Preparation Of Inorganic Materials Research Articles

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zirconia Composite Ceramics

As a new technology for preparing zirconia materials, microwave-assisted technology has been widely concerned in recent years. In this paper, the microwave-assisted method and its application in the preparation of inorganic materials are briefly described. The research progress of the preparation of zirconia by microwave-assisted method is reviewed. Some problems existing in the research status are pointed out, and the application prospect in this field is prospected.

C-nanocoated ZnO by TEMPO-oxidized cellulose templating for improved photocatalytic performance

Ultrafine C-doped ZnO/carbon nanocomposites with different photocatalytic activities have been prepared using TEMPO-oxidized cellulose as a template but also as the source of carbon. The result is an enhancement of the photocatalytic activity ascribed to different phenomena: a high mesoporosity beneficial to mass transport, a thin carbon layer onto ZnO increasing the charge transfer and hydrophobicity of ZnO, a narrowing of ZnO band gap and an increase of the zinc (VZn) and oxygen (Vo) vacancies effectively suppressing of the charge recombination. These are evidenced by photocatalytic test of photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) achieved to assess and compared the different photocatalysts. The highest rate constant value of photodegradation of MO is 0.0254 min−1, three times higher than that of ZnO prepared without templates (0.0087 min−1). The present results introduce a new vision of the use of template with multiple roles in the preparation of inorganic materials and specially photocatalysts.

Recent progress in the synthesis of inorganic particulate materials using microfluidics

Abstract Microfluidic systems have unique advantages originating from the miniaturization of real chemical processes. On this basis, the synthesis of inorganic materials, including micro- and nanomaterials, can be used to develop useful features, such as a uniform particle size distribution, morphology control, online monitoring, etc. In this review, we introduce and discuss the recent progress in the preparation of inorganic materials, mainly microfluidics systems. Furthermore, utilizing microfluidic devices, we present the basic principles and representative shape of microfluidic systems. In addition, the synthesis of various inorganic material particles using microfluidic systems, such as metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, organic-inorganic hybrid particles, surface functionalized particles, core-shell particles, and traditional porous materials, is introduced. Finally, we propose the future prospects of microfluidics in the synthesis of noble inorganic materials.

Ionic Liquids for Controlled Synthesis of Functional Materials for Energy-Related Applications

The conventional synthesis of functional materials relies heavily on water and organic solvents. Alternatively, the synthesis of functional materials using or in the presence of ionic liquids represents a burgeoning direction in materials chemistry.1-4 Ionic liquids are a family of non-conventional molten salts that can act as both templates and precursors to functional materials, as well as solvents. They offer many advantages, such as negligible vapor pressures, wide liquidus ranges, good thermal stability, tunable solubility of both organic and inorganic molecules, and much synthesis flexibility. The unique solvation environment of these ionic liquids provides new reaction media for controlling formation of porous materials, creating functional groups in biphasic media, and tailoring morphologies of advanced materials. Challenges and opportunities in using ionic liquids for synthesizing functional materials in energy-related applications will be discussed. Acknowledgment: This work was conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. References (1) Ma, Z.; Yu, J. H.; Dai, S. Preparation of Inorganic Materials Using Ionic Liquids. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 261-285. (2) Sun, X. Q.; Luo, H. M.; Dai, S. Ionic Liquids-Based Extraction: A Promising Strategy for the Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 2100–2128. (3) Huang, K.; Chen, F. F.; Tao, D. J.; Dai, S. Ionic liquid-formulated hybrid solvents for CO2 capture. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2017, 5, 67-73. (4) Yang, Q. W.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Sun, X. G.; Hu, Y. S.; Xing, H. B.; Sheng Dai, S. Ionic liquids and derived materials for lithium and sodium batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 2020-2064.

Reaction of Zirconium Tetrachloride with 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic Acid

The reaction of ZrCl4 with 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid in excess of the acid and also in o-xylene at boiling point of the solvent was studied. Formed zirconium tetrakis(2,2-dimethylbutanoate) is volatile in vacuum that allows its using as a precursor for the preparation of inorganic materials by chemical vapor deposition. During the reaction Zr(C6H11O2)4 is condensed to form polynuclear complexes.

A supramolecular approach to controlling the behavior of excited states

Abstract The use of supramolecular interactions to control the reactivity of excited states is discussed with emphasis on covalent bond formation and catalysis. The latter is shown to apply both to the synthesis of organic compounds as well as to the preparation of inorganic materials.

ChemInform Abstract: Design of Protein Crystals in the Development of Solid Biomaterials

AbstractReview: functionalization for applications in preparation of inorganic materials, asymmetric catalysis and accumulation of functional compounds; 67 refs.

Design of protein crystals in the development of solid biomaterials

Protein crystals have been functionalized for applications in preparation of inorganic materials, asymmetric catalysis and accumulation of functional compounds.

Preparation of Inorganic Materials Using Ionic Liquids

Conventional synthesis of inorganic materials relies heavily on water and organic solvents. Alternatively, the synthesis of inorganic materials using, or in the presence of, ionic liquids represents a burgeoning direction in materials chemistry. Use of ionic liquids in solvent extraction and organic catalysis has been extensively studied, but their use in inorganic synthesis has just begun. Ionic liquids are a family of non-conventional molten salts that can act as templates and precursors to inorganic materials, as well as solvents. They offer many advantages, such as negligible vapor pressures, wide liquidus ranges, good thermal stability, tunable solubility for both organic and inorganic molecules, and much synthetic flexibility. In this Review, the use of ionic liquids in the preparation of several categories of inorganic and hybrid materials (i.e., metal structures, non-metal elements, silicas, organosilicas, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal salts, open-framework structures, ionic liquid-functionalized materials, and supported ionic liquids) is summarized. The status quo of the research field is assessed, and some future perspectives are furnished.

