Presoaking Treatment Research Articles

Exposing Seeds of Galtonia candicans to Ethyl Methanesulfonate Reduced Inflorescence Height, Lodging, and Fertility

Cape hyacinth (Galtonia candicans) is a geophytic herbaceous perennial from South Africa. It produces large inflorescences of pendulous white flowers during mid to late summer, followed by capsules filled with copious amounts of seed. The species has potential as a low-water-use landscape plant, but lodging and excessive seed production, which pose a risk of escape or invasion, are issues that should be addressed before marketing. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a chemical mutagen known to induce usable mutations including dwarfing and sterility. We exposed seeds of cape hyacinth to increasing concentrations of EMS (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%). Increased concentrations of EMS resulted in a linear decrease in seed germination when not exposed to a presoak treatment in water before exposure to EMS. No seedlings survived or were viable to field plant at 0.6%, 0.8%, or 1%. Resulting plants were field planted in 2013 and evaluated during 2014 and 2015. In both years, the inflorescence height at first flower, average seed number per capsule, and percent lodging were reduced in EMS-treated plants compared with controls. In 2015, pollen staining was evaluated and was reduced from 83% in control to less than 3% in the 0.4% treatment. Our study demonstrated that EMS is a viable option to reduce height and decrease seed set in cape hyacinth.

Two-way shape memory effects of sulfur vulcanized natural rubber (NR) and NR/paraffin wax (PW)/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites

Abstract In this study, we investigated the shape memory properties of natural rubber and paraffin wax (NR/PW) blends and composites (8:2, 6:4 and 4:6) vulcanized with sulfur/accelerators. Different loadings of paraffin wax in the natural rubber matrix were prepared to evaluate the one-way and two-way shape memory performance in the blends using the melting temperature of wax as the switching temperature. With the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT), the prepared NR/PW-CNT nanocomposites not only have the improved wax dispersion but also could be remotely heated by near-infrared laser irradiation to trigger the shape memory process in a short time. The simple crosslinked NR with or without crystallizing wax also demonstrated high actuation and recovery magnitudes in the two-way shape memory behavior. Most surprisingly, to the best of our knowledge, the NR/PW blends and nanocomposites showed the first published solvent vapor-triggered reversible shape memory system without any external stress and pre-soaking treatment in the open literature. This approach paves the way for numerous possibilities to prepare multi-triggered systems with reversible shape memory properties.

Effect of Preparation and Freezing Methods on the Concentration of Resistant Starch, Antinutritional Factors and FODMAPs in Beans

Background: During frozen storage, the properties of vegetables are greatly influenced by storage conditions, especially temperature and time, even at low temperatures, suffering important quality attributes modification as a result of the action of biochemical activity, chemical and physical phenomena. The effect of freezing on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) processed under domestic processing conditions was evaluated to investigate the contents of resistant starch, oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose), phytate levels, protein digestibility and the inhibitory trypsin activity. Methods: The beans were cooked after different pre-soaking treatments and frozen (-20°C) for one, two and three weeks respectively. Results: A reduction was observed in the content of resistant starch by the use of the pre-soaking treatments; however, it increased significantly after freezing the samples from the treatments in which the soaking water was maintained and in which the cooked beans were frozen for 7 days. In the case of oligosaccharide content (raffinose and stachyose), cowpea beans had higher levels than the common beans, with changes in their values after 7 days of freezing. In the treatments in which the soaking water was discarded before cooking, raffinose and stachyose showed variable levels. In cowpea, the treatment in which the soaking water was not used in cooking showed a reduction in the content of phytate at 14 days of freezing, with inhibition of trypsin at 21 days compared with the initial time. Digestibility in all treatments was improved after freezing. Conclusion: The increase in resistant starch content, removal of phytate and trypsin inhibitors, and bean flatulence factors were significant in cooked beans after freezing between 14 and 21 days.

