Preparation Of Chitosan Research Articles

Preparation and application of magnetic chitosan in environmental remediation and other fields: A review

AbstractMagnetic chitosan has received considerable attention over the decades due to its low cost, biodegradability, green sources, magnetic intensity. In this review, we reviewed the preparation methods of magnetic chitosan using co‐precipitation, cross‐linking and electrochemical. Therein cross‐linking methodologies involved in the reaction of amino groups are facile to introduce additional reaction groups and improve anti‐swelling of chitosan layers, mostly in an acidic environment. Besides, we focused on the applications of magnetic chitosan in various fields such as wastewater treatment, for example, removal of heavy metal ions, organic/inorganic dyes, fluorides, and pesticides. Moreover, magnetic chitosan also reveals great potential application in the field of medical, pharmaceutical, food and electronic screening. Above all, magnetic chitosan is economically and operationally beneficial as it can be easily separated and controlled with an external magnetic field and can be modified to maximize its functions.

Preparation, Characterization and Anticancer Activity of Chitosan Prepared from the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana

The exoskeleton of a cockroach plays a major role in protecting it from pathogenic microbes. It is well known that the main component of the exoskeleton is the chitin which is considered the source of chitosan. This study aimed at investigating the anticancer activity of chitosan prepared from the American cockroach. Chitosan was prepared and characterized with solubility in 1% acetic acid and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The cytotoxicity of chitosan was investigated against Hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and Breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines by the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity has a positive relationship with the chitosan concentration. The half-maximal growth inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 329 and 195 µg/ml with HepG2 and MCF7, respectively. Therefore, Chitosan may be a potential natural compound for the treatment of human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and breast cancer (MCF7).

Preparation of chitosan modified fly ash under acid condition and its adsorption mechanism for Cr(VI) in water

Preparation of chitosan modified fly ash under acid condition and its adsorption mechanism for Cr(VI) in water

Comparative studies of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan doped with nickel and copper: Characterization and antibacterial potential

The study focused on the preparation and antibacterial evaluation of chitosan (CHT), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and their respective metal composites. All the samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial potentials of the samples were tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa A, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa B. SEM results revealed different changes in samples surfaces as a result of chemical modification. EDS revealed the presence of Ni and Cu in the composites. XRD spectra of CMC showed that the crystalline region of CHT was reduced by the modification. The antibacterial results indicated that the samples had inhibitory and bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. at 1000, 500, and 250 mg mL−1. The study showed that CMC and CMC-metal composites performed better at inhibiting the growth of microorganisms than CHT and CHT-metal composites.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan from Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) shell waste as raw material

Chitosan is extracted from Perna viridis as the staring source via the cycle of chitin deacetylation, which is conducted at 90°C for 6 hours using 40% NaOH. Physiochemical properties such as yield (18%), ash content (0.626%), moisture content (2.9%), and solubility, degree of deacetylation (55), fat binding capability (209%) and water binding ability (254 %) revealed that P.viridis is an important alternative source of chitosan. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed the characteristic peaks of OH at 3400cm-1 and amine at 1660cm-1, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggested two critical characteristic peaks at 18° and 34° at (2θ). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the surface morphology of isolated chitosan. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) was also used to describe the thermal stability of P.viridis chitosan. The procoagulant capacity, plasma recalcification time assays and minimal bactericidal activity verified the hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity of the preparation of chitosan.

Preparation of chitosan from waste shrimp shells fermented with Paenibacillus jamilae BAT1

In this study, chitin extraction from shrimp shell powder (SSP) using locally isolated Paenibacillus jamilae BAT1 (GenBank: MN176658), the preparation of chitosan from the extracted chitin, and the characterization and biological activity (antimicrobial and antioxidant) of the prepared chitosan (PC) were investigated. It was determined that P. jamilae BAT1 did not have chitinase activity but showed high protease activity and protein removal potential. Optimum pH, shell concentration and incubation time for deproteinization were determined as 7.0, 60 g/L and 4 days, respectively. Addition of KH2PO4 or MgSO4 did not affect chitin extraction and deproteinization yield. The maximum yields of deproteinization, demineralization and chitin extraction yields were 87.67, 41.95 and 24.5%, respectively. The viscosity-average molecular weight of PC was determined as 1.41 × 105 g/mol. The deacetylation degree of PC (86%) was found to be higher that of commercial chitosan (CC) (78%). DPPH scavenging activity of PC (IC50 0.59 mg/mL) was higher than that of CC (IC50 3.72 mg/mL). PC was found to have higher antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus and the yeast C. albicans when compared to CC. This is the first study on the use of the bacterium P. jamilae in biological chitin extraction.

