Pregnancy Urine Extract Research Articles

Hypophysis-Thyroid-Gonad Relationship.

Thyroidectomy in male and female rats will increase the effectiveness of crude hypophyseal gonad stimulating extracts but the removal of this gland will not increase the effectiveness of pregnancy urine or pregnancy mare serum extracts (Smith, Schockaert, Fluhmann, Leonard and Hansen). Since Fluhmann showed that thyroid feeding in rats decreased the effectiveness of both types of gonad stimulating hormones (hypophyseal and pregnancy urine), he suggested that the thyrotropic principle, present in the crude hypophyseal extracts, induced a hyperthyroid condition in the normal rats, which made the gonad stimulating hormone less effective. Pregnancy urine, not possessing a thyrotropic factor, was equally effective in normal and operated animals. This report will show that follicle stimulating hormone from hypophyseal or urinary sources and free of the thyrotropic hormone is more effective in the absence of the thyroid. Immature female rats 24 to 26 days of age were thyroidectomized and injected with extracts of the urine of castrate women and of a man with a testis tumor, for 8 to 9 days. A similar number of control rats received only injections of the hormone. Another group of operated and control rats were treated with hypophyseal follicle stimulating hormone, prepared by Drs. Fevold and Hisaw. for 5 to 6 days. None of the extracts were found to contain a thyrotropic factor when tested on young guinea pigs or hypophysectomized rats in the doses given. The ovaries and uteri were weighed at autopsy. More than 50 rats were used in these experiments and only representative experiments are given in Table I. From the results in Table I it is seen that the follicle stimulating hormone prepared from the hypophysis and urine and free from the thyrotropic hormone is more effective in the absence of the thyroid. The ovaries are from 38.1% to 160.6% heavier and contain only follicles. The larger ovaries in the thyroidectomized rats produce greater amounts of female sex hormone as the uteri of the thyroidectomized animals are from 55.8% to 185.3% heavier than those of the control.

Treatment of amenorrhea: II. Effects of anterior pituitary-like hormone from the urine of pregnant women. Eleven trials in four patients

An attempt was made to detect in human beings an ovary-stimulating effect in anterior pituitary-like, pregnancy urine extract. To four married women, aged twenty-three, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, and thirty-three, with amenorrhea for one to two and one-half years, were given total doses of either antuitrin-S or follutein, varying in stated potency from 1,500 R. U. to 3,500 R. U. The individual dose was 500 R. U. given intramuscularly on alternate days (Table I). Biopsies of the endometrium were made sometimes before, sometimes during, and in each case after treatment. In only two instances was there any change in the endometrium which would suggest increased ovarian function. In only one case (Exper. 9) was the treatment followed by the appearance of a progestin-stimulated endometrium. There is some question, in even this one case, that the ovary was actually stimulated by the injections as a repetition of the experiment failed to give a similar result. Three other experiments with this same patient were negative. In only two cases was there any flow following the treatment, and in one of them it was from an atrophic endometrium, in a patient whose flowing mechanism seemed very unstable during treatment with various hormones. (Case 2.)

THE INFLUENCE OF ENDOCRINE GLAND PREPARATIONS ON ALLERGIC REACTIONS. (ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT, PREGNANCY URINE EXTRACT, FOLLICULAR HORMONE)1

Attention has been called to the influence of the endocrine system on anaphylactic reactions by the experiments of Lanzenberg and Kepinow (1). They showed that thyroidectomy lessened the anaphylactic reactions of guinea pigs sensitized and shocked with horse serum. Wolfram and Zwemer (2) have shown that adrenocortical extract (cortin) protected guinea pigs against anaphylactic shock, when administered a few hours prior to the injection of the shocking dose. The present report contains data that have been arrived at from a study of the effect of anterior pituitary extract (A.P.E.), pregnancy urine extract (P.U.) and follicular hormone on anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs. Special attention was paid to A.P.E., due to its known effects on the thyroid, gonads and adrenal glands. The effect of A.P.E. on the histology and physiology of the thyroid and the accompanying changes in the basal metabolic rate has been observed by many investigators. Friedgood (3) noted the effect of daily administration of A.P.E....

Ovaries of Immature Female Rats Receiving Pregnancy Urine Extract and Combinations of Pregnancy Urine Extract and Oestrin.

