Pressed Beet Pulp Research Articles

Life cycle assessment of the production of beet sugar and its by-products

This work presents estimates of the emissions resulting from the production of white sugar and its by-products (molasses, pressed beet pulp and dried beet pulp) from sugar beet cultivation to the final product at the factory gate. The study covers the impact of global warming potential, eutrophication potential (freshwater and marine) and particulate matter. The analysis was based on detailed primary data provided by Nordic Sugar A/S, from the Örtofta Sugar Factory (southern Sweden). The results of this analysis are presented for the functional unit of 1 tonne (t) white sugar without allocation. Economic and energy allocations were also applied and compared for white sugar and its by-products. The allocation of emissions to the product and by-products reduced the emissions for white sugar by 9% in the economic allocation, and by 21% in the energy allocation. The low economic value of the by-products gave rather low emissions for all by-products when applying economic allocation. These results were compared with those in the literature for white sugar in terms of global warming potential (GWP), and the results showed the lowest impact for both allocations. Replacing fossil natural gas as the main process energy source with softwood chips reduced the GWP for white sugar (without allocation to by-products) from 623 to 342 kg CO2eq/t, illustrating the considerable potential for greenhouse gas emission reduction by replacing fossil fuels in the production process.

Influence of technological modes on changes in the composition of beet pulp during its processing at the Borinsky sugar plant

The description of the technological scheme of the granulation site at the Borinsky sugar plant is given, with an analysis of the work of the main types of technological equipment to identify problem areas of production. It is established that the use of such a promising press as the one of the Babbinni company allows you to get pulp with a humidity of 68-76 %. To dry it in a drum dryer to a humidity of 11–13%, 170 m3 of natural gas is consumed per 1 ton of pulp. The technological process of obtaining granulated beet pulp includes pressing the initial beet pulp with an initial humidity of 85–90% to a humidity of 68–76 %; drying the pressed pulp with a heat carrier at a temperature of 110–140 °C for 90–120 minutes to a final humidity of 11–13 %; cleaning pellets from metal-magnetic impurities; granulating the pulp (the diameter of the pellets is 10 mm); cooling pellets to a temperature of 30–35 °C; fractionation of pellets into large and small fractions; weighing and shipping granulated beet pulp to the warehouse of finished products. The technological modes influence analysis of beet pulp pressing, drying and granulating processes at the Borinsky sugar plant showed the need to introduce a second stage of pressing to further reduce the moisture content in the pressed pulp. Obtaining pressed pulp with a lower moisture content will significantly reduce the energy consumption for moisture evaporation in the drum dryer. Reducing the duration of the heat drying process of pressed beet pulp in a drum dryer will significantly increase the nutritional value of the granulated beet pulp produced.

Ensilage of pressed beet pulp

Ensiling pressed beet pulp in 100–500 t pits is common practice and enables stable long-term storage of the pulp when the silage is done according to the standard procedure recommended for this purpose. Storage of much bigger volumes of pressed pulp is more challenging with respect to a stable preservation. Nevertheless, there is practical experience on how to overcome the main issues with long-term storage of pressed pulp in much (10 times) bigger pits, which will be touched on in this paper. In addition, there is growing interest in using plastic tubes, so-called Ag bags or pulp sausages, for ensiling pressed pulp. The main features of this relative new techniques will be mentioned.

A concept and industrial testing of a superheated steam rotary dryer demonstrator: Cocurrent-triple pass design

ABSTRACTThis study aims to provide a pertinent demonstration of the feasibility of superheated steam drying (SHSD) at industrial demonstrator scale. The dryer is of co-current, direct contact, and triple pass rotary type. The dryer is designed to operate under pressure (up 2 bar abs.) and at high temperatures (up 600°C). Given the operating conditions of pressure and temperature, the control and the instrumentation of the dryer were the subjects of a special study to ensure safe tests and measurements. The demonstrator was manufactured and set-up on an industrial site. Drying experiments on pressed beet pulp are being carried out. At the end of this study, we hope to show first results to demonstrate the drying feasibility and also to provide relevant data concerning the operation of SHSD.

