood obesity among this demographic and also provides a comparative analysis of the prevalence of obesity in UAE citizens and children in India. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study that investigates the prevalence of obesity in 3,698 students of a single Indian school in the UAE. Anonymous anthropometric data of these children of age range four to 18 years were analyzed. The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reference methods were used to calculate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity. Results According to CDC guidelines, the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile, ≥ 95th percentile, and ≥ 99th percentile stands at 32.74%, 13.68%, and 5.1%, respectively. Children particularly boys aged more than 10 years are at a higher risk of being overweight, obese, and extremely obese (p = < 0.05). In children aged 10 years or less, as the age increases, they tend to have a higher BMI percentile and this is particularly prominent in boys (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.227). Conversely, in those over the age of 10 years, the BMI percentile decreases with age, particularly noticeable in girls, albeit without statistical significance. Conclusion Approximately one-third of school-aged Indian expatriates in the UAE are overweight, obese, or extremely obese. Our study, when contrasted with earlier studies, reveals that Emirati teenagers exhibit a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to their Indian counterparts in the UAE.Similarly, the prevalence of childhood obesity among Indian expatriates in the UAE surpasses that among children residing in India.

Prevalence of body mass index categories among adults living alone in China: Observational study.

Adults living alone represent a growing population group in China. Understanding the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) categories and their associations with demographic and lifestyle factors among this group is essential for informing targeted interventions and public health policies. In this population-based cross-sectional study, we used individual-level data from the 2011-2021 China General Social Survey. Main outcomes were prevalence of BMI categories adjusted for gender and age, using logistic regression and model-predicted marginal prevalence to estimate BMI categories prevalence. We analyzed 9,077 single-living Chinese adult participants. The primary-adjusted prevalence of BMI categories varied across different genders and age groups. Underweight was more prevalent in females (12.73%; 95% CI: 12.31% - 13.14%) than in males (7.54%; 95% CI: 7.19% - 7.88%), while overweight and obesity were higher in males. Primary-adjusted underweight prevalence was highest among the 18-24 years age group (22.09%; 95% CI: 20.17% - 24.01%) and decreased with age. Primary-adjusted overweight prevalence increased with age, peaking in the 45-54 years age group (41.94%; 95% CI: 40.96% - 42.93%). Primary-adjusted obesity prevalence exhibited a fluctuating pattern across age groups, with the highest prevalence observed in the 45-54 years age group (9.81%; 95% CI: 9.19% - 10.44%). Our findings reveal significant associations between BMI categories and demographic and lifestyle factors among adults living alone in China. These results can inform targeted interventions and public health policies aimed at promoting healthy weight management and addressing the unique health challenges faced by single-living individuals in China.

Measuring the relationship between body mass index and depression among Saudi adult population: A nationwide cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of obesity and depression shows an accelerating trend with increased risk of morbidity and disability. The exact underlying relationship between them is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) and depression and their associations in a large sample of Saudi adults. We administered a nationwide cross-sectional web-based survey using a snowball sampling method among Saudi adults aged 18-60 years. We used a validated Arabic version of Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) for depression assessment. We classified BMI into underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. We used logistic regression analysis to determine the factors associated with depression. Among 4,683 Saudi adults, different grades of depression were present in 43.3%, most (25.2%) with a mild condition. Overweight and obesity were present in 26.4% and 21%, respectively. We found a positive association between BMI and BDI-II score (ρ = 0.14, p = 0.006). BMI was significantly higher among those who were older, males, married, living in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia, educated at a pre-university level, employed, at high family-income levels, smokers, and people with chronic diseases. Depression score was significantly higher among married, non-employees, non-smokers, people with chronic diseases, and those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Non-smoking, presence of chronic diseases, and being overweight or obese were significantly associated with depression. Saudi adults were suffering from different grades of depression, overweight, and obesity. A positive association between BMI and BDI-II score was observed. Depression score did not differ by age, sex, geographical region, educational level, or family income. Non-smoking, presence of chronic diseases, and being overweight or obese were significantly associated with depression. Further longitudinal research is required to understand the factors underpinning causal relationships between BMI and depression, the subgroups' variation, and mediating strategies.