Inorganic Materials and Ionic Liquids: Preparation of Inorganic Materials Using Ionic Liquids (Adv. Mater. 2/2010)

Inorganic Materials and Ionic Liquids: Preparation of Inorganic Materials Using Ionic Liquids (Adv. Mater. 2/2010)

Preparation of Inorganic Materials by Hydrothermal Hot-Pressing

Preparation of Inorganic Materials by Hydrothermal Hot-Pressing

Synthesis of Materials Using a Domestic Microwave Oven.

Recently, much attention has been paid to the microwave processing in the preparation of inorganic materials. The advantages of microwave processing are uniformity of heat treatment and saving of energy and time, which are similar to those of microwave cooking. In this report, our recent research of the synthesis of High-Tc superconductors using a domestic microwave oven is described. We have succeeded in obtaining single-phase samples of the Y-123, Bi-2201 and Bi-2212 phases for several ten min without any post-heat-treatment using an electric furnace. In addition, several reports on the synthesis of other inorganic materials using a domestic microwave oven are introduced.

Humidity sensing characteristics of manganese oxide prepared by sol-gel method

Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), which has been commonly used as a cathode material in drycell batteries, catalyst and water puri®cation material, is a typical example of a multifunctional material. Xu and Miyazaki [1, 2], found that EMD derivatives could be utilized for humidity sensor materials [1], and developed a resistance-type humidity sensor with a high sensitivity and selectivity [2]. Recently, a new potential-type humidity sensor consisting of EMD solid electrolyte with two electrodes of different metals, such as Pt=Cu or Pt=Al, was explored [3, 4]. The humidity sensing properties were strongly dependent on the features of manganese oxides such as crystalline structure and powder morphology, so further research was needed for the development of an ef®cient humidity sensing system. The sol±gel process based on inorganic polymerization reaction from molecular precursors has provided a new approach to the preparation of inorganic materials [5]. This process has allowed better control of the characteristics of oxide powders. Bach et al. [6] reported the synthesis of manganese oxides via a sol±gel route in detail. Le Goff et al. [7, 8] investigated the structural and electrochemical properties of sol±gel-derived manganese oxides and revealed that these oxides were promising rechargeable cathodic materials for lithium batteries. In this study, the potential-type humidity sensing characteristics of manganese oxide samples prepared by a sol±gel method were evaluated in comparison with an International Common EMD sample no. 14 (IC no. 14 EMD). The sol±gel-derived manganese oxide powder was prepared by the following method, as reported by Bach et al. [6]. A 0.25 M aqueous potassium permanganate solution was mixed with an organic reducing agent, such as fumaric acid solution. The molar ratio of potassium permanganate to fumaric acid was ®xed at 3. Under this condition, a darkbrown transparent gel of KMnO2 was rapidly formed at room temperature. The gel was ®ltered and dried in air at 90±100 8C, giving a black xerogel powder. This KMnO2 xerogel was treated with a 2.5 M sulphuric acid solution for 5 h at room temperature to remove potassium. After the sulphuric acid treatment, the resulting manganese oxide powder was washed by decanting, neutralized with an ammoniacal aqueous solution, ®ltered and dried in air at 90±100 8C. The potassium content of the sample was analysed using a ame spectrophotometer (Shimadzu AA6400F). The crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD); Mac Science M03X-HF) using CuKa radiation, and the Brunauer±Emmet± Teller (BET) surface area was measured with an adsorption porosimeter (Micromeritics ASAP 2000). The potential-type humidity sensor constituting a galvanic-type cell system was used in this work. The electrochemical cell system is in the form of Pt=MnOx=Al, where Pt and Al act as the cathode and anode, respectively, and MnOx (manganese oxides) act as the solid electrolyte. To fabricate a sensor element, each of the manganese oxide samples under examination was ground in an agate mortar and wetted with ethanol, then the resulting paste was coated onto a mullite tube (1.0 mm in diameter) with Pt and Al ®lament electrodes (0.25 mm in diameter). The electrodes were embedded in the coated MnOx layer to ensure that an electrical contact was made. The thickness of the MnOx layer was approximately 0.3 mm. The sensor element was placed in a test chamber where the humidity was controllable, as shown in Fig. 1. The electromotive force (EMF) by the galvanic cell-type sensor was measured at room temperature by means of an ADVANTEST-TR2114 digital voltmeter (internal impedance . 10 U), and the impedance of the sensor element containing MnOx was of the order of 10 U [4], which is well within the meaningful range of measuring impedance in this case. A sample of sol±gel-derived manganese oxide produced an almost amorphous XRD pattern, as shown in Fig. 2. The potassium content within this

Comparative Study of the Sol-Gel and Metallo-Organic Decomposition (MOD) Processes for the Preparation of Inorganic Materials

ABSTRACTSol-Gel processing and Metallo-Organic Decomposition are contrasted from the thermodynamics and chemical reactivity points of view. Differences and similarities on precursor requirements, processing characteristics, processing intermediates, and product formation pathways are outlined. Some specific examples are presented and their reaction thermodynamics are compared. Some conclusions regarding thermo-dynamic versus kinetic control are drawn from these examples.

Preparation of inorganic materials, surface treatment, and etching in low pressure plasmas: Present status and future trends

The present status and future trends in the chemistry of nonisothermal plasmas of glow and dielectric barrier discharges are summarized. Particular attention is devoted to the surface treatment, plasma etching, and to the plasma-induced and-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Several open problems which deserve exploratory research are addressed.