Ovaries of Immature Female Rats Receiving Pregnancy Urine Extract and Combinations of Pregnancy Urine Extract and Oestrin.

The Biological Basis of Sexual Behaviour in Amphibia

ABSTRACT The complete disappearance of all sexual activity in Xenopus laevis, male or female, is observed under laboratory conditions. A technique is described whereby the mating reflex (coupling) can be established in the laboratory during the pond breeding season as well as midway between breeding seasons, by means of injections of human pregnancy urine extracts, or by acid extracts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of sheep and goats. The mating reflex has been induced in 101 different pairs of toads with pregnancy urine extracts and in 39 different pairs of toads with anterior pituitary extracts. The reflex induced by anterior pituitary extracts in no way differs from that produced by pregnancy urine extracts. The possibility that the extract acts through the intermediation of the gonads is considered. The mating reflex is described, and attention is drawn to the passive role of the female, while the male is stimulated to activity. It is suggested that a stimulus from the female reflexly activates the male to clasping activity. Fertilised ova from coupling pairs have been reared successfully to an advanced tadpole stage (4-5 months). Tadpoles can be reared also midway between breeding seasons. The injected extract, acting possibly through the intermediation of the gonads, may be suggested to inhibit the clasping reflex inhibitory centre in the brain described by Steinach and others. The mating reflex appears to be independent of the pituitary mechanism associated with chromatic response in Xenopus laevis. The larger doses (500 mg. fresh tissue) of anterior pituitary extract required to produce in summer a response of the same magnitude as that produced by smaller doses (192 mg. fresh tissue) in winter cannot be attributed to a diminished sensitivity of the ovaries. Control extracts of male urine and of sheep and goat brains repeatedly gave negative results.

A study of ovaries following preoperative administration of an extract of pregnancy urine

1.1. A study of ovarian tissue from twenty-four patients following preoperative administration of APL/PU is detailed.2.2. Primordial follicles are not affected apparently by such administrations.3.3. Degenerative changes apparently resulting from follicle stimulation are described.4.4. The end-result of these changes appears in many instances to be follicular cysts, with active granulosa and fairly well preserved ova, and surrounded by a proliferated theca interna with prominent theca lutein cells (theca-lutein cysts) and with increased thecal vascularization.5.5. Some evidence is adduced that persistency of preformed corpora lutea may result from such administrations.6.6. Attention is called to the apparent difference in response in the ovaries of the younger and older patients with hyperplasia of the endometrium.7.7. In general, it is believed that ovulation is not induced by such administrations.8.8. The possible action of these extracts in many respects is more typical of the gestational cycle than the menstrual cycle.9.9. One should probably expect no material qualitative or quantitative difference in the changes in these ovaries from those of ovaries in pregnancy.10.10. One is led to question seriously the clinical value of such action on the ovaries of the nonpregnant woman.11.11. Such changes as described are probably temporary in nature and it may be that no permanent damage results.

The Biological Basis of Sexual Behaviour in Amphibia

ABSTRACT In the previous paper in this series (Shapiro, this Journal) a technique was described for inducing the mating reflex in Xenopus laevis (the South African clawed toad) by means of extracts of pregnancy urine or of anterior pituitary tissue. In this way the mating reflexes of the animals, and ovulation on the part of the females, can be controlled adequately and observed conveniently.

Results of preoperative administration of an extract of pregnancy urine: A study of the ovaries and of the endometria in hyperplasia of the endometrium following such administration: Hamblen, E. C.: Endocrinology 19: 169, 1935

Results of preoperative administration of an extract of pregnancy urine: A study of the ovaries and of the endometria in hyperplasia of the endometrium following such administration: Hamblen, E. C.: Endocrinology 19: 169, 1935

Morphologic reaction of the anterior pituitaries of mature female rats to prolonged injections of pregnancy urine extracts

The Anatomical RecordVolume 63, Issue 1 p. 3-11 Article Morphologic reaction of the anterior pituitaries of mature female rats to prolonged injections of pregnancy urine extracts† J. M. Wolfe, J. M. Wolfe Department of Anatomy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TennesseeSearch for more papers by this author J. M. Wolfe, J. M. Wolfe Department of Anatomy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TennesseeSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1935 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090630103Citations: 7 † These studies were aided by a grant from the Division of Medical Sciences of the Rockefeller Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume63, Issue1August 1935Pages 3-11 RelatedInformation

