Presence Of Molasses Research Articles

The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

Recovery of valuable metals from end-of-life cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) by leaching using acetic acid in the presence of an organic reductant is a promising combination to overcome environmental concerns that arise from employing inorganic reagents. This study investigated the effect of using molasses as a reductant in acetic acid leaching of a mixture of cathode and anode materials (black mass) prepared using mechanical treatments from spent LiBs. The effects of temperature, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, and acid concentration on the leaching of target metals (Co, Ni, Mn, and Li), current collector metal foil elements (Al and Cu), and Fe from the battery casing, with and without reductant, were investigated to obtain the optimum leaching conditions. The effect of adding the molasses at the start of leaching and after 1 h of leaching was tested. Acid leaching without molasses extracted the target metals Li, Ni, Co, and Mn with an efficiency <35% for all leaching parameters. However, the Al and Fe extractions increased as the acid molarity increased. Molasses addition at the start of leaching increased the extraction of the target metals to >96% at temperatures >50 °C. This is likely due to oxidation of the reducing sugars in the molasses that reduced the insoluble Co(III), Ni(III), and Mn(IV) components to soluble Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) species, respectively. The kinetics of Co extraction in the presence of molasses were analysed, which has indicated that the rate-determining step in the Co leaching process is the reduction of Co(III) on the surface of particles in the black mass. Excess molasses can precipitate out target metals, especially Co, due to the presence of oxalic acid in the molasses. The reducing effect precipitated Cu(II) to Cu2O, and could further reduce Co to metal, which suggests that leaching with the optimum dosage of acetic acid and molasses may selectively precipitate copper.

Evaluation of molasses concentration and anoxic-aerobic react period in biodecolorization and mineralization of tartrazine (acid yellow 23)

Dyes are widely used in the textile industry and 10–15% of these dyes are lost to effluent during the dyeing process. Dye reduction usually requires anaerobic or anoxic conditions, whereas bacterial biodegradation of aromatic amines is an exclusively aerobic process. Despite of its feasibility, increase efficiency of anaerobic color removal requires fast reductive processes with electron donor (organic co-substrate) which is usually the drawbacks of conventional biological process. The present study focuses on the evaluation of molasses concentration and anoxicaerobic react period in biodecolorization and mineralization of tartrazine under integrated anoxic-aerobic react sequencing batch reactor (IAASBR). The IAASBR system was operated under anoxic-aerobic condition with 24 hours per cycle. Different molasses loading (0.5 g/L; 1.0 g/L) and anoxic/aerobic react periods (17/4 hours; 12.5/8.5 hours) were adopted, and their effects on microorganism growth, tartrazine decolorization and COD removal were determined. Removal efficiency of tartrazine dye and COD increased to around 50–70% and up to 95%, respectively, after the molasses concentration doubled from 0.5 g/L to 1.0 g/L. The MLVSS also increased from 3660 mg/L to 7700 mg/L. The presence of molasses promote the growth of biomass in the IAASBR system and improve the treatment efficiency of IAASBR in biodecolorization and mineralization of tartrazine. In addition, shorter anoxic react (12.5/8.5 hours anoxic/aerobic) exhibited higher COD reduction (up to 94.00 mg COD/L.hr) compared to 71.93 mg COD/L.hr for 17/4 hours anoxic/aerobic period. However, for biodecolorization of tartrazine dye, influence of the anoxic-aerobic react duration was insignificant but more consistent tartrazine removal was observed under 12.5/8.5 hours anoxic/aerobic period.

Application of cane molasses as concrete retarder admixture

Cane molasses a local material, one of the four types of sugar by-product coming out of the factory among with bagasse, pressed mud, and discharging water containing mud. It contains sugar, non-sugar, and water. Despite the objective of sugar factories, which intended to produce molasses whose purity is as low as possible, most of the time it contains some amount of sugar which can be capable of acting as a retarder admixture. In Ethiopia, a considerable amount of molasses is being discharged as a by-product from sugar factories every year. Thus, this study aims to explore the potentiality of molasses material for concrete works. This study tried to establish a different mix ratio of molasses as a retarder for the concrete mix, while at the same time, the properties of C-25 Concrete were determined. It was found out that the presence of molasses in concrete had significantly extended the setting time and reduce the rate of strength development at early ages but enhance the compressive strength at the later ages. During the study, it became evident that the addition of molasses into cement paste has the capability to delay the setting time of cement paste with a minimum of 380 min and a maximum of 990 min and at the same time it increases the concrete compressive strength at the 28th days with a range of 4.5–16.52%. Therefore, molasses could be used as a conventional retarder admixture for concrete.

