Preferred Variant Research Articles

Strategic Planning of Prospects to Develop Management Models in Digital Economy

The article shows initiative in the field of state support for progressive development and upgrading systems of managing entities of small and medium intellectual business in national economy. It includes setting-up a special federal foundation to support initiatives in the sphere of information market, providing broadest opportunities for using federal and regional innovation infrastructure, stimulating commercial banks of the Russian Federation to intensify crediting of entities of small and medium information business in Russia and tax preferences. The author highlights steps aimed at the development of strategic management of small and medium information entities’ work as residents of Russian Federation economy. This covers improvement of cloud technology use, development of integration processes in the field of managing entities of small and medium information business in Russia, growth in the efficiency of managing information security and enhancement of economic potential use of social networks in organization governance. The author puts forward a model of mega-integrator of digital platform management as a unique information and communication space, which provides opportunities for organizations to choose the most preferable managerial variants of using the broadest range of digital platforms.

Multi-criteria group decision-making approach to the modernization of hold baggage security screening system at an airport

The decisions on the modernization of a hold baggage screening system (HBSS) at an airport require taking into account multiple assessment criteria of the considered variants. These criteria are both objective - precisely quantifiable, and subjective - requiring descriptive assessment by experts. The purpose of this article was to make a multi-criteria assessment of variants of the modernization of the HBSS, considering various points of view of experts and the context of decisions made. Due to the existence of both the criteria described using linguistic variables and those dependent on complex random processes, both fuzzy inference methods and simulation methods based on microscale models were used. The developed method was implemented to assess the modernization variants for Katowice International Airport. The highest score resulting from the group decision-making was obtained by the modernization variant consisting in reducing the number of baggage control levels with the simultaneous increase in the number of people performing manual checks. If we consider a different decision-making process environment, the group's preferred variant changes. For example, for the scenario involving a significant increase in the size of the traffic being handled, the variant of doubling X-ray devices at the first level of control becomes the most advantageous. The change in the group preference, depending on the context of the decision-making situation, clearly indicates that this context must be taken into account in the decision-making process. The proposed method allows one not only to indicate the preferred variant in each scenario but also to numerically determine the strength of preferences for individual variants, which may facilitate making the right decision considering the chances for implementation of individual scenarios.

Nutraceutical characterization and shelf life analysis of millet incorporated nutrition bars

Recently, the nutraceutical sector of the food trade is unfolding, and designer foods such as nutrition bars have found their place in this competitive industry. The inclusion of underutilized food sources in the development of new value-added products is ingenious. Millets, the indigenous crop, are a good source of nutrients. The Nutri-cereal is still lacking commercial success and deserves recognition in the food-processing sector. In the current study, foxtail and pearl millet are used to develop foxtail millet meal replacement bar (FMRB) and pearl millet protein bar (PPB), respectively. Three variants of