Influence of Presoaking Treatment on Softening Rate during Cooking in Various Storage Legumes

Influence of Presoaking Treatment on Softening Rate during Cooking in Various Storage Legumes

Effect of Pre-soaking Treatment on Softening and Hardening during Cooking of Stored Beans

Effect of Pre-soaking Treatment on Softening and Hardening during Cooking of Stored Beans

Brassinosteroids Reciprocates Heavy Metals Induced Oxidative Stress in Radish by Regulating the Expression of Key Antioxidant Enzyme Genes

ABSTRACT Heavy metal toxicity in plants lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzyme system is also not able to revert altered ROS homeostasis. The present study reports the heavy metal induced ROS toxicity by up-regulating the expression of key antioxidant enzyme genes through Brassinosteroids pre-soaking treatment in radish.

Effect of Pre-soaking by distilled water on seeds germination of black seeds (Nigella sativa L.) under salinity stress

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effects of salinity and presoaking treatments on final germination percentage, days to 50% germination, and recovery percentage of Nigella sativa seeds. Seeds were divided into two groups and for 24h one group was presoaked in different NaCl concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 mM), while the other was presoaked in distilled water. They were then sown in Petri dishes and watered with salinity treatments. Results showed high significant difference between the two presoaking treatments. Final germination percentage of seeds of the first group was negatively affected where it decreased as salinity concentration increased. Only seeds at 25 mM reached to 50% of germination after ten days, while those at other concentrations failed. Results also showed that seeds of the second group were germinated well after being exposed to salinity stress. They also achieved more than 50% germination during the first five days of experiment. The recovery percentage of the un-germinated seeds of the two groups was low indicating toxic ionic effect on seed germination and viability. It was concluded that salinity effect on germination traits increases with the increase in concentration and presoaking treatment in distilled water helps seeds to reduce salinity stress.

Chitooligosaccharides enhance cold tolerance by repairing photodamaged PS II in rice

AbstractChitooligosaccharides (COS) are multi-functional foods and nutrients and environmentally friendly biological abiotic-resistance inducing agents for plants. In the current study, the effects and possible mechanisms of COS on improving the cold resistance of rice (II YOU 1259) seedlings were investigated. Compared with the control, a COS pre-soaking treatment enhanced photosynthesis, reduced oxidation damage and led to accumulation of more osmotic regulation substances under chilling treatment. In addition, a novel Deg/HtrA family serine endopeptidase (DegQ) gene, related to COS enhanced rice cold resistance, was identified. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that transcription of DegQ and psbA (D1 protein encoding gene) were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner by COS treatment under cold stress. With increasing expression of the D1 protein, chlorophyll b content was enhanced correspondingly. The current results suggest that COS could enhance cold stress tolerance of rice by repairing the photodamaged photosystem II, altering osmotic regulation and reducing oxidation damage.

Effect of cytokinin and gibberellic acid applications on seed germination and growth of Rauvolfia verticillata plant

Abstract. Lestari S, Solichatun, Anggarwulan E. 2018. Effect of cytokinin and gibberellic acid applications on seed germination and growth of Rauvolfia verticillata plant. Cell Biol Dev 2: 27-32. The purposes of this research are to study the effect of cytokinin and gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination and growth of Rauvolfia verticillata Lour. or pule pandak and to determine the best treatment combination that has an optimal effect on the seed germination and growth of R. verticillata. This study was done in a complete randomized design by combination treatment of gibberellic acid and cytokinin that consist of 6 treatment combinations including GA3 0 ppm/ cytokinin 0 ppm, GA3 50 ppm/ cytokinin 0 ppm, GA3 0 ppm/ cytokinin 50 ppm, GA3 50 ppm/ cytokinin 50 ppm, GA3 50 ppm/ cytokinin 75 ppm, GA3 75 ppm/ cytokinin 50 ppm and 8 replicates. The treatments were given by soaking the mature seed in the hormone solution. Some parameters such as germination and growth parameter were measured. The result shows that presoaking treatment with GA3 50 ppm had a greater influence on germinating time, germination percentage, plant height, leaf number, leaf wide, and dry weight than presoaking use cytokinin 50 ppm. Presoaking treatment using a combination of GA3 and cytokinin (G50S50) has a significant influence on increasing fresh weight and dry weight. The combination of GA3 and cytokinin in the concentration of G50S75 influences fresh weight and dry weight plants. The combination of GA3 and cytokinin in concentration G75S50 influences increased germination percentage, plant height, leaf number, and leaf wide.