The role of amphiphilic chitosan in hybrid nanocellulose–reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite

AbstractThe blending of hydrophilic materials with hydrophobic polymers has been reported with agglomeration due to their functional group immiscibility properties. In this study, the properties of PLA/CNF biocomposite were enhanced with amphiphilic chitosan produced by a substitution reaction. The substitution reaction was studied with FT‐IR analysis. The amphiphilic chitosan was used as part of the matrix PLA/chitosan and reinforced with CNF to obtain PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite using combined melt extrusion and compression molding technique. The morphology and structural bonding of amphiphilic chitosan added in the biocomposite were studied with SEM, XRD, and FT‐IR. Furthermore, the mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of PLA/chitosan/CNF composite were studied with tensile analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, water absorption, thickness swelling, and contact angle test. The preparation of the amphiphilic chitosan was successful, as observed from the FT‐IR functional group analysis. The PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite properties showed a significant enhancement in the miscibility, mechanical, and thermal properties with no agglomeration. The wettability test also showed that the composite has a reduced hydrophobic nature compared with the neat PLA. The PLA/chitosan/CNF properties showed potential use for packaging application.

Preparation of carbon dots-hematite quantum dots-loaded hydroxypropyl cellulose-chitosan nanocomposites for drug delivery, sunlight catalytic and antimicrobial application

In this project, we studied the thermal and chemical method for the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs)/Hematite (α-Fe2O3) quantum dots and the preparation of hydroxypropyl cellulose cross-linked chitosan (HPCCS) and ulvan (UN) was performed by chemical method. Carbon dots/α-Fe2O3 quantum dots with size distribution of 3–5 nm were completely encapsulated in the HPCCS/UN NPs to obtain composites, which indicated unique characteristics with respect to antimicrobial, pH-responsive and optical properties. The CDs-HQDs/HPCCS/UN nanocomposites exhibited a single-excitation (440 nm), dual-emission fluorescence property (505 nm and 628 nm for green and red light from CDs-HQDs and HPCCS/UN NPs). The nanocomposites played as a pH-responsive drug delivery process to release ulvan at a fast rate in pH 7.4 buffer solution but at a slow rate in low pH solutions. The CDs-HQDs/HPCCS/UN nanocomposites gained the highest photocatalytic activity for degrading 4-chlorophenol (4-CPh) as a pollutant (>98% during 70 min under sunlight irradiation). Moreover, the nanocomposites indicated great inhibitory influences towards bacterial and fungal.

Preparation and characterization gallic acid-titanium dioxide nanocomposites for biosensing application on voltammetric detection of DNA

Abstract The preparation and testing of Chitosan-[Gallic Acid-Titanium Dioxide] (CHIT-[GA-TiO2]) modified single-use electrodes was performed herein. TiO2 nanoparticles were firstly synthesized by alkoxide hydrolysis and solvothermal method. [GA-TiO2] samples were prepared by using gallic acid and TiO2 nanoparticles while being dissolved in chitosan solution. Crystalline structure and surface properties of the obtained Chitosan-[Gallic Acid-Titanium Dioxide] (CHIT-[GA-TiO2]) nanocomposite were characterized by using X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CHIT-[GA-TiO2] modified single-use electrodes were developed for the first time in our present study and applied for electrochemical monitoring of nucleic acid interaction. For this purpose, the modification of nanocomposite was examined using pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) in combination with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. After fsDNA was immobilized onto the surface of CHIT-[GA-TiO2]/PGE, fsDNA concentration and immobilization time were optimized as 30 µg/mL and 15 min, respectively. The detection limit was calculated and found to be 0.95 µg/mL in the linear concentration range of fsDNA from 2 to 10 µg/mL with the sensitivity of 1.161 µA mL cm−2 µg−1.