Hydrocarbon degradation capacity and population dynamics of a microbial consortium obtained using a sequencing batch reactor in the presence of molasses

A native microbial consortium capable of degrading hydrocarbons was employed as an inoculum source in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using molasses as a carbon source. The microbial biomass in the SBR was able to grow in the presence of molasses, degrading 88% of the reducing sugar. Moreover, the consortium produced in the SBR was capable of maintaining 75% of the capacity for biodegradation of oil with respect to the original capacity of the native microbial consortium. Monitoring of the microbial population structure was accomplished using PCR-DGGE. The results indicated that the microbial populations grown in molasses were stable during crude oil degradation, as judged by comparison to the population structure of the native microbial consortium. The results obtained demonstrated that molasses could be used as a carbon source to promote the growth of biomass with oildegrading capacity.

Maintenance of EBPR in an aerobic baffled reactor under varying total phosphorus concentration using dried powdered sludge and molasses

This study examined the performance of EBPR in a baffled reactor operating under fully aerobic conditions using dried powdered sludge and molasses. Total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the used synthetic feed was varied between 1.4–40mg/L. Experimental results showed that the baffled reactor removed 0.45±0.02–16.9±0.1mg of TP per g of suspended solids during steady-state operation, and the biomass TP content varied between 1.1±0.02%–22.3±0.1%, suggesting that aerobic EBPR can be achieved using dried powdered sludge and molasses. Biomass TP content correlated with TP release levels. TP uptake took place in the presence of molasses. COD and NH4+-N removal efficiencies were not affected much by different TP concentrations. TP was primarily stored in the form of intracellular storage of polyphosphate (poly-P). The possible reasons for TP removal were investigated and it was found that the main reason for TP removal in this study was the release of extracellular enzymes by microorganisms due to the addition of dried powdered sludge. Tracer studies results showed that dead space in the reactor ranged from 12.8 to 19.3%. The pattern of flow in the reactor was neither entirely plug flow nor entirely mixed.

Dual bioremediation of phenol and Cr(VI) by mixed microbial cultures in the presence of molasses.

Simultaneous phenol and Cr(VI) bioremoval by two different mixed cultures, from petroleum-contaminated soil (PS) and boron-contaminated wastewater (BW), was investigated in regard to different culture media, pH levels (6-8), initial phenol (25-100 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (15-50 mg/L) concentrations. The optimum medium was found to be mineral salt medium tested, which contained 1% (v/v) molasses (MSM). Optimum pH values were 6 for PS and 8 for BW. All of the phenol present in the samples was mineralized regardless of its concentrations tested, Cr(VI) bioremoval was enhanced by the increase in phenol concentrations, and molasses also exerted a positive effect on Cr(VI) removal, and the yields reached 100% for both pollutants, even at 13.1 mg/L Cr(VI) and 91.1 mg/L phenol concentration in PS samples. In MSM containing PS samples approximate efficiency was 100% for phenol removal; but Cr(VI) removal ratios were 64.9% and 41.7% at 25.8 mg/L and 41.3 mg/L concentrations, respectively. Finally it can be concluded that molasses stimulated Cr(VI) bioremoval at elevated phenolic conditions in the mixed microbial culture, and molasses might be of use for the bioremediation of phenol and Cr(VI) polluted wastewaters.

Bioactivity of a Novel Glycolipid Produced by a Halophilic Buttiauxella sp. and Improving Submerged Fermentation Using a Response Surface Method.