Interaction of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid regulates pigment contents, antioxidative defense responses, and gene expression in Brassica juncea L. seedlings under Pb stress

Lead (Pb) is considered one the most hazardous pollutant, and its accumulation in soil and plants is of prime concern. To understand the role of plant hormones in combating heavy metal stress, the present study was planned to assess the interactive effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) (10-7M) and salicylic acid (SA) (1mM) in regulating growth, pigment contents, antioxidative defense response, and gene expression in Brassica juncea L. seedlings exposed to different concentrations of Pb metal (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75mM). Reduction in root and shoot lengths, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and non-enzymatic antioxidants like glutathione, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol in response to Pb toxicity was observed. The enzymatic antioxidants such as guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione peroxidase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate redductase (MDHAR), glutathione-S-transferease (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) were lowered in response to Pb treatments. Other antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enhanced under metal stress. Co-application of EBL + SA to 0.75mM Pb-treated seedlings resulted in improvement of root and shoot lengths, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents. Similarly, glutathione, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol contents were also elevated. Enzymatic antioxidants were also significantly enhanced in response to pre-sowing combined treatment of both hormones. Gene expression analysis suggested elevation in expression of CAT, POD, GR, DHAR, and GST genes by application of EBL. Our results reveal that Pb metal toxicity caused adverse impact on B. juncea L. seedlings, but pre-soaking treatment with EBL and SA individually and in combination help seedlings to counter the ill effects of Pb by improving growth, contents of pigment, and modulation of antioxidative defense system. The combined application of EBL and SA was found to be more effective in ameliorating Pb stress as compared to their individual treatments.

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High Pressure Processing Treatment of Fresh-Cut Carrots: Effect of Presoaking in Calcium Salts on Quality Parameters

Effect of high pressure (HP) treatment (200–600 MPa; 0–20 min) on quality of fresh-cut carrot slices was evaluated after presoaking in selected calcium salt solutions (1% calcium chloride, 1% calcium lactate, 1% calcium gluconate, and distilled water as control) for one hour. Results showed that calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution pretreatment was most effective for preserving the hardness of carrot slices at 400 and 600 MPa and this treatment also resulted in the least amount of color change in carrots, followed by calcium lactate, gluconate, and control pretreatments. The average sensory evaluation scores during 9 days of refrigerated storage at 4°C in control, CaCl2, calcium lactate, and calcium gluconate presoaking treatments followed by HP treatment were 6.4 ± 0.5, 8.0 ± 0.5, 7.8 ± 0.4, and 7.6 ± 0.3, respectively, on a zero to 9 scale for quality.

Germination response of velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense Willd.) seeds treated with pre-sowing soaking in water at varying temperatures and durations

The study evaluated Dialium guineense Willd. seeds response to pre–soaking in water for varying durations and temperature regimes, as a way of addressing the species seed dormancy challenge. Experimental laid out used was 2 x 4 factorial experiment in completely randomized design (r=4). Daily germination counts were taken for ten weeks after sowing. Data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p<0.05. Results showed that germination started within the first seven days after sowing (DAS) for most of the treatments, but was erratic and neither uniform nor massive without effective pre-sowing treatment practice. Only seeds soaked in 75 °C water for 6 hours reached highest 52.5% cumulative germination at 70 DAS, which was followed by seeds soaked in warm water at 45 °C for 6 hours that had 40% cumulative germination. Pre-soaking in water at 30 °C had the least germination performance among the treatments evaluated. Comparison of the two treatment factors (soaking duration and temperature) showed that water at higher temperature regime of 75 °C was most impactful in eliciting improvement in total germination of D. guineense up to 52.5% than soaking duration alone. Six hour soaking gave higher mean total germination (31.4±2.19%) than 12 hour pre-soaking (29.7±4.06%), irrespective of the water temperature. The study has open up opportunity to explore further the optimum higher temperature regimes for pre-soaking in water that will boost massive uniform germination at the earliest possible time; since pre-soaking treatment in water remains safest for both the grower and seed itself among other dormancy breaking methods.