Measuring water content of pressed beet pulp – Microwave transmission measurement for process optimization and quality improvement

In the 2016 campaign, the Aarberg sugar factory of Schweizer Zucker AG successfully installed and operated a microwave based water content measurement system at the discharge line of the pressed beet pulp aiming for improved availability and reliability of dry substance value allowing a more precise adjustment of water content within contract specifications. For optimum performance, calibration and verification of the measurement results an automated sampling system has been introduced. Within this article the measurement results are presented and compared to laboratory analysis. The improvements achieved on pressed pulp processing in comparison to current methods as well as the sampling setup and the suitability of microwave transmission technology for this measurement task in general are discussed.

The effect of corn or beet pulp silage supplemented diet on production parameters, oxidative stability of muscles and fatty acid composition of abdominal fat in geese

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the production parameters of White Koluda® geese fed with a corn or beet pulp silage supplemented diet. The oxidative stability of breast and thigh muscles during frozen storage and the fatty acid composition of abdominal fat were also investigated. Measurements were carried out on a total of 42 geese of the White Koluda® W31 strain that were divided into three experimental groups: group I (control) - basal diet, group II - basal diet with corn silage addition, group III - basal diet with pressed beet pulp silage addition. Diets containing ad libitum maize silage or sugar beet pulp silage supplemented with a limited amount of commercial diets, significantly reduced BW (about 9%) and ADG (about 27%) of birds compared to the control group in the 14th week of rearing. Feeding corn or sugar beet pulp silage to geese did not affect pH values, heme iron content, colour parameters but decreased lipid oxidation values in muscles 3 days after slaughter. The abdominal fat of geese fed with the pressed beet pulp silage supplemented diet was characterized by a significantly higher content of myristic and linoleic acid and a lower content of oleic acid. In conclusion, feeding geese with limited amount of commercial mixtures supplemented with maize or sugar beet pulp silages may be recommended primarily for increasing financial efficiency in White Koluda® geese farms but also for improving the quality of goose carcasses, due to their low fat and high quality of meat.

Impact of diet composition and temperature-humidity index on water and dry matter intake of high-yielding dairy cows.

The temperature-humidity index (THI) is widely used to characterize heat stress in dairy cattle. Diet composition is known to induce variation in metabolic-associated heat production. However, the relationships between THI and diet are poorly characterized with regard to performance and intake behaviour. Therefore, the objectives were to evaluate the impact of THI on water intake (WI), dry matter intake (DMI) and the frequency of drinking and feeding bouts in lactating dairy cows offered four dietary treatments: each contained 20% grass silage and additionally (i) 20% maize silage, 60% concentrate (M-HC); (ii) 60% maize silage, 20% concentrate (M-LC); (iii) 20% pressed beet pulp silage, 60% concentrate (BPS-HC); or (iv) 60% pressed beet pulp silage, 20% concentrate (BPS-LC) (DM basis). Individual WI and DMI were recorded from April to July 2013. Furthermore, dietary effects on milk production and reticular pH were estimated. Milk yield was lowest for M-LC, while energy-corrected milk was similar for all diets. Milk fat percentage was higher and milk protein amount lower for cows offered both LC diets. Reticular pH below 6.3, 6.0 and 5.8 lasted longest for BPS-LC. WI was higher for HC diets. However, the frequency of drinking bouts was not influenced by the ration. Lower DMI occurred for BPS-LC compared to M-LC. Frequency of feeding bouts was significantly higher for LC diets. THI was significantly related to WI, DMI as well as drinking and feeding bouts. Per increasing THI, WI increased slightly more for LC diets and DMI decreased more for HC diets. Frequency of drinking bouts increased slightly higher for BPS rations per rising THI, while the decrease in feeding bouts was highest for M-HC. In conclusion, TMR composition and moderate heat stress impacted WI and DMI of dairy cows, while both dietary energy density and ruminal filling might intensify the THI impact.

Environmental technology: Fluidised-bed steam dryers — latest developments and practical experience

Fluidised-bed steam dryers have been in use for industrial-scale drying of pressed beet pulp for more than 20 years. This highly energy-efficient process can be considered to be state of the art in the industry. Scientific laboratory and pilot-plant testing have provided the basis for a detailed description of the principles of fluidisation and drying in superheated water vapour. Advances in production data acquisition, in particular regarding the options for the real-time presentation and evaluation of high-resolution operating data (Industry 4.0), have opened up new potentials for optimisation of the drying process in fluidised-bed steam dryers. By analysing and interpreting sequences of events, or simultaneous events, it is now possible to analyse process behaviour in great depth. This allows malfunctions to be avoided by improved design or, assisted by suitable measuring and control systems, to be detected at an early stage. Failures can then be prevented altogether by initiating automated countermeasures. On the basis of more recent insights gained from the analysis of faults and disruptions using modern operating data acquisition, BMA’s fluidised-bed steam dryer (WVT) has been subjected to fundamental technological and technical improvements, so it now meets today’s demands for efficiency and reliability. Modifications include the product inlet, the distribution plate and several other parts, in addition to the known and patented PPS (Plug Protection System; EP 2457649 B1), and the patented rotary weir (EP 2146167 B1).