Factors influencing left ventricular diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography of people living with HIV in Kunming, China.

The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the survival of people living with HIV (PLWH). Among these patients, co-existing cardiovascular diseases, particularly left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), are receiving increasing attention. We recruited 386 patients in the PLWH group and 386 sex- and age (± 3years)-matched individuals in the HIV-negative group, and used logistic regression to determine the risk factors of LVDD. Compared to the HIV-negative group, PLWH had a significantly higher prevalence of smoking (p < .001), alcohol consumption (p < .001), hypertension (p = .002), diabetes (p = .020), and hyperlipidemia (p < .001) and a lower prevalence of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 (p < .001). The prevalence of LVDD on echocardiography was significantly higher in PLWH than in the HIV-negative group (25.9% vs 16.1%, p = .001). The multivariate analysis showed that non-youth (OR = 8.666; 95%CI = 4.310-17.459; p < .001), BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 (OR = 1.992; 95% CI = 1.007-3.939; p = .048), hypertension (OR = 1.888; 95% CI = 1.044-3.415; p = .036), hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.911; 95% CI = 1.068-3.418; p = .029), and HIV infection (OR = 2.003; 95%CI = 1.341-2.992; p = .001) were risk factors for LVDD. The rate of echocardiographic abnormalities was higher in PLWH. LVDD was associated with non-youth, BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and living with HIV.

Diabetes mellitus and obesity among South Asians with ischemic stroke across three countries.

Diabetes mellitus and central obesity are more common among South Asian populations than among White British people. This study explores the differences in diabetes and obesity in South Asians with stroke living in the United Kingdom, India, and Qatar compared with White British stroke patients. The study included the UK, Indian, and Qatari arms of the ongoing large Bio-Repository of DNA in Stroke (BRAINS) international prospective hospital-based study for South Asian stroke. BRAINS includes 4580 South Asian and White British recruits from UK, Indian, and Qatar sites with first-ever ischemic stroke. The study population comprises 1751 White British (WB) UK residents, 1165 British South Asians (BSA), 1096 South Asians in India (ISA), and 568 South Asians in Qatar (QSA). ISA, BSA, and QSA South Asians suffered from higher prevalence of diabetes compared with WB by 14.5% (ISA: 95% confidence interval (CI) = 18.6-33.0, p < 0.001), 31.7% (BSA: 95% CI = 35.1-50.2, p < 0.001), and 32.7% (QSA: 95% CI = 28.1-37.3, p < 0.001), respectively. Although WB had the highest prevalence of body mass index (BMI) above 27 kg/m2 compared with South Asian patients (37% vs 21%, p < 0.001), South Asian patients had a higher waist circumference than WB (94.8 cm vs 90.8 cm, p < 0.001). Adjusting for traditional stroke risk factors, ISA, BSA, and QSA continued to display an increased risk of diabetes compared with WB by 3.28 (95% CI: 2.53-4.25, p < 0.001), 3.61 (95% CI: 2.90-4.51, p < 0.001), and 5.24 (95% CI: 3.93-7.00, p < 0.001), respectively. South Asian ischemic stroke patients living in Britain and Qatar have a near 3.5-fold risk of diabetes compared with White British stroke patients. Their body composition may partly help explain that increased risk. These findings have important implications for public health policymakers in nations with large South Asian populations.

BMI categories across different living arrangements.

Research on the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) categories across different living arrangements remains limited. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of BMI categories among those living alone (LA) and those not living alone (NLA). In this population-based cross-sectional study, we used individual-level data from the 2011-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Main outcomes were prevalence of BMI categories in LA and NLA, adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, using logistic regression and model-predicted marginal prevalence to estimate BMI categories prevalence. Between 2011 and 2021, we quantified BMI categories prevalence in 4,195,414 adults in the BRFSS, with 1,197,787 (28.5%) adults LA and 2,997,627 (71.5%) adults NLA. In comparison to NLA, LA consistently demonstrates lower adjusted obesity prevalence across genders and age groups, with the highest prevalence observed in the 45-64 age range, particularly within the 45-54 group (LA: 37.4%, 95% CI: 37.1-37.8%; NLA: 34.3%, 95% CI: 33.8-34.7%). Additionally, LA displays an overall lower adjusted prevalence of overweight compared to NLA, notably in the 18-34 and >64 age groups. Heterogeneity in BMI categories prevalence exists between LA and NLA. Future studies and public health efforts should consider this heterogeneity.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Body Mass Index in Some Rural Agro-Settlements, South-East Nigeria