A seed treatment to prevent shoot apical meristem arrest in Brassica oleracea

Abstract Brassica oleracea plants can suffer from shoot apical meristem arrest, when sown at cold temperatures, giving rise to so-called blind seedlings that stop development and the formation of new leaves. We developed a seed treatment that strongly reduces the occurrence of this meristem arrest in kohlrabi and cabbage seedlings. The developed treatment involves soaking the seeds in water for one hour at 22 °C before sowing at 0–2 °C. The reduction of susceptibility to induction of shoot apical meristem arrest could be maintained when seeds were dried after the pre-soaking treatment. A strong reduction in susceptibility could also be obtained by incubating the seeds for four hours with a limited amount of water to 20% moisture content. However, when the hydration was performed at seed moisture levels between 30 and 50%, the sensitivity to shoot apical meristem arrest was regained upon drying. The developed treatment to prevent the occurrence of shoot apical meristem arrest can easily be upscaled for implementation at the commercial level.

Modulation of antioxidative defense expression and osmolyte content by co-application of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid in Pb exposed Indian mustard plants

The study focuses on potential of combined pre-soaking treatment of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) and Salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating Pb phytotoxicity in Brassica juncea L. plants. The seeds after treatment with combination of both the hormones were sown in mixture of soil, sand and manure (3:1:1) and were exposed to Pb concentrations (0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM). After 30 days of growth, the plants were harvested and processed, for quantification of various metabolites. It was found that pre-sowing of seeds in combination of EBL and SA, mitigated the adverse effects of metal stress by modulating antioxidative defense response and enhanced osmolyte contents. Dry matter content and heavy metal tolerance index were enhanced in response to co-application of EBL and SA. The levels of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were lowered by the combined treatment of hormones. Enhancement in activities of guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-s-transferase were recorded. Contents of glutathione, tocopherol and ascorbic acid were also enhanced in response to co-application of both hormones. Expression of POD, CAT, GR and GST1 genes were up-regulated whereas SOD gene was observed to be down-regulated. Contents of proline, trehalose and glycine betaine were also reported to be elevated as a result of treatment with EBL+SA. The results suggest that co-application of EBL+SA may play an imperative role in improving the antioxidative defense expression of B. juncea plants to combat the oxidative stress generated by Pb toxicity.

Effect of Presoaking Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Seeds with Gibberellic, Abscisic or Ascorbic Acids on Alleviation of Salinity Stress

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of presoaking of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seeds (polygerm) with gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, or ascorbic acid on alleviation of salt stress at seedling stage. The salinity levels of irrigation solution were 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl and the presoaking treatments were water as a control, 10 µM GA3, 10 µM ABA, and 0.5 mM ASA for 12 hrs. Seeds were sown in plastic pot containing 0.8 Kg prewashed sand and irrigated three times weekly by 100 mL per pot of one-tenth modified Hoagland solution containing the salt level. After seven weeks from sowing, the whole plants were collected. The results indicated that increasing salt concentration decreased the fresh and dry weight of whole plant, shoot and root, and shoot height of all presoaking treatments. However, shoot/root ratio on fresh and dry weight basis and moisture content of whole plant, shoot and root, chlorophyll content index, and electrolyte leakage were increased with increasing salt concentration of all presoaking treatments. However, presoaking of sugar beet seeds (polygerm) with the GA3, ABA, or ASA showed no significant effect to alleviation salt stress on sugar beet seedlings. However, the interaction between salt levels and presoaking treatments was significant for whole plant and root fresh and dry weights, shoot/root ratio on fresh weight basis, whole plant and root moisture content and chlorophyll content index, while nonsignificant for shoot fresh and dry weights, shoot height, shoot/root ratio on dry weight basis, shoot moisture content and electrolyte leakage.

Synergistic effect of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid on photosynthetic efficiency and gene expression in Brassica juncea L. under Pb stress.

