Presence Of Bacteria Species Research Articles

Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Zamfara North Senatorial District, Nigeria

Provision of portable drinking water is of public health concern especially in developing countries where this is unavailable. Microbes are ubiquitous and are known to contaminate materials including food and water. Microbial contamination cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. A basic laboratory test is the best way to tell if coliform organisms are present as they can be there with no appearance or taste difference. The microbiological quality of drinking water (DW) in Zamfara North Senatorial Zone was examined. A total of 16, two each from each of eight brands of sachet water were bought from water vendors, and were examined for total bacteria load, total coliform and presence of bacteria species using standard microbiological techniques. The result showed that the total viable count of bacteria in all the samples ranged from 6.0×102 CFU/ml to 4.0×108 CFU/ml. Total coliform was 1.8×107 MPN/100 ml for all the four tested samples (D, G, I, J). The organisms isolated were Pseudomonas maltophila, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas pseudomollia, Salmonella typhi, Shigella species, and Pseudomonas dimineta. Prevalence of different isolates revealed that Pseudomonas, C. freundii, S. typhi and E. coli were predominant in comparison to Shigella species. The present study revealed that the microbial quality often exceed World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) allowable limit of 1.0x102 CFU/ml for potable water and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) maximum permissible level of 10 CFU/ml (total coliform) and 0 CFU/100ml. The high microbial isolates and load may have contaminated the water from the environment. These microbes found in the drinking water sources are known to cause several diseases. Present study indicate that water testing would ensure the supply and availability of contamination-free drinking water; and awareness amongst people towards sanitation and hygienic conditions for storage of drinking water is needed to keep away the use of contaminated water. The present study suggests that drinking water sources should be properly treated prior to consumption using appropriate methods; so as to reduce the occurrence of waterborne diseases.

English

The rotating biological contactor (RBC) process was frequently used for the biological wastewater treatment in order to remove pollutants and to improve the water qualitybefore discharge to the environment. The presence of bacteria species in the secondary treated wastewater indicates the necessity of a tertiary treatment process [ultraviolet (UV)-C radiation disinfection] to reduce the number of living organisms in the water. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method using 16S rDNA was commonly used for a direct comparison of structural diversity among different microbial communities. In the present study, community in treated and untreated wastewater from RBC treatment plantwas investigated using DGGE coupled with sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments from bands of interest. The analysis of the DGGE profiles and the sequence of the dominant DGGE bands showed a variability of the bacterial community with season. DGGE patterns of samples collected in summer were more complex than those collected in winter. In addition, the investigation of the effect of increasing UV253.7 germicidal doses on the bacterial community, in secondary treated wastewater effluent, revealed variabilityin bacterial tolerance to UV253.7 radiation. This variability is inter-specific and is dependent on the UV-C dose used and the bacterial specie irradiated. Consequently, this study demonstrated that DGGE method coupled with sequencing provides precise information on RBC and UV-C wastewater treatment process.   Key words: Wastewater, biological treatment, bacterial communities, polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), 16S rDNA, ultraviolet (UV)-C radiation disinfection.

The presence of bacteria species in semen and sperm quality

To verify the prevalence of semen bacterial contamination and whether the contamination could decrease sperm quality. Spermiogram, semen culture, and sperm transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were performed. TEM data were elaborated using a mathematical formula that calculates a fertility index (FI)--able to define patients as fertile or infertile--and the percentage of sperm apoptosis, immaturity and necrosis. We aligned the amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin with protein of the most frequent species isolated from semen. Patients were divided according to the contaminating species; in each group, we observed fertile individuals, in whom the semen quality was similar to that of controls and infertile men whose sperm quality was significantly decreased, in terms of motility, FI, apoptosis and necrosis. Partial homology between beta-tubulin and bacterial proteins was observed. Sperm bacterial contamination is quite frequent and could contribute to the deterioration of the sperm quality of infertile men.