Assessment of the Prevalence of Body Mass Index in Some Rural Agro-Settlements, South-East Nigeria

Risk of obesity during a gluten-free diet in pediatric and adult patients with celiac disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Obesity is a significant risk factor for many pathological conditions. Whether a gluten-free diet (GFD) is a risk factor for overweight or obesity remains controversial. The primary aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) categories at disease presentation and the variation in BMI category from underweight/normal to overweight/obese and vice versa during a GFD. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched through February 2021 for retrospective, cross-sectional, and prospective studies reporting BMI categories at disease diagnosis and during a GFD. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers independently. Disagreements were resolved by consensus; a third reviewer was consulted, if necessary. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool. Subgroup analysis based on age (pediatric/adult patients), study design (prospective, cross-sectional, retrospective), and duration of GFD was performed.. Forty-five studies were selected (7959 patients with celiac disease and 20 524 healthy controls). The mean BMI of celiac patients at presentation was significantly lower than that of controls (P < 0.001). During a GFD, the mean BMI increased significantly (mean difference = 1.14 kg/m2 [95%CI, 0.68-1.60 kg/m2]; I2 = 82.8%; P < 0.001), but only 9% of patients (95%CI, 7%-12%; I2 = 80.0%) changed from the underweight/normal BMI category to the overweight/obese category, while 20% (95%CI, 11%-29%; I2 = 85.8%) moved into a lower BMI category. Most celiac patients had a normal BMI at presentation, although the mean BMI was significantly lower than that of controls. A GFD does not increase the risk of becoming overweight/obese, especially in children. The quality of several studies was suboptimal, with moderate or high overall risk of bias and heterogeneity.

Time trends and projected obesity epidemic in Brazilian adults between 2006 and 2030

We examined time trends and projected obesity epidemic in Brazilian adults between 2006 and 2030 by sex, race/skin color, educational attainment, and state capitals. Self-reported body weight and height of 730,309 adults (≥ 18 years) from the Vigitel study were collected by telephone interview between 2006 and 2019. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to predict the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) categories as a function of time by 2030. The prevalence of obesity increased from 11.8% in 2006 to 20.3% in 2019. The projected prevalences by 2030 are estimated to be 68.1% for overweight, 29.6% for obesity, and 9.3% for obesity classes II and III. Women, black and other minority ethnicities, middle-aged adults, adults with ≤ 7 years of education, and in Northern and Midwestern capitals are estimated to have higher obesity prevalence by 2030. Our findings indicate a sustained increase in the obesity epidemic in all sociodemographic subgroups and across the country. Obesity may reach three out of 10 adults by 2030.

Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Associated with Demographic Factors among Pakistan School-Aged Adolescents

Aim: To investigate the most recent estimates of underweight, overweight, and obesity prevalence in Pakistani school-aged adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sampling approach with 2100 Pakistani from 24 schools in central Punjab province. The CDC US 2000 was used to define underweight &lt; 5th percentile, overweight &gt; 85th to &lt; 95th percentile, and obese equal or greater than 95th percentile, the Chi-square test was used. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the correlation. The statistical significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: prevalence of underweight U/W, overweight O/W, and obesity O/B was (21.9%, 5.8%, and 5.4%, respectively. The BMI had a positive relationship with gender, residency school kind and school level. Conclusion: Underweight, overweight, and obesity were prevalent among Pakistani school-aged adolescents. Girls were significantly more than boys to be overweight and obese. Students in urban regions were more likely than those in rural areas to be overweight. The relationship between BMI, behavioral, and other health variables should also be investigated in future research using longitudinal or interventional approaches. Keywords: Body Mass Index, School-aged adolescents, demographic

Risk Factors for Deep Sternal Wound Infection after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: a Case-Control Study.