Lead (Pb) has wide-ranging effects on various essential physiological processes in plants including seed germination, root/ shoot growth, photosynthetic efficiency, water status, and activities of enzymes. The effect of combined treatment of 24-epibrassinolide (10-7 M, EBL) and salicylic acid (1 mM, SA) on growth, photosynthetic attributes, and phenolic compounds in 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old plants of Brassica juncea L. under Pb stress (0.25 mM, 0.50 mM, and 0.75 mM) were studied. It was observed that Pb toxicity resulted in lowered growth and photosynthetic efficiency. The expressions of CHLASE, PSY, CHS, and PAL genes were altered. Presoaking treatment with the combination of EBL and SA for metal-stressed plants mitigated the adverse effects of metal stress by improving growth and levels of pigment and phenolic compounds.

Effect of seed priming with plant growth regulators and temperature on Withania somnifera L. DUNAL

Seeds of Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera var. Poshita and Jawahar-20) were exposed to various pre-soaking treatments (24,48 and 72 hours) with different concentrations of three growth regulators (GA3, IBA, and IAA) ranges from 0.25 to 150 ppm at different temperatures (22, 25 and 280C) to observe the combined effect of these factors on germination. Exposure at 280C with 100ppm GA3 for 24 hours soaking time and 125 ppm GA3 with 72 hours soaking time showed most synergistic effect on germination in J20 (76.66%) and Poshita (73.33%), respectively. Though IBA and IAA also showed significant increase in germination in both the varieties but it was not as effective as GA3. Study concluded that growth regulators and appropriate temperatures play a synergistic role in breaking the seed dormancy by influencing various metabolic activities at this moment.

24-epibrassinolide mediated regulation of endogenous contents of auxins, abscisic acid, lipids and sugars in Brassica juncea L. under copper stress

Brassinosteroids (BRs) role in increasing plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses has been a well established fact. In the present investigation, we evaluated the effect of seed pre-soaking treatment of 24- epibrassinolide (24-EpiBR) on the soil Cu(II) stress tolerance of 30-day old Brassica juncea L. plants. It increases the ability of plants to survive under stress conditions by modulating the endogenous content of various plant growth regulators and other biomolecules. We observed that the application of 24-EpiBR improved the shoot weight and root weight of the plants under Cu(II) stress. Improvement in the content of various parameters when Cu(II) was supplemented with 24-EpiBR such as sugars (glucose and sucrose); lipids (phospholipids, total sterols and esterified sterols) and plant growth regulators (abscisic acid and auxins), further proved the role of 24-EpiBR in stress amelioration. It reduced the cellular damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by Cu(II) as evident by the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content with its application under Cu(II) stress. Our study has given a further insight into the functions of 24-EpiBR in increasing plant survival under heavy metal stress in a more elaborate way.

Seed Germination and Dormancy Breaking of Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai

This study was carried out to develop an effective seed propagation method for Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai by analyzing seed dormancy types and germination characteristics. Seeds were collected between September to October at Gangwon province, and well-selected seeds were used while being dry-stored at 4&#xB1;1&#x2103;. The seed size ranged 4.52 &#xD7; 1.58 &#x339C; and the weight of thousand seeds were 1,603.5 &#xB1; 0.02 &#x338E;. The moisture content was 7.2%. Seeds were achene type, and morphology characters showed an elliptical shape and rough texture, and light brown in color. Moist-chilling treatment was conducted for dormancy breaking because the seeds had an undeveloped embryo of liner type. The embryo had developed during a moist-chilling period, constantly, and fully developed in 10 weeks. Consequently, it seemed to be non-deep complex or intermediate complex type of morphophysiological dormancy, and embryo dormancy was broken by wet-chilling for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of wet-chilling treatment, seed germination began. Germination percentage was higher in dark condition raher than light condition and recorded the maximum at 25&#x2103; in the dark (16.3%). A pre-soaking treatment with a combined plant growth hormones promoted germination and shortened T₅₀. Specifically, seed germination of 84.5% was achieved by pre-soaking of seeds with a combined solution of 500 &#x338E;/L GA₃ and 10 &#x338E;/L kinetin for 24 h after a wet-chilling treatment for 10 weeks. Thus the effect of plant growth hormones coupled with chilling temperature on seed breaking dormancy provide asubsequent growth of seedlings for successful plantation.