Presence Of Male Hormone Research Articles

Opioides, sexo e gênero

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sexo e um fator importante na modulacao da experiencia dolorosa. Evidencias significativas tem demonstrado que a experiencia a dor difere entre homens e mulheres, bem como na resposta a ativacao do sistema opioide e seus efeitos analgesicos. Ha evidencias que as mulheres tem menor limiar que os homens para alguns estimulos algicos. Os neurotransmissores opioides e seus receptores estao centralmente envolvidos na resposta ao estresse, na supressao a dor e na acao dos analgesicos opioides. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relacao entre sexo, genero e sistema opioide e discutir a relevância de um dos aspectos mais intrigantes da fisiologia da dor: a presenca da diferenca entre sexo e genero, sistema opioide e as respostas da analgesia por opioides. CONTEUDO: Uma revisao da literatura sobre opioides, sexo e genero, cujo objetivo foi mostrar dados atuais sobre a experiencia dolorosa entre homens e mulheres, a ativacao opioide central e a resposta aos analgesicos opioides. CONCLUSAO: Os dados disponiveis na literatura, e os trabalhos em andamento indicam que o sexo provavelmente seja responsavel pelas diferencas a analgesia opioide em homens e mulheres, mas a direcao e a magnitude destas diferencas dependem de variaveis que se interagem. Como fatores importantes que interagem na percepcao dolorosa e na resposta analgesica opioide, devem ser levados em consideracao os fatores socioculturais e biologicos, incluindo as variacoes hormonais em mulheres e a presenca do hormonio masculino nos homens.

Impact of Female Sex Hormones on Liver Tissue Lactic Acidosis During Ischemia

Lower liver transplant success is observed when the donor is female. Intracellular acidosis during ischemia is proposed to contribute to the injury sustained by the transplanted organ and its role in livers obtained from nonheartbeating donors is unclear. Research has shown that livers of female rats develop a greater degree of intracellular acidosis during ischemia than males. This work explores the role of sex hormones in mediating this sex difference. Subgroups of neutered female rats were given 17 beta-estradiol (E), progesterone (P), or combination (E+P). To compare the effects of female sex hormones in males, subgroups of intact and castrated males received 17 beta-estradiol. In vivo and ischemic liver biopsies were taken and analyzed for lactate and H. Although there was no effect of hormone therapy on baseline metabolic parameters, during ischemia compared to neutered females, livers from E females significantly (P<0.01) increased lactate by 56% and H+ by 71%, while E+P significantly increased only lactate (39%; P<0.05). Livers from neutered males given 17 beta-estradiol showed significantly greater (P<0.001) accumulation of lactate (80%) and H+ (79%). This was even shown in intact males, where despite a blunted response, 17 beta-estradiol, significantly (P<0.05) increased lactate by 39% and H+ by 25%. This study illustrates the mechanisms for the sex difference in the liver's metabolic response to ischemia are estrogen mediated, which is seen even in the presence of male hormones, thus offering one explanation for the lower liver transplant success when the donor is female.

Sex hormone-mediated effects on the phase I and phase II metabolism of N-2-fluorenylacetamide

Sex differences in the phase I (cytochrome P-450-catalyzed hydroxylations) and phase II (conjugations) metabolism of N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) by the livers of 50-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and effects of gonadectomy were determined. The higher level (1.4 times) of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes of male rats correlated with their 8 and 1.3 times greater capacities to form 9-hydroxy(OH)-2-FAA and 7-OH-2-FAA respectively. One week after gonadectomy, the formation of 9-OH-2-FAA, the major metabolite in the male, was decreased by 70%, whereas in the female it was increased 1.3 times. Treatment of male rats with β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) increased the formation of phenolic metabolites and N-OH-2-FAA, but decreased that of 9-OH-2-FAA. The amounts of 9-OH-2-FAA were increased, however, in β-NF-treated female and gonadectomized male rats. These sex hormone- and β-NF-mediated differences in the extent of 9-hydroxylation of 2-FAA are discussed in relation to the fluctuations in the levels of specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes. In contrast to the phenolic metabolites and N-OH-2-FAA, 9-OH-2-FAA was a poor substrate for UDP-glucuronyltransferase; this conjugation was not induced by treatment of male rats with β-NF. Hence, in the presence of male hormones, relatively large amounts of 9-OH-2-FAA were formed and possibly retained in the liver. A role of this alcohol as a potential promoter in hepatocarcinogenesis by 2-FAA is suggested.