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT: AN HORMONAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF PARTURITION. EFFECT ON THE FEMALE RAT OF THE ANTE‐NATAL ADMINISTRATION OF ŒSTRIN TO THE MOTHER

1. “Delayed” abortion (i.e. 36–72 hours after the last injection) following multiple injections of iestrin was less frequent in rats than in mice; very large amounts of cestrin were required; there was no “immediate” abortion (i.e. within 1–6 hours of the last injection). The gestation period was sometimes prolonged by 3–5 days after the injection of large quantities of oestrin.2. The subsequent injection of an extract of anterior pituitary or of an oestrin‐free extract of human pregnancy urine did not cause a significant increase in the percentage of “delayed” abortions which occurred when oestrin alone was injected There was an increase in the number of prolonged pregnancies.3. The synergism between œstrin and oxytocin demonstrated in the mouse does not, apparently, exist in the rat.4. The administration to pregnant rats of placentæ, hypophyses, uterus, and blood of parturient rats did not cause abortion.5. The process of parturition in the normal pregnant rat is described.6. A modification of the corpus urethrae involving a displacement of the urethra occurred in all surviving female foetuses born to rats injected with large quantities of cestrin late in pregnancy. The subsequent injection of oxytocin failed to cause abortion in animals in which this modification of the fcetal genitalia was induced.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE REACTION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARIES OF IMMATURE FEMALE RATS TO EXTRACTS OF PREGNANCY URINE*

It has been found by Severinghaus (1934) and Wolfe (1934) that injections of extracts of pregnancy urine induce marked changes in the anterior pituitaries of immature female rats. The latter reported that such injections induced a marked increase in the weight of the ovaries of immature female rats and a variable increase in the weight of the pituitaries. The ovaries contained many corpora lutea, partially luteinized follicles and unluteinized follicles of all sizes. In the anterior pituitaries the most prominent morphologic changes were in the basophiles, which were usually enlarged and exhibited a marked loss of granules. Less outstanding was the morphologic evidence of loss of granules from the eosinophiles; this loss in most instances involved only a minority of the cells. The relative level of the eosinophiles was usually decreased, while that of the ehromophobes was increased. Of equal interest was the fact that these extracts were without effect on the anterior pituitaries of castrated female rats.

The Treatment of Acne Vulgaris with Pregnancy Urine Extract

The Treatment of Acne Vulgaris with Pregnancy Urine Extract

EFFECT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY-LIKE PRINCIPLE FROM THE URINE OF PREGNANCY

During the last two years, several accounts of the treatment of cryptorchidism in man by pregnancy urine extracts have appeared in the medical literature. Schapiro¹reported a group of cases in which the injection of anterior pituitary-like substance caused increased mobility of the testes. The details of treatment and the position of the testes were not given. Goldman and Stern²described two cases of unilateral undescended testis treated with commerical extract of pregnancy urine. In one case the testis descended into the scrotum but in the other it remained in the inguinal canal. These patients were also given thyroid substance and dried pituitary substance by mouth. Sexton³described six cases of so-called hypogenital condition treated with pregnancy urine extracts. In four of these, descent of a cryptorchid testis occurred during treatment. Rubinstein⁴described one case of bilateral cryptorchidism successfully treated in the same manner. Aberle and

Lack of Effect of Theelin upon Somatogenic, Thyreotropic, and Adrenotropic Activity of Hypophysis