An antimicrobial glycolipid biosurfactant (GBS), extracted and identified from a marine bacterium, was studied to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. Production of the GBS was optimized using a statistical method, a response surface method (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) for obtaining maximum yields on a cost-effective substrate, molasses. The GBS-producing bacterium was identified as Buttiauxella Species in terms of biochemical and molecular characteristics. This compound showed a desirable antimicrobial activity against some pathogens such as E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Aspergilus niger, Salmonella enterica. The rheological studies described the stability of the GBS at high values in a range of pH (7–8), temperature (20–60) and salinity (0%–3%). The statistical optimization of GBS fermentation was found to be pH 7, temperature 33 °C, Peptone 1%, NaCl 1% and molasses 1%. The potency of the GBS as an effective antimicrobial agent provides evidence for its use against food and human pathogens. Moreover, favorable production of the GBS in the presence of molasses as a cheap substrate and the feasibility of pilot scale fermentation using an RSM method could expand its uses in food, pharmaceutical products and oil industries.

Investigation of Biosurfactant Activity and Asphaltene Biodegradation by Bacillus cereus

In this research, a biosurfactant-producing bacterium with capability of asphaltene degradation was isolated from oil-contaminated soil samples, and identified as Bacillus cereus. This strain produced an effective biosurfactant in the presence of molasses and the surface tension was reduced to the level of 36.4 mN/m after 48 h under optimum conditions. The optimum values of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N), pH, and temperature for biosurfactant production were determined as 30:1, 7.3 and 29 °C, respectively, using response surface methodology. The maximum emulsification activity in the culture broth was 53 % after 48 h using kerosene at 25 °C. The goodness of fit of four growth kinetic models including Tessier, Contois, Logistic and Westerhoff was compared for the bacterial growth and molasses utilization of B. cereus in 5-L batch bioreactor during 120 h. Conducted kinetic study showed that biosurfactant production had a good fit with the Contois growth kinetic model (R2 = 0.962) and the maximum specific growth rate (µ max ), saturation constant (K s ) and the yield of biomass per substrate (Y x/s ) were determined to be 0.145 h−1, 1.83 g/L and 0.428 g/g, respectively. The asphaltene biodegradation in flask was evaluated by FTIR analysis and quantified by a spectrophotometer. This bacterium was able to degrade up to 40 % of asphaltene as a sole carbon and energy source after 60 days at 28 °C. The resulting surface tension of 30.2 mN/m with the critical micelle concentration of 23.4 mg/L indicated good efficiency of the biosurfactant.

Improvement of fumigaclavine C production in a two-stage culture of Aspergillus fumigatus with molasses as a cost-effective ingredient

Fumigaclavine C (FC), which is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, is a conidiation-associated ergot alkaloid with significant medical benefits. However, its application is restricted by low yields from submerged cultures. In this study, the technical feasibility of using molasses as a cost-effective ingredient for FC production in a two-stage culture of A. fumigatus was evaluated. The results indicated that molasses supplementation significantly enhanced FC accumulation by promoting conidiation and up-regulating hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. Via the optimization of the two-stage process in the presence of molasses, FC production in shake flasks reached 226.9 mg/L, which was approximately three times that in the original medium (75.9 mg/L). The use of molasses as a cost-effective ingredient for FC fermentation was also successfully reproduced in a lab-scale bioreactor system in which the maximum FC production reached 215.0 mg/L. The FC production obtained in this study is the highest ever reported. This increased efficiency will enable large-scale production of FC and extend the application of molasses as a low-cost substrate for producing other conidiation-related secondary metabolites.

Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), damage and infestation in the presence of molasses

The Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) is used for control of false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on citrus in South Africa. The virus is applied with molasses, which has been shown to improve its efficacy against FCM. However, little is known about the influence of molasses used as a spray additive on citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii, a major cosmetic pest of citrus fruit. The aim of this study was to determine if molasses influences the occurrence of, and damage to fruit, caused by Scitothrips aurantii. A field trial was conducted that included trees sprayed with different molasses concentrations and control trees at four sites in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Scirtothrips aurantii population sizes were quantified through monitoring with yellow sticky traps, a scouting protocol and a damage assessment after application of the respective treatments. Numbers of adult S. aurantii caught with yellow sticky traps were high for all study sites but there was no significant difference among treatments within sites (P > 0.05). Scouting also revealed high S. aurantii numbers combined with low numbers of predatory mites. However, there was no significant difference in the number of adult or larval S. aurantii present on fruit among treatments within sites (P > 0.05). A damage evaluation, conducted one month after the study, showed no significant difference among treatments (P > 0.05). This study has shown that the inclusion of molasses, applied as a medium cover spray, does not result in increased S. aurantii infestation or damage and can thus be included in the CrleGV applications.