Chitosan preparations with improved fat‐binding capacity

AbstractChitosan is a polycationic polysaccharide with good health and nutritional benefits. This study investigated the effect of chitosan properties, such as, biopolymer structure, viscometric molar mass (Mv), and degree of deacetylation (DD), on the fat‐binding capacity between five chitosan preparations (different origins and characteristics) and three types of fat (soybean oil, margarine, and pork lard). The in vitro fat‐binding tests were performed with soybean oil under different pH to simulate the digestion process in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by tests at constant pH (duodenal pH = 6.8) with three types of fat. Shrimp shell nanochitosan had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 62 nm, while that of shrimp shell chitosan and commercial chitosans (CC1, CC2, and CC3) ranged between 1090 and 1405 nm (determined by DLS). The Mv of chitosan varied between 18 and 260 kDa, and the DD ranged from 62% to 92%. Chitosan with medium Mv and high DD presented better results of fat‐binding capacity in the duodenal pH with soybean oil. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of fat‐binding capacity and its correlation with physicochemical properties of chitosan, pH, and type of fat, allowing the production of chitosan‐based products with improved fat‐binding capacity for several applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan and Ethylene Glycol Based Chitosan Films

Environmental concerns associated with packaging materials opened a new challenging research domain for the researchers to investigate the new materials, which could minimize the raised issues and provide a better shelf life to the products. In this regard, natural polymers such as Chitosan has been blended with numerous materials for the development of packaging films. Knowledge of physiochemical properties of new films is essential before using them for packaging. In the present work, Chitosan films are produced using different Ethylene Glycol based solvents. Further, these blended films are characterized in terms of FTIR, TGA, DSC, FESEM, and EDX analysis. The addition of different Ethylene Glycol with the Chitosan shifted the peaks, changed their thermal and endo/exothermic profiles. The images revealed the micro-sized films with better surfaces, which could be good as packaging material.

Preparation of chitosan biguanidine/PANI-containing self-healing semi-conductive waterborne scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Electrically conducting self-healing scaffolds are known as a new series of intelligent biomaterial for regulating Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells biological behaviors, especially their differentiation to bone cells. Herein, we developed a novel hydrophilic semi-conductive chitosan derivative (CP) and loaded it into the self-healing waterborne polyurethane structure, as a new osteogenic agent. The fabricated scaffolds exhibited excellent shape memory properties with shape fixity (> 97 %) and shape recovery ratio (> 98 %) with excellent self-healing value (> 93 %) at a temperature close to the body temperature. The results of MTT, cell attachment, alkaline phosphatase activity, and alizarin red staining analysis demonstrated that the CP-contained scaffolds promote proliferation of hADSCs and matrix mineralization. Also, by introducing the CP the gene expression level of COL-1, ALP, RUNX2, and OCN were significantly enhanced, in line with matrix mineralization. These multifunctional engineered constructs are promising biomaterials for repairing various bone defects.

Clarithromycin Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Development and Characterization

Background:: Chitosan nanoparticles have been extensively studied and used due to their well-recognized applicability in various fields. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide polymer, is extensively used in pharmaceuticals to deliver a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable mucoadhesive polymer that has been extensively used in the preparation of multi particles, particularly nano- and microparticles. Objective:: The main aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions for the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles to get optimal particle size, with optimal zeta potential and narrow polydispersity index and anti-bacterial activity. Methods:: Include the ionic gelation technique for chitosan nanoparticle preparation. The influence of formulation parameters and process parameters on the chitosan nanoparticles were investigated. Besides, the suspension stability of the prepared nanoparticles was also assessed on storage at 4°C. Results: The formulation and process parameters showed a significant effect on the physicochemical and morphological characteristics of the chitosan nanoparticles. The chitosan nanoparticles prepared under optimum conditions (chitosan concentration of 0.5% w/v, CS: TPP mass ratio of 1:3, initial pH of chitosan solution of 4.5, stirred at 750 rpm for 30 min) had shown a mean particle size of ~326.8±15 nm, zeta potential of +28.2 ± 0.5 mV, and PDI of 0.21 ± 0.02. The encapsulation of the clarithromycin slightly increased the polydispersity index, but the zeta potential of the unloaded nanoparticles was not affected while the particle size increased. Under optimum conditions, clarithromycin encapsulation efficiency into nanoparticles was found to be 70%. Additionally, chitosan- tripolyphosphate nanoparticles were shown to be stable for a minimum of fifteen days in deionized water at 4°C. Conclusion:: The current study concludes the optimal conditions to formulate the chitosan nanoparticles with optimal physicochemical characteristics.