It has been well established that rats treated with theelin undergo a diminution in the sex-stimulating power of the hypophysis.,, Nelson has recently demonstrated changes in the basophilic cells of the hypophyses of rats following injection of theelin which he interprets as indicating inhibition of secretory activity. Similar findings are recorded by Halpern and D'Amour. The same changes are described in the pituitaries of rats treated with pregnancy-urine extracts,,,, and these alterations are interpreted as secondarily due to increased secretion of the gonadal hormone.,,, There is some disagreement as to the changes in the acidophilic cells. Nelson records a decrease in the number of normal cells, with degranulated forms. Severinghaus finds little change in immature females, a reduction in number, size, and staining reaction in adult females and an increase in number, size, and staining reaction in adult males. Wolfe describes an increase in infantile females. Barnes, Reagan, and Nelson have demonstrated that in depancreatized dogs the injection of theelin has a similar effect to that of total hypophysectomy. Nelson and Overholszer have recently reported confirmatory experiments in depancreatized monkeys. Since the initial work indicates very strongly that the administration of theelin has an inhibitory effect upon the histological picture of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and suppresses its sex-stimulating power and diabetogenic activity, it seemed worth while to investigate any possible influence it might have upon the other anterior pituitary effects, somatogenic, thyreotropic, and adrenotropic. Litter-mate rats were divided into 3 groups. Group A, consisting of 3 males and 3 females, received daily injections of 9 rat units of theelin in oil (0.03 cc.). Group B, comprising the same number of animals, was treated with injections of an equal quantity of Mazola oil. Group C, 2 males and 2 females, served as untreated controls. Injections were made daily from the 23d to the 90th day of life.

Action of Gonadotropic Hormone from Pregnant Mare's Serum on Ovaries of Rhesus Monkeys.

Since the demonstration of Cole and Hart that the blood serum of pregnant mares contains large amounts of gonadotropic hormone, this hormone has been the subject of much investigation. Although the recent work of Catchpole and Lyons indicates a placental origin of the hormone, it has been found to have biological effects similar to those found in the pituitary gland and to differ markedly from the chorionic hormone of human pregnancy. Thus the experiments of Evans, et al., have shown that the hormone of the pregnant mare is able to cause a marked enlargement of the ovaries of hypophysectomized rats, and it has been found to possess a pronounced stimulating effect on the testes and the comb growth of infantile cocks (Hamburger) just like the anterior pituitary hormone, while the gonadotropic hormone from the urine of human pregnancy is ineffective in this respect. The difference between the effects of extracts of human pregnancy urine and extracts of anterior pituitary or from castrate urine on the ovary of the monkey has been previously reported (Engle, Smith and Engle). It has been of interest, therefore, to investigate the effects of an active extract of the serum of pregnant mares on the follicular structure and activity of the ovary of the macacus monkey. Six females, 5 preadolescent and one adult, have been used in this preliminary experiment, the details of which are set forth in Table I. The results have indicated that, regarding the functional activity and structural changes of the ovary of the monkey, the active principle of pregnant mare's serum closely resembles that found in urine of castrate women. The oestral response of the sex skin of the monkey, seen on day 5 or 6 of treatment, is quite similar to that obtained by oestrin, A.P. or C.U. (Allen, Hisaw et al., Engle), and progresses characteristically until the conclusion of treatment after 10 days.

CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM AFTER FEMALE SEX ENDOCRINE THERAPY: A CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF ANTUITRIN-S IN HUMAN SUBJECTS*

I wish to present a few clinical facts which suggest the soundness of Novak’s theory that there is a bleeding factor in humans, and which also suggest that at least the immediate relief of dysfunctional uterine bleeding by pregnancy urine extract or P. U. is not attributable to any luteinizing effect on the ovarian follicles. Because of the expense and the inconvenience of extracting hormones from blood and urine, and because of the inaccuracy of the biological tests of these extracts as exact indicators of ovarian activity we have sought more nearly to estimate the degree of follicular activity by study of the endometrium. Here we have a tissue the cytological morphology of which, as far as we know, is entirely under the control of the specific hormones from the follicle and the corpus luteum. We have used a modification of the Klingler-Burch suction curette to obtain fragments of the endometrium from various parts of the inner uterine wall. Studies of such endometrial specimens incident to our attempts ...

Reactions of Ant. Pituitaries of Male Rats to Administration of Ant. Pituitary-Like Substance and to Oestrin.