Efficacy of olive mill wastewater for protecting Bacillus thuringiensis formulation from UV radiations

The effectiveness of 10 low-cost UV-absorbers in protecting Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki BLB1 toxins against inactivation by UV-A and UV-B irradiation was evaluated in this study. Among them, two by-products, molasses and olive mill wastewater (OMW) were selected for further studies. They were tested at different concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% using the para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as a common UV protectant. Interestingly, addition of PABA and OMW to BLB1 formulations was found to be most effective in protecting BLB1 spores at 90.8 and 76.4% respectively and in preserving delta-endotoxin concentration at a level of 81.7 and 72.2%, respectively when used at a concentration of 0.2%. The lowest preserved spores (46.3%) and delta-endotoxin level (12.4%) was found using molasses. In contrast, spore count and delta-endotoxin concentration were completely reduced after an exposure of unprotected Bt strain BLB1 to UV radiations up to 96h. SDS-PAGE analysis of protected and unprotected samples revealed that delta-endotoxin bands (130, 65–70kDa) were conserved until 96h of UV exposure in presence of PABA or OMW compared with their disappearance in presence of molasses after 72h of exposure and their dramatically decline from 8h of exposure in unprotected mixture. A complete loss of larvicidal toxicity against Ephestia kuehniella was found after 24h of exposure in absence of any UV-absorber. Addition of OMW or PABA offered the highest levels of insecticidal activity with 63.2 and 74.7% of residual toxicity, respectively. Whereas, molasses addition, as UV protectant retained only 26.3% of residual activity after 96h of exposure. Therefore, addition of OMW by-product to Bt formulation may be a suitable alternative to others synthetic chemical compounds. OMW may also provided added value, be environmentally friendly and less hazardous, when used at low concentration.

Comparing knee clinical examination and MRI findings with arthroscopy results in meniscus ruptures among 122 patients admitted at Qaem hospital from 0212 to 0210

The present work leads to sustainability (responsible management of resources consumption) of both paper and sugar industries. It, simultaneously, upgrades recycled waste paper (namely old newsprint) and creates a new use for molasses (an important byproduct of the sugar industry). This study introduces -for the first time world wide- a novel environmentally safe approach to upgrade recycled natural cellulose fibers (waste paper namely old newsprint), for use as specialty paper green nanocomposites suitable for several advanced purposes. The recycled cellulose fibers are upgraded by increasing their alpha cellulose content, and restoring their natural nanoporous structure, which is -normally- collapsed due to the first cycle of papermaking. Molasses is then incorporated into this restored nanoporous structure to obtain paper green nanocomposites filled with kaolin in presence of molasses. In comparison to conventionally recycled waste paper, the green paper nanocomposites -produced in this work- exhibit high dry and wet strength, and a surprisingly tremendous retention of inorganic fillers used in papermaking. This was achieved through a green nanotechnology process, where the solvent used is water (the ideal green solvent). The input and output components are renewable environmentally safe materials i.e. waste paper (cellulose fibers) and molasses (a by product of the sugar industry). The procedures used are simple physical processes conducted at room temperature rather than hazardous chemical reactions. Thus, saving energy, and decreasing the risk of chemical and thermal accidents, pollutive releases, explosions, and fires.