Application of plant-based antimicrobials for the growth inhibition of clostridia in pressed beet pulp silage

In this study the inhibition of hop beta acids on the growth of clostridia in soil-contaminated pressed sugar beet pulp silages was investigated. Hop beta acids are natural substances which display their effect at low concentrations. Fresh pressed beet pulp material was mixed with soil to artificially contaminate it with clostridia. Laboratory silos were filled with the substrate, stored at 25 °C and opened for sampling at 0, 2, 8, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days. The impact on clostridial growth during silage fermentation was monitored by determination of the pH value and dry matter content, as well as chemical analysis of the fermentation products. Throughout the experiments, the effect of a commercial silage inoculant based on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and hop-resistant LAB were examined with and without the combination of plant-based antimicrobials. Results indicate that in contaminated silage samples without any additives high butyric acid contents occurred due to clostridial growth. This spoilage could not be suppressed by the application of LAB, whereas the combined application of LAB and hop beta acids significantly improved silage quality, which was reflected by favourable organic acid composition (P < 0.05). The experimental data indicate that the application of hop beta acids improves the preservation effect of LAB in suppressing clostridial growth in silages and thus demonstrates some potential for the combined use of plant-based antimicrobials and LAB.

Effects of pressed beet pulp silage inclusion in maize-based rations on performance of high-yielding dairy cows and parameters of rumen fermentation

Beet pulp contains high amounts of pectins that can reduce the risk of rumen disorders compared to using feedstuffs high in starch. The objective was to study the effects of inclusion of ensiled pressed beet pulp in total mixed rations (TMR) for high-yielding dairy cows. Two TMR containing no or about 20% (on dry matter (DM) basis) beet pulp silage were used. The beet pulp silage mainly replaced maize silage and corn cob silage. The TMR were intentionally equal in the concentrations of energy and utilisable crude protein (CP) at the duodenum. TMR were fed to 39 and 40 dairy cows, respectively, for 118 days. The average daily milk yield was about 43 kg/day. No significant differences in milk yield and milk fat or milk protein content were detected. DM intake of cows was significantly reduced by the inclusion of beet pulp silage (23.0 v. 24.5 kg/day). However, a digestibility study, separately conducted with sheep, showed a significantly higher organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy concentration for the TMR that contained beet pulp silage. In vitro gas production kinetics indicated that the intensity of fermentation was lower in the TMR that contained beet pulp silage. In vitro production of short-chain fatty acids, studied using a Rusitec, did not differ between the TMR. However, the inclusion of beet pulp silage in the ration caused a significant reduction in the efficiency of microbial CP synthesis in vitro. The amino acid profile of microbial protein remained unchanged. It was concluded that beet pulp silage has specific effects on ruminal fermentation that may depress feed intake of cows but improve digestibility. An inclusion of beet pulp silage of up to 20% of DM in rations for high-yielding dairy cows is possible without significant effects on milk yield and milk protein or milk fat.

Influence of pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product on intake, gain, efficiency of gain, and carcass composition of growing and finishing beef steers