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to identify risk factors for deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) after off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) grafting surgery.MethodsA total of 8,442 patients undergoing OPCAB from April 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 956 were eventually enrolled on this study based on our exclusion criteria. All subjects were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=63) - DSWI; group 2 (n=893) - without DSWI. Patients were excluded if they had one of the following: acute coronary syndrome, conversion to OPCAB grafting surgery, redo procedure, concomitant cardiac surgery procedures.ResultsThe prevalence of body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 (7.9% vs. 1.9%, respectively; P=0.01), lower extremity atherosclerotic artery disease (23.8% vs. 7.2%, respectively; P=0.001) and use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (19.5% vs. 2.5%, respectively; P=0.008) was significantly higher in patients with DSWI. The incidence of morbidities, including reoperation for bleeding (26.4% vs. 2.1%, respectively; P<0.001), stroke (4.8% vs. 0.8%, respectively; P=0.02), acute renal failure (7.9% vs. 0.8%, respectively; P=0.001), delirium (7.9% vs. 1.7%, respectively; P=0.008) and blood transfusion (30.6% vs. 9.8%, respectively; P<0.001) was significantly higher in patients with DSWI.ConclusionsA BMI of >40 kg/m2, lower extremity artery disease, use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) graft, postoperative stroke, sepsis, reoperation due to postoperative complications and blood product requirement significantly increased the risk of sternal infection after OPCAB.

Abstract 11718: Prevalence and Trends of Overweight and Obesity Among United States Veterans From 2002 to 2016

Objective: To present the age adjusted prevalence of obesity in men and women veterans by race and geographic region, and to examine the trends in body mass index over 14 years. Methods: We studied a random sample of one million adults from 2002 to 2016 who had height and weight measured at outpatient visits in the national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic medical record system. We excluded those with prevalent cancer, gastric bypass procedures, and extremity amputations. We calculated the sex-specific and age adjusted prevalence of body mass index (obese &gt;30 kg/m 2 ) categories by self-reported race, and geographical region. Results: From a total of 791,392 men, and 50,928 women, average age was 68 years for men and 52 years for women in 2016. Mean BMI was 30 ± 6 kg/m 2 for men and 30 ± 7 kg/m 2 for women. In all, 13% (n=97,861) men and 25% (n=12,510) women were Black, 77% (n=573,232) men and 59% (n=29,538) women were White, 0.9% (n=6,479 ) men and 1.2% (n=613) women were Asian, 0.7% (n=5,202) men and 0.9% (n=473) women were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 0.7% (n=4,490) men and 1% (n=510) women were American Indian. Over the 14-year period from 2002 to 2016, all racial groups were found to have a steady increase in prevalence of obesity except for Asians (Fig 1). Asian men and women had the lowest prevalence of obesity and morbid obesity (20% and 2% for men, 11% and 1% for women). Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and American Indian men and women had the highest increase in prevalence of morbid obesity comparing 2002 to 2016. Men and women in the Midwest had the highest prevalence of obesity and morbid obesity (32%, 6% for men and 31% and 8% for women). Women in the Northeast were found to have a decline in the prevalence of morbid obesity from 2002 to 2016. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has steadily increased in adult men and women veterans from 2002 to 2016 overall. However, there are differences across racial groups and geographic regions.

The Relationship of Body Mass Index and Diabetic Foot Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Royal Prima Hospital on Period 2018 to 2020

Body mass index (BMI) is a simple method that is commonly used to determine whether a person is obese or not. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the metabolic system because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or the body's cells cannot use insulin effectively. Diabetic foot is one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic foot begins with hyperglycemia which causes abnormalities in neuropathy and blood vessels, causing infection. To determine the proportion of body mass index in patients with diabetes mellitus, to determine the prevalence of diabetic feet and non-foots. The research design used in this study is observational analytic. There is a relationship between body mass index and the risk of diabetic foot in type 2 DM patients at Royal Prima Hospital. Prevalence of body mass index 23. 0 in DM Type 2 at Royal Prima Hospital Medan in 2018-2020 reached 70%. The prevalence of diabetic foot in Type 2 DM at the Royal Prima Hospital Medan in 2018-2020 reached 54%.