Positively charged nanomicelles in water of amphiphilic copolymer chitosan‐g‐polylactide as drug carrier of photoporphyrin IX for photodynamic therapy

AbstractPreparation of amphiphilic graft copolymers of chitosan‐g‐methacrylate‐terminated poly(lactic acid) (CS‐g‐MPLAn) with various chain length of lactic acid monomers in the copolymers (n = 20, 40, and 70) has been successfully carried out by “grafting on” free radical polymerization. Beside to offer a tunable and easy preparation of chitosan (CS)‐based amphiphilic copolymers, the specific purpose is to study the effects of poly(lactic acid) chain length on the micelle properties of the copolymers in water. First, oligomer CS was synthesized by partial oxidation. Second, the methacrylate‐terminated poly(lactic acid) with different chain length were synthesized by ring opening polymerization of lactide monomer using 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and Sn(Oct)2 as initiator and catalyst, respectively. Finally, the grafting process was carried out by free radical copolymerization using cerium(IV) sulfate as initiator at 70°C for 24 h. The CS‐g‐MPLAn amphiphilic copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The hydrophobic drug nanomicelles in water with a narrow‐size distribution, positively charged and high stability have been confirmed. The micelle size is significantly bigger on longer chain of poly(lactic acid); however, the stability, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency are independent on the chain length. The high‐loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency for hydrophobic drug protoporphyrin IX as the model are ensuring the hydrophobic drugs efficacy in photodynamic therapy applications.

Review on preparation and adsorption properties of chitosan and chitosan composites

Compared with traditional polymers, biopolymers are more environmentally friendly due to their sustainable sources, easy decomposition and naturally recycled by biological processes. Among all biopolymers, chitosan (CS) proves attractive for several adsorption-related applications such as in gas capture and removal of dyes or heavy metal ions. However, there are considerable drawbacks such as unstable yield, non-uniform sizes, lack of process repeatability, low mechanical strength and chemical resistance. Thus, physical and chemical modifications have been proposed to obtain stable size and improved mechanical property of CS beads, microspheres, film or fiber. This paper introduces the research background of CS and modified CS as an adsorbent and analyzes the modification, application and adsorption mechanism of CS and CS composite materials. The research progress of the adsorption of metal ions, dyes and anions by CS and CS composite materials is reviewed, and the main factors affecting their adsorption performance are summarized. Finally, the development trend of CS as adsorbents is prospected.

Effect of chitosan/essential oils/silver nanoparticles composite films packaging and gamma irradiation on shelf life of strawberries

The present study illustrates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using tyrosine as a reducing agent and preparation of chitosan (CHI) based films by blending essential oils (EOs) and synthesized AgNPs. The prepared CHI-EOs-AgNPs composite films were used for the packaging of strawberries in the presence or absence of gamma irradiation. The composite films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, color property, tensile properties, and water vapor permeability. The scanning electron microscopy result showed the smooth surface of the composite films, whereas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results exhibited a change in the structure of CHI after blending EOs and AgNPs. The flexibility of the composite films increased after the addition of EOs, but tensile strength increased after blending AgNPs. The water vapor barrier property of composite films has not changed upon blending EOs or AgNPs. The CHI-EOs-AgNPs composite films exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Aspergillus niger. The effects of packaging and γ-irradiation on the shelf life and quality of packaged strawberries during storage were evaluated by the weight loss, firmness, decay (%), color, anthocyanin, and total phenol content. All composite films exhibited lower weight loss than control samples, and γ-irradiation reduce the firmness and decay during 12 d of storage.

Preparation, and physicochemical and biological evaluation of chitosan-Arthrospira platensis polysaccharide active films for food packaging.