The objectives of this experiment were to determine a NE value for pressed beet pulp and the value of concentrated separator by-product (de-sugared molasses) as a ruminal N source in growing and finishing diets for beef cattle. One hundred forty-four cross-bred beef steers (282 +/- 23 kg of initial BW) were used in 2 experiments (growing and finishing). A randomized complete block design was used, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (level of pressed beet pulp and inclusion of concentrated separator by-product) for both studies. Steers were blocked by BW and allotted randomly to 1 of 6 treatments. In the growing study, the control diet contained 49.5% corn, 31.5% corn silage, 10.0% alfalfa hay, and 9.0% supplement (DM basis). Pressed beet pulp replaced corn at 0, 20, or 40% of dietary DM, and concentrated separator by-product replaced corn and urea at 10% of dietary DM. The growing study lasted for 84 d. Initial BW was an average of 2-d BW after a 3-d, restricted (1.75% of BW) feeding of 50% alfalfa hay and 50% corn silage (DM basis), and final BW was an average of 2-d BW after a 3-d, restricted (1.75% of BW) feeding of 31.5% corn silage, 10.0% alfalfa hay, 25.0% dry-rolled corn, 20.0% pressed beet pulp, 5.0% concentrated separator by-product, and 8.5% supplement (DM basis). After the growing study, the steers were weighed (415 +/- 32 kg), rerandomized, and allotted to 1 of 6 finishing diets. The control diet for the finishing study included 45% dry-rolled corn, 40% high-moisture corn, 5% brome hay, 5% pressed beet pulp, and 5% supplement. Pressed beet pulp replaced high-moisture corn at 5.0, 12.5, and 20.0% of the dietary DM, and concentrated separator by-product replaced high-moisture corn and supplement at 10.0% of diet DM. Steers were slaughtered on d 83 or 98 of the study. In the growing study, the addition of pressed beet pulp to growing diets linearly decreased (P = 0.001) DMI and ADG and inclusion of 10% concentrated separator by-product decreased (P = 0.001) G:F. Increased levels of pressed beet pulp in the finishing diets caused a linear decrease (P = 0.001) in ADG and tended (P = 0.06 and 0.07 for kg/d and % of BW, respectively) to quadratically decrease DMI, whereas addition of concentrated separator by-product increased (P = 0.02 and 0.001 for kg/d and % of BW, respectively) DMI. Apparent NEg of pressed beet pulp was 94.2% of that of corn in the growing study and 81.5% of that of corn in the finishing study.

A comparative study on functional properties of beet and citrus pectins in food systems

Pectin is used in a number of foods as a gelling agent, thickener, texturizer, emulsifier and stabilizer. Sugar-beet pulp, the residue left from sugar extraction, is a rich source of pectin. It was the purpose of this study to optimize the extraction of pectin from sugar-beet pulp and to improve the functional properties of this pectin for more potential uses. To extract pectin, pressed beet pulp was dried and powdered. Beet pectin was then extracted under various conditions (pH 1 and 1.5, temperatures of 80 and 90 °C and extraction periods of 1–4 h). The highest yield (22.4%) was obtained at 90 °C after 4 h at pH 1. Chemical components of the extracted pectin and that of commercial citrus pectin were determined and compared. Also, the beet pectin was used in certain foods and its functional properties compared with those of the commercial citrus pectin. The effects of ammonium persulfate and high pH levels on viscosity and gelling properties were investigated. Finally, the effects of the beet pectin and the commercial citrus pectin on the flavour of certain foods were evaluated. The results indicate that the extracted beet pulp pectin can be used in certain foods such as Ketchup tomato sauce as a thickener or as an agent increasing the viscosity; however, it does not have the ability to form firm gels in food, as compared with commercial citrus pectin.

Fermentation of Sugarbeet Pulp for Ethanol Production Using Bioengineered Klebsiella oxytoca Strain P2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate ethanol production from galacturonic acid and from sugarbeet pulp by bioengineered ethanologenic Klebsiella oxytoca strain P2. K. oxytoca P2 fermentation of galacturonic acid (20 g L -1 ) produced a higher level of acetic acid (6.8 g L -1 ) than of either ethanol (2.2 g L -1 ) or succinic acid (1.6 g L -1 ). Sugarbeet pulp fermentations were conducted with and without fungal enzyme supplementation. Without fungal enzyme supplementation, K. oxytoca P2 produced 5.4 g ethanol L -1 from pelleted pulp and 7.0 g ethanol L -1 from pressed pulp. Inclusion of fungal enzymes (60 mg cellulase and 30 mg pectinase/ g dw sbp) increased ethanol production to 15.5 g ethanol L -1 using pelleted pulp, while fermentation of pressed pulp produced 18.3 g ethanol L -1 . A preincubation step at 42°C and pH 5.0 before fermentation of the pressed beet pulp decreased viscosity, increased mixing, and increased ethanol production from 18.3 g L -1 at 120 hours of fermentation to 21 g ethanol L -1 by 96 hours of fermentation. At a conversion rate of 0.2 g ethanol/ g dry weight sugarbeet pulp, over 97 million gallons of ethanol could be produced in the United States from 1 x 10 6 tons (dry weight) of sugarbeet pulp using this process and Klebsiella oxytoca P2 as the biocatalyst.