Recent studies indicated that injections of massive amounts of oestrin into normal female rats induced weight and morphologic reactions in the anterior pituitary similar to those obtained by the injection of the anterior pituitary-like substance of pregnancy urine. Both of these substances induced a marked weight increase in the gland, a marked loss of granules from the basophiles and a less evident loss of granules from the eosinophiles (in A.P.L. rats whose ovaries contained active corpora lutea). Furthermore, it has been found that administration of the A. P. L. factor has no action on the anterior hypophysis of the castrated rat, but that oestrin is capable of direct action on the anterior lobe of the castrated rat. The experiments described below were carried out in order to compare the reaction of normal male rat pituitaries to administration of these 2 factors. Fourteen adult male rats received daily injections of 25 rat units of an extract of pregnancy urine for 10 days. Another group of 10 rats received daily injections of 200 rat units of oestrin for 10 days. A third group of 30 normal mature male rats served as controls. At autopsy, body, pituitary, testes and prostate and seminal vesicle weights were secured. Serial sections of all glands were cut. 5 representative sections from each series were studied and cell counts made. Quantitative results are presented in Table I. Administration of the A. P. L. substance to male rats did not increase the weight of the pituitary gland over that found in the controls (Table I). This was in contrast to previous findings in female rats. Confirming the findings of Severinghaus the anterior pituitaries of the injected male rats exhibited a marked loss of granules from practically all the basophiles although a few granular basophiles were present (Table I).

RESULTS OF PREOPERATIVE ADMINISTRATION OF AN EXTRACT OF PREGNANCY URINE: A STUDY OF THE OVARIES AND OF THE ENDOMETRIA IN HYPERPLASIA OF THE ENDOMETRIUM FOLLOWING SUCH ADMINISTRATIONS*

A study of the ovaries and of the endometria obtained at operation from women who had received APL (anterior-pituitary lutenizing) extracts of pregnancy urine was begun three years ago. Preliminary reports (1) indicated that our findings corresponded closely to Engle’s (2) observations following injections of an aqueous soluble pyridine extract in macacus monkeys but differed from the findings of Mandelstamm and Tschaikowsky (3) and of Geist (4). Our preliminary reports were based on a series of 11 patients, while the present studies include material from 24 cases. In the series reported previously there were studies of 11 patients whose ages ranged from 13 to 44 years. Total doses of APL extract of pregnancy urine varied from 1200 R.U. to 8200 R.U. The menstrual histories and diagnostic studies permitted the following grouping: 6 with regular menstrual cycles; 3 with amenorrhea; 1 with hyperplasia of the endometrium; and 1 with inflammatory metrorrhagia. There were observed no hemorrhagic responses and n...

Pituitary Hormones and the Blood Sugar Level

It has been reported from several sources1, 2, 3 that glycosuria was obtained after the injection of anterior pituitary extract. Houssay4 reports that daily injections of the extract into dogs cause hyperglycemia, glycosuria and ketonuria. Evans, et al.,5 observed glycosuria in 2 dogs treated with growth hormone. Barnes, Regan, Nelson6 found that Amniotin injections reduced glycosuria in depancreatized dogs. Houssay and Biasotti7 injected rats with the Evans and Simpson extract for growth. Five to 7 injections were given, intraperitoneally, once a day in doses of 10 cc. per rat. Glycosuria and glycemia occurred 2 to 3 days after the cessation of the injections.In view of these researches it was thought worth while to try the effect of the various pituitary hormones upon the blood sugar level of the rat. Growth hormone (Squibb); pregnancy urine extract, Antuitrin S (Parke-Davis); theelin (Parke-Davis) and Antuitrin G (Parke-Davis Growth Hormone) were used. All the determinations were made by the Somogyi Mi...

Immunologic Studies of Anti-Gonadotropic Sera

We have reported1, 2 that the serum of rats and rabbits treated with anterior-pituitary-like hormone (A.P.L.) of pregnancy urine contained substances capable of protecting test animals against the gonadotropic action of this hormone. The A.P.L. used in these experiments was prepared by alcohol-salt precipitation methods and consequently contained nitrogenous substances giving some of the reactions common to antigenic proteins. It was of interest, therefore, to determine whether the A.P.L.-inhibitory sera of treated animals contained antibodies against A.P.L. in the immunological sense.For this purpose 4 preparations of A.P.L. from different collections of pregnancy urine and one control product prepared by identical methods from male urine were examined. The gonadotropic potency of the pregnancy urine extracts varied between 10 and 100 rat-day-units (R.D.U.) per milligram of dry substance, the differences being accounted for principally by variations in salt content of the preparations. The male urine ext...