Active films from chitosan incorporated with Arthrospira platensis polysaccharide (APP) of various ratios (0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, w/v) were developed by solution casting. The effect of APP on the structural, physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of the chitosan-APP films (CA-film) was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) confirmed successful incorporation of chitosan and APP. The compact structure of the films was observed clearly in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns suggest the semi-crystalline structure was increased upon addition of APP. The composite films showed an improved water resistance and vapor barrier properties, and reduced by at least 27.4% and 32.1% in swelling degree (Sd ) and water vapor permeability (WVP) compared with chitosan film (C-film), respectively. However, the transparency decreased slightly, which may be due to the shrinkage of the spacing of the polymer interchain. The composite films also displayed enhanced the mechanical properties. The antimicrobial activity of the CA-film showed an increase of at least of 0.41-fold in inhibition zone diameter for E. coli. At a concentration of 1.2mg/mL, the antioxidant activity of CA-film was enhanced by more than threefold compared with C-film. Therefore, CA-films have good potential as sources of active packaging material for the food industry.

Preparation of n-alkylated quaternary ammonium chitosan and its application in antibacterial finishing of rabbit hair fabric

Alkylated chitosan was obtained by alkylation of chitosan(CTS) with n-butyraldehyde, the product was then reacted with trichlorodihydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride(CHPTAC-ethyl) to form n-alkylated quaternary ammonium chitosan. Its chemical structure was characterized by FTIR, and its physicochemical properties, such as viscosity-average molecular weight and solubility, were determined by viscosity and spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial activity of the modified chitosan was determined by the minimal antimicrobial method, and the minimum effective antimicrobial concentration (MIC) of the product against escherichia coli was 0.15g/L, which was better than the MIC value of the natural chitosan. Using citric acid as cross-linking agent and sodium hypophosphate as catalyst, the antibacterial finishing of rabbit hair fabric with modified chitosan showed that the antibacterial rate of n-alkylated quaternary ammonium chitosan to Escherichia coli was over 99.9%, and the antibacterial rate was better than that of natural chitosan, and it was a kind of good natural macromolecule antibacterial finishing agent for animal hair fabric.

Investigation of the stability of PEG stearate-coated Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with levothyroxine

We report the formation and characterization of PEG stearate (PEG)-coated Chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using tripolyphosphate via the ionic crosslinking method. Preparation of PEG Stearate-grafted Chitosan is essential to improve the biocompatibility and water solubility of Chitosan. The size and morphologies of Chitosan nanoparticles were measured with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sizes of Chitosan nanoparticles were in the range of 150-200 nm. The particle size and zeta potential of PEG Stearate-coated Chitosan had been measured as 187.5 nm by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Drug entrapment efficiency was obtained to be 99%. The purpose of the present work was to develop a new nanoparticle system, consisting of polymeric nanoparticles coated with PEG Stearate. The modification procedure led to a reduction in the zeta potential values, varying from +43.3 mV for the uncoated particles to +20 mV for that of PEG Stearate-coated Chitosan. PEG Stearate coated nanoparticles were more stable due to their polymer coating layer which prevented aggregation of Chitosan nanoparticles. Consequently, it is possible that the PEG Stearate surrounds the particles reducing the attachment of enzymes and further degradation of the polymeric cores. Properties nanoparticles were affected by the preparation variables and the coating layer. Chitosan nanoparticles showed a smooth surface and globular shape. In this study, we explored the release behavior of levothyroxine was affected by the coating layer. Coating surface leads to a decrease in the burst release effect compared to uncoated nanoparticles due to gradual release of adsorbed levothyroxine from PEG-coated Chitosan nanoparticles.

Preparation and characterization of ferulic acid-modified water soluble chitosan and poly (γ-glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte films through layer-by-layer assembly towards protein adsorption

In this study, ferulic acid-modified water soluble chitosan and poly (γ-glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte multilayers films were constructed through the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. Chitosan (CS) or ferulic acid modified chitosan (MCS) and Poly (γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) was alternately deposited on the surface of glass substrate for the enhancement of surface modification. The obtained films were characterized by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis spectroscopy and water contact angle to study its physico-chemical properties including protein absorption. The (PGA/MCS) films showed intense deposition of multilayers built upon the surface roughness and an increase in the exponential growth of multilayer films by UV–vis spectroscopy. Water contact angle indicated that the (PGA/MCS) films performed well with good wettability due to the increase in the number of layers. The LBL multilayer coatings of (PGA/MCS) films surface possessed a reduced amount of protein adsorption. These results indicated that it can resist the protein adsorption and can enhance the biocompatibility towards the biomedical application through the protein interaction. The (PGA/MCS) films has the potential to utilization as a good biomaterial for biomedical purposes to intensify the bio-active surface.