Evaluation of the physical structure of fodder beets, potatoes, pressed beet pulp, brewers grains, and corn cob silage.

The physical structure of fodder beets, raw potatoes, ensiled pressed sugar beet pulp, ensiled brewers grains, and corn cob silage was evaluated in diets containing concentrates and either corn silage or grass silage as the roughage source. In one series of experiments, the chewing activity of eight cows was measured over 4 d. The beet pulp and fodder beets were added to the two roughage sources at two ratios [20:80 and 35:65, dry matter (DM) basis]. Potatoes, brewers grains, and corn cob silage were fed in a fixed amount (5 to 6 kg of DM) with corn silage. The chewing indexes (eating and ruminating time per kilogram of DM ingested) for fodder beets and beet pulp averaged 34.3 and 32.3 min/kg of DM, respectively, and were hardly affected by the nature of the roughage or by the inclusion ratio. The chewing indexes for potatoes, brewers grains, and corn cob silage were 23.7, 56.6, and 41.6 min/kg of DM, respectively. In another series of experiments using 8 to 11 cows, the ratio of roughage to concentrates was lowered weekly by 5 percentage units, and the critical rough-age portion of the diet was determined (i.e., the amount just before a lack of physical structure was observed). The roughage source was either fed alone or supplemented with about 4 kg of DM of the experimental feed. The critical roughage portion of the diet decreased when the experimental feeds were added; the decrease was greatest with ensiled pressed beet pulp and was lowest with corn cob silage.

Effect of increasing digestible undegraded protein supply to dairy cows in late gestation on the yield and composition of milk during the subsequent lactation

AbstractEffects of feeding a protein supplement to dairy cows during the dry period on performance during the following lactation were investigated in two experiments. Holstein-Friesian cows were paired towards the end of lactation, and, after drying off, one of each pair received a typical dry cow management regime of ad libitum grass silage (experiment 1), or a mix of grass silage and distillers' grains or pressed beet pulp (experiment 2). The other cows were offered restricted access to the same basal diet, together with ad libitum access to barley straw and 0·5 kg/day high protein maize gluten meal. During the following lactation, animals from both groups were treated without reference to dry period treatment, and were offered equal access to the same lactation diet. Data were analysed by analysis of variance of experiment means and by parallel curve analysis using sample means. In experiment 1, milk yields were similar (27·2 v. 27·9 (s.e.d. 2·12) kg/day for control and supplemented animals respectively) but milk protein yields, and hence concentrations, were significantly higher (P &lt; 0·001) from supplemented animals (28·9 v. 31·8 (s.e.d. 0·58) g/kg). In experiment 2, milk yields were significantly higher (P &lt; 0·001) from supplemented animals (mean 33·3 v. 35·4 (s.e.d. 1·66) kg/day; however, milk protein yields were also significantly increased (P &lt; 0·001) and the change in milk protein concentration was small. No difference in dry-matter intake was recorded in a subset of animals during early lactation in experiment 2. It is hypothesized that the maternal labile body protein pool was maintained or replenished during the dry period by the provision of the protein supplement, and that this had a significant effect on subsequent lactation performance.

Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 1. Feed intake, digestibility and milk performance.