Functions of effective microorganisms in bioremediation of the contaminated harbor sediments

The aim of this study was to apply loess balls containing effective microorganisms (EM) to the remediation of contaminated harbor sediments, and to thereby elucidate the functions of EM in remediation. Changes in physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological parameters were measured to monitor the remediation process at a laboratory scale. Treatment with high concentrations of EM stock culture and EM loess balls (4%), and a low concentration of EM loess balls (0.1%) that contained molasses (0.05%) contributed to more rapid removal of malodor. Acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, caponic acid, and lactic acid were rapidly removed in the presence of molasses (0.05% w/w) as a carbon nutrient source, indicating enhanced EM activity by amendment with molasses. Fermentation of molasses by EM showed that more acetic acid was produced compared with other organic acids, and that the majority of organic acids were eventually converted to acetate via intermediate metabolites. Sediment bioremediation tests showed there was no significant difference in eubacterial density with the control and the treatments. However, the density of a Lactobacillus sp. in sediments treated with 0.1% and 4.0% EM loess balls was significantly higher than the control, which indicated the bioaugmentation effect of EM loess balls in the polluted sediments. Treatment with EM loess balls and an appropriate amount of molasses, or other nutrients, will facilitate the remediation of polluted marine sediments by malodor removal, via EM degradation or utilization of offensive organic acids. To our knowledge, this is the first study to remediate contaminated marine (harbor) sediments using EM loess balls and to understand EM function during the bioaugmentation process, both in terms of organic acid metabolism and the dynamics of the engineered microbial community.

Hyperproductivity of extracellular enzymes from indigenous white rot fungi (P. chrysosporium IBL-03) by utilizing agro-wastes

An indigenous locally isolated white rot fungal strain Phanerochaete chrysosporium IBL-03was investigated for the hyper-production of ligninolytic enzymes from different agro-industrial wastes including wheat straw, rice straw, banana stalks, corncobs, corn stover, and sugarcane bagasse as substrate material in still culture fermentation technique. Screening experiments were performed at 30oC from 1 to 10 days and maximum enzyme activities were recorded after the 5th day of incubation on banana stalk. P. chrysosporium IBL-03 produced highestactivities of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) but no laccase activity was detected in any fermented culture media. Production of ligninolytic enzymes was substantially enhanced through the optimization process. When banana stalk at 66.6 % moisture level and pH 4.5 was inoculated with 5mL spore suspension of P. chrysosporium IBL-03 at 35oC in the presence of molasses (1%) as carbon source, ammonium sulfate (0.2%) as nitrogen supplement, (1%) Tween-80 (0.3 mL) as surfactant and mediators (MnSO4 and veratryl alcohol) enhanced the LiP and MnP production up to 1040 and 965 (U/mL), respectively.

Kinetics of reductive leaching of manganese oxide ore with molasses in nitric acid solution

The kinetics of reductive leaching of manganese from a low grade manganese ore in dilute nitric acid in the presence of molasses is examined. The rate is controlled by diffusion through the “product” layer composed of the associated minerals. The leaching process follows the kinetic model 1 − 2/3 X − (1 − X) 2/3 = kt with an apparent activation energy of 25.7 kJ/mole. It is concluded that the concentration of HNO 3 and molasses as well as temperature are the main factors influencing the leaching rate. The results indicate a reaction order of 1.2 for HNO 3 concentration and 1.9 for molasses concentration.

Recovery of manganese using molasses as reductant in nitric acid solution

The present work provides an investigation of the recovery of manganese from a relatively low-grade ore (37.5% Mn) located in Um-Bogma, Sinai area, Egypt. Several leaching experiments have been performed in HNO 3 acid medium to which molasses as an additive was used to benefit from the reduction action of glucose and fructose. Leaching parameters were optimized as 2.7 M HNO 3 in the presence of molasses (20% of the input weight) in a solid–liquid ratio of 1:12 at 95 °C for 2 h. Under these conditions, the recovery efficiency of manganese attained about 98%, whilst iron dissolution did not exceed 12.9%. The recovery efficiencies of the interesting associated metal values (Cu, Co, Zn, Ni and Cr) have also been investigated. Manganese oxide was recovered from leach liquor in basic media after removal of major gangue impurities by precipitation technique. High purity manganese oxide products namely; (Bixbyite Mn 2O 3) and activated manganese oxide (hausmannite Mn 3O 4) were prepared. The latter was obtained via precipitation in basic media followed by activation using HNO 3 as oxidant and ignition. The obtained products were suitable for several industrial applications besides, ammonium nitrate as added by-product.