Changes in Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome during COVID-19 Lockdown Period

Changes in Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome during COVID-19 Lockdown Period

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.

Kenya is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), yet data to inform effective interventions are limited. We investigated the prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and their determinants in a rapidly urbanizing area in Kenya. Data on socio-demographics, dietary and behavioural risk factors, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose, plasma lipids and urinary biomarkers were collected from 221 men and 372 women (25–64 years). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed correlates of elevated blood pressure (EBP) and elevated blood glucose (EBG). Participants’ mean age was 38.0. ± 11.1 years. The prevalence rates of pre-hypertension and hypertension were 49.0% and 31.6% in men and 43.7% and 20.1% in women, respectively, while those of pre-diabetes and diabetes were 8.4% and 8.0% in men and 11.6% and 7.4% in women, respectively. The prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 was higher in women (60.2%) than in men (39.7%). However, both the risk of EBP and EBG were stronger among men than among women. The high prevalence rates of EBP, EBG and overweight/obesity coupled with low physical activity and low fruit and vegetable intake predispose this population to a higher NCD risk. Interventions to mitigate this risk considering the sex differences are urgently required.

Not so implausible: impact of longitudinal assessment of implausible anthropometric measures on obesity prevalence and weight change in children and adolescents

PurposeImplausible anthropometric measures are typically identified using population outlier definitions, conflating implausible and extreme measures. We determined the impact of a longitudinal outlier approach on prevalence of body mass index (BMI) categories and mean change in anthropometric measures in pediatric electronic health record data. MethodsWe examined 996,131 observations from 147,375 children (10–18 years) in the ADVANCE Clinical Data Research Network, a national network of community health centers. Sex-stratified, mixed effects, linear spline regression modeled weight, height, and BMI as a function of age. Longitudinal outliers were defined as observations with studentized residual greater than |6|; population outliers were defined by Centers for Disease Control-defined z-score thresholds. ResultsAt least 99.7% of anthropometric measures were not extreme by longitudinal or population definitions (agreement ≥ 0.995). BMI category prevalence after excluding longitudinal or population outliers differed by less than 0.1%. Among children greater than 85th percentile at baseline, annual mean changes in anthropometric measures were larger in data that excluded longitudinal (girls: 1.24 inches, 12.39 pounds, 1.53 kg/m2; boys: 2.34, 14.08, 1.07) versus population outliers (girls: 0.61 inches, 8.22 pounds, 0.75 kg/m2; boys: 1.53, 11.61, 0.48). ConclusionsLongitudinal outlier methods may reduce underestimation of anthropometric change in children with elevated baseline values.

Case series of infertility amongst young women with perinatally acquired HIV: data from a London cohort

IntroductionIncreased rates of infertility have been reported in women who acquired HIV horizontally compared to population age-matched normative data. However, few data exist for adults with perinatally acquired HIV (PaHIV), who have been exposed to antiretroviral drugs and/or HIV-associated ill health through childhood and puberty. We describe a case series of infertility amongst women with PaHIV attending a London clinic between 2006 and 2017. MethodsA retrospective case-note review was conducted amongst all female PaHIV patients aged >16 years attending a London clinic. All data was captured into an electronic database using paper and electronic clinical records taken from every routine clinic visit (average three times/year between 2006 and 2017). Data captured included HIV viral load, CD4 cell count, antiretroviral therapy regimen, sexual and reproductive health and STI screening. Age-matched analysis of infertility rates compared to the general population were not performed. ResultsIn total, 119 young women were included, with a median age of 20 years (interquartile range [IQR] 18–24, range 16–33 years) at latest follow-up. Three women with PaHIV were diagnosed with infertility (n=3): two with primary ovarian insufficiency (n=2) and one with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (n=1). A further 5/116 (4.3%) were under investigation for menstrual irregularities. Of the remaining 111 young women, 17 (15%) had successfully conceived. All patients were currently prescribed ART, with 93 (78%) having an HIV VL <50 copies/mL at their last visit. Median ART exposure was 13 (IQR 9–17) years. Among five women with reported irregular menstrual cycles there was no correlation with current CD4 cell count, HIV VL or length of ART exposure, although there was an increased prevalence of body mass index >25 kg/m2 (63% vs 30%). ConclusionOverall the reproductive health status for young women with PaHIV was comparable to the general population.