A feeding trial was carried out with 56 dairy cows in &gt;=2nd lactation. The duration of the experiment was 13 wk and started immediately after parturition. Basal diets consisted of maize silage, pressed beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, ensiled brewers' grains and concentrates, which provided 70% of total DM. The remaining 30% of the DM consisted of grass silages, which were given as supplement to the basal diet. Treatments were wilted grass silage (WGS), moist grass silage ensiled with molasses (MGS), moist grass silage ensiled with formic acid (FGS) and wilted grass silage with added water (WW). The rations were given as a total mixed ration (TMR) to avoid selection. All grass silages were harvested between 30 Aug. and 1 Sept. from the same pastures. The moist grass silage differed in chemical composition from the wilted grass silage in ash (higher), crude fibre (lower) and NDF (lower). The in vitro and in vivo digestibility did not differ between silages. Total DM intake was lowest for both moist silages (MGS and FGS) and, as a consequence, net energy intake was also lowest with MGS and FGS. Milk yield was highest on WGS and WW, resulting from the higher energy intake. Milk fat yield and content did not differ between treatments. Milk protein yield was significantly lower for groups given MGS and FGS. Milk protein content tended to be lower for groups given FGS and MGS. During the experiment energy balance was negative on all treatments. Calculation of the duodenal digestible protein value (DVE), using the recommended equation for grass silage, gave WGS silage a better fit with the DVE balance measured in the feeding trial than found with high moisture silages (MGS, FGS), which appeared to be underestimated. Body weight changes correspond favourably with net energy balances, after correction of energy values for volatiles in grass silages, using individual net energy values for volatiles instead of an av. for grass silage OM. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Dried beet pulp, pressed beet pulp and maize silage as substitutes for concentrates in dairy cow rations. 2. Feed intake, fermentation pattern and ruminal degradation characteristics.

In a 3 x 4 Latin square design with periods of 5 weeks rumen cannulated cows were fed on mixed diets supplemented with dried beet pulp (DP) pressed beet pulp (PP) and maize silage (M) at 15 kg DM and 25 kg DM (low, LL1 or high, HL1), respectively. Measurements were made of organic matter degradation (nylon bag) of diet ingredients, while during 48-h periods the pattern of intake, pH and osmolality, and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid (HL) and ammonia (NH3) were determined. The pH and concentration of the major VFA's were similar between treatments. The concentration of the branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), valerate and ammonia were significantly higher with M. The level of intake significantly influenced the pH, concentration of the major VFA's, 2-methyl-butyrate and valerate. The feed intake pattern differed between intake levels, but were similar between diets. Degradability of treatments were calculated from individual degradability measurements of diet ingredients. The undegradable fraction was highest for diet M. The water-soluble fraction was lowest for treatment DP, and the rate of degradation (kd) was lowest for treatment M. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Dried beet pulp, pressed beet pulp and maize silage as substitutes for concentrates in dairy cow rations. 1. Feeding value, feed intake, milk production and milk composition.

A feeding trial was carried out with 48 dairy cows in 2nd or later lactation. The experiment started immediately after parturition and lasted for 13 wk. Basal diets consisted of a mixture of artificially dried grass and maize silage as roughage components, and concentrates based on a mixture of byproduct feeds. In addition to the basal diet, dried beet pulp, ensiled pressed beet pulp or maize silage was given. Two groups received either dried beet pulp (DP) or ensiled pressed beet pulp (PP). The 3rd group received extra maize silage (M). All rations were given as totally mixed rations to prevent selection. Digestibility of the ration components was determined by in vitro and in vivo methods. The feeding value of both types of beet pulp and maize silages was in agreement with that reported in literature. Total DM intake differed significantly between DP and the other groups (PP and M). Energy intake was highest for DP and lowest for group M. Milk yield was similar for all groups. However, group PP displayed an apparently different pattern, with higher peak production than group M. Fat content and fat yield were similar for all groups. Milk protein yield did not differ significantly between groups, but group M tended to have the lowest production. Milk protein percentage did not differ between the groups, although group M was usually lowest. The calculated energy balance was in agreement with liveweight changes. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Sugar and sugar alcohol determination in feedstuffs by HRGC, HPLC and enzymic analysis

AbstractHigh resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refractive index detection (RI) and enzymic analysis (EA) were evaluated for sugar and sugar alcohol determination in pressed beet pulp (P), tomato (T) and apple pomace (A), with maize (M) as a traditional reference forage.The methods were not significantly different for fructose and sucrose, whereas glucose in T and A was overestimated by HPLC as these feedstuffs contain relatively large amounts of mannitol and sorbitol, which co‐elute with glucose in HPLC.HRGC and HPLC capacity factors of several standards are reported, as well as the detection limits of each method. HRGC is about 1000 times more sensitive than HPLC/RI.

Anaerobic hydrolysis of beet pulp ? Discontinuous experiments

Pressed beet pulp has been fermented in batch experiments by adapted mixed cultures under anaerobic conditions. Hydrolysis of the constituents proceeds in two stages, first pectin and pentosans, then cellulose are degraded. These reactions limit the overall process, whereas the formation of organic acids, mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acid, proceeds more readily.