Simultaneous degradation of nitroaromatic compounds TNT, RDX, atrazine, and simazine by Pseudomonas putida HK‐6 in bench‐scale bioreactors

AbstractBACKGROUND: Environmental contamination by nitroaromatic compounds such as 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐s‐triazine (RDX), atrazine, and/or simazine (TRAS) generated as waste from military and agricultural activities is a serious worldwide problem. Microbiological treatment of these compounds is an attractive method because many explosives and herbicides are biodegradable and the process can be made cost‐effective. We explored the feasibility of using cultures of Pseudomonas putida HK‐6 for simultaneous degradation of TRAS with the aim of microbial application in wastewater treatment in bench‐scale bioreactors.RESULTS: Experiments were conducted to study the effects of supplemental carbons, nitrogens, and Tween‐80 on the degradation of Ps. putida HK‐6 in media containing TRAS as target substrate(s). The most effective TRAS degradation was shown in the presence of molasses. Addition of nitrogen sources produced a delayed effect for the target substrate(s). Tween‐80 enhanced the degradation of target substrate(s). Simultaneous degradation of these compounds proceeded to completion within the given period.CONCLUSIONS: Ps. putida HK‐6 was capable of growth with TRAS, and the effects of supplements on TRAS degradation and simultaneous TRAS degradation were evaluated in bench‐scale bioreactors. The results of this study have practical applications in the processes of industrial waste stream treatment where the disposal of TRAS may be problematic. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Molasses as Bifidus Promoter on Bifidobacteria and Lactic acid Bacteria growing in skim milk

Two potential probiotics strains were cultivated in skim milk containing different food additive. The total numbers of Bifidobacteria were stable throughout the study period in both subjects, but lactobacillus numbers were less constant and stable. Samples were examined for (a) viability, and (b) level of organic acids biosynthesis (lactic and acetic acids). Bifidobacteria were evaluated for their potential use in skim milk. Strains were grouped according to their growth rate in reconstituted skim milk. Molasses supported and enhanced growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus more than other dietary carbohydrates. Organic acids biosynthesis were enhanced when Bifidobacteria were grown in the presence of molasses. Presented at a First international Biological and Environmental Sciences held in Hurgada Egypt 13-16 March 2008.

Influence of molasses additive and moisture level at ensiling on fermentative characteristics of Panicum maximum

Silages made from directly cut or wilted Panicum maximum treated with or without molasses, were evaluated to determine fermentative characteristics. The grass was harvested at the boot stage of growth and the material of each treatment was ensiled in separate 1kg mini-silos. Compared to day 0 (control), silage pH dropped significantly at day 7 for molasses-treated silage regardless of initial moisture level. In the untreated silage a slightly lower pH was recorded for the unwilted silage. Molasses treatment resulted in a lower silage pH, higher lactic acid and lower acetic acid concentrations starting from day 7 throughout the fermentation period. Compared to prior wilted silages, lower (p < 0.05) pH, higher lactic acid and lower acetic acid concentrations were recorded for directly cut silages throughout the fermentation period. Molasses had no influence on the nitrogen (N) content of silage, but wilting resulted in a higher N content compared to unwilted silage in presence of molasses. Neither the influence of molasses nor the initial moisture level had a significant effect on ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration on day 7, but an interaction between molasses addition and moisture level was evident on day 21 and 120. The level of ammonia nitrogen increased with fermentation time. The addition of molasses seemed to be beneficial to the fermentation process and resulted in well preserved silage, whereas the effect of initial moisture condition seems to have little significance.

Structure Formation of Porcelain Based on Nontraditional Raw Materials with a Biologically Active Additive

The mechanism of the reaction between the components of porcelain mixtures based on Gusevskoe stone in the presence of molasses additive with a comprehensive effect is analyzed. The possibility of using this additive as an environmentally pure strengthening additive to produce porcelain articles by single firing on the basis of nontraditional materials is demonstrated.