Daily meal frequency and associated variables in children and adolescents

ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency distribution of daily meals and its relation to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric and biochemical factors in children and adolescents. MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study with a representative sample of 708 school children aged 7–14 years. Data on personal information, socioeconomic status, physical activity and number of meals were obtained through semi‐structured questionnaire and consumption by 24‐h recall and food record. Weight and height measurements were also performed to calculate the body mass index. Finally, blood samples were collected for analysis of total cholesterol, high‐ and low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney test, and Poisson regression were used in statistical analysis. ResultsMeal frequency <4 was associated in children, family income <3 Brazilian minimum wages (PR=5.42; 95% CI: 1.29–22.77; p=0.021) and adolescents, the number of sons in the family >2 (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.11–2.11; p=0.010). Even in the age group of 10–14 years, <4 meals was related to higher prevalence of body mass index (PR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.02–1.74; p=0.032) and low‐density lipoprotein (PR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.03–1.87; p=0.030) higher after adjustments. ConclusionLower frequency of meals was related to lower income in children and adolescents, larger number of sons in the family, and increased values of body mass index and low‐density lipoprotein.

Daily meal frequency and associated variables in children and adolescents

ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency distribution of daily meals and its relation to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric and biochemical factors in children and adolescents. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 708 schoolchildren aged 7–14 years. Data on personal information, socioeconomic status, physical activity and number of meals were obtained through semi-structured questionnaire and consumption by 24-h recall and food record. Weight and height measurements were also performed to calculate the body mass index. Finally, blood samples were collected for analysis of total cholesterol, high- and low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney test, and Poisson regression were used in statistical analysis. ResultsMeal frequency <4 was associated in children, family income <3 Brazilian minimum wages (PR=5.42; 95% CI: 1.29–22.77; p=0.021) and adolescents, the number of sons in the family >2 (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.11–2.11; p=0.010). Even in the age group of 10–14 years, <4 meals was related to higher prevalence of body mass index (PR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.02–1.74; p=0.032) and low-density lipoprotein (PR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.03–1.87; p=0.030) higher after adjustments. ConclusionLower frequency of meals was related to lower income in children and adolescents, larger number of sons in the family, and increased values of body mass index and low-density lipoprotein.

Leptin, pre-existing vascular disease, and increased arteriovenous fistula maturation failure in dialysis patients

The adipocytokine leptin is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and exerts proatherogenic effect. Pre-existing vascular disease is an important cause of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation failure. We explored the association between serum leptin, pre-existing vascular disease, and AVF maturation failure in incident hemodialysis patients. Vein samples from 62 patients were collected at the time of AVF creation. Pre-existing vascular disease was evaluated with histologic changes and immunohistochemical characteristics of cellular phenotypes in intima. AVF maturation failure was defined as an AVF that could not be used successfully by the third month after its creation. The prevalence of body mass index ≥30kg/m2 was 17%, and AVF maturation failure occurred in 28 (45%) patients. Patients within the highest leptin tertile showed significantly higher maturation failure rate, independent of age, gender, diabetes, and body mass index. On histologic examination, significant differences in intimal hyperplasia (13.3± 4.5 vs 18.2± 5.2 vs 30.3± 14.3μm) and medial thickening (76.8± 23.7 vs 103.9± 33.6 vs 109.3± 36.5μm) were observed across leptin tertiles. Similarly, medial fibrosis was most severe in the highest tertile. According to the immunohistochemical staining, most intimal cells were α-smooth muscle actin-positive, vimentin-positive, desmin-negative myofibroblasts. However, in the lowest tertile, desmin-positive contractile smooth muscle cells were also frequently observed, suggesting relatively slow phenotypic changes in this group. Furthermore, as leptin tertiles increased, the expression of leptin receptor in the luminal border of intima was significantly decreased. Obesity-related higher fistula maturation failure rate may be partly mediated by higher leptin level-associated pre-existing vascular diseases in end-stage renal disease patients. Decreased expression of leptin receptor may be related to this association.