A sex-limited serum protein variant in the mouse: hormonal control of phenotypic expression.

The sex-limited protein (Slp) antigen of the mouse is first detected in the serum of strain DBA/2J males at 5–6 weeks of age and reaches full adult levels by 10 weeks. This antigen is normally absent in females. Immature DBA/2J males castrated at 3 1/2 weeks of age failed to develop Slp antigen, while DBA/2J females treated with testosterone propionate starting at 3 1/2 weeks developed normal adult male levels of Slp antigen. Similar hormone-influenced effects were demonstrated in adult males and females of the same strain. Experiments indicated that testosterone does not act directly in the serum to expose Slp antigenic sites. Testosterone treatment of both males and females of strain C57BL/10JSf, which does not carry the gene for the presence of the Slp antigen, failed to stimulate the appearance of the antigen. Thus, the presence of Slp antigen in the serum is dependent on both the proper genotype and the presence of male hormone.

Effects in Female Young Born of Pregnant Rats Injected with Androgens

Hormonal factors are known to influence parturition and the condition of the young. Interference with parturition in the rat has been reported with pituitary and placental extracts and pregnancy urine pituitary implants,,1e luteal extracts, hypophysectomy, estrogens, and androgens. The present report deals with some of the permanent effects on female rats whose mothers received andro-genic substances during pregnancy. Study has been made of 10 female young which have grown to maturity and have either been sacrificed or have died from abnormalities resulting from effects of androgen injections in their mothers. Female young, born after adequate androgenic treatment of the pregnant mother (500 gamma of testosterone propionate in 0.1 cc. of peanut oil injected subcutaneously daily during the last third of pregnancy), superficially resemble males in that the clitoris is large and penis-like, the perineum extensive and. scrotum-like, and the pin-point vaginal opening absent. (1) Upon gross inspection no vaginal aperture was seen (Fig. 1) and the peripheral portion of the vagina was absent beyond a small tubercle about 1 cm. from the perineum. The fluid-containing cavity within the uterus and cervical portion of the vagina was abruptly terminated at the tubercle. (2) The nipples were either absent or were markedly underdeveloped. Absence and underdevelopment were seen in the same animal. Mammary glands were nearly normal in appearance. (3) The internal reproductive system with the above exceptions was intact and some degree of ovarian function was evidenced by uterine, vaginal, and mammary histology, by the presence of follicles and corpora lutea, and by fluid in the uterus and vagina. (4) The uterus and existent portion of the vagina were greatly bloated with retained fluid in 6 of the animals (Fig. 1). The dimensions of the expanded uterine cervix and vagina were as great as 35×30×32 mm. Apparently this large distension by fluid, which followed the assumption of functional activity of the reproductive system, proved fatal in the majority of these animals, seemingly partly by compression of the colon. The urinary system was also affected, the bladder and urethra being held taut by the subjacent expansion of the reproductive system. The preliminary study of permanent abnormalities in rats resulting from injections of hormones to the mother during pregnancy, suggest the following inferences: (a) Pseudohermaphroditism may be produced by androgen injection, the females presenting a masculine appearance with a penis-like clitoris, scrotum-like perineum and an absence of proper development of the nipples and the outer portion of the vagina. (b) The absence of nipples in the normal male rat may be correlated with the presence of male hormone. (c) Possible harmful effects on the foetus must be guarded against in clinical use of hormonal substances in large amounts or at critical times during pregnancy.

Prostatic Type of Paraurethral Glands Induced in Female Rats by Administration of Male Sex Hormone.*

Summary1. Skene's ducts in the female rat are usually rudimentary. Male hormone substance stimulates growth of these glands to a condition which resembles grossly and histologically the prostate of the male rat. 2. In the present series the incidence of these glands in 35 normal animals is 9.4%, in 13 oestrone-injected animals 0%, in 48 male hormone-injected animals 58.3%. 3. The state of Skene's ducts may be utilized as an indicator of the presence of male hormone. 4. In view of the growth response to male but not to female hormones, the occasional finding of Skene's ducts in an uninjected female rat suggests the presence of male hormone in the normal female. 5. The growth response of the female prostatic glands to the male hormone is further evidence of the masculinizing effect of male hormone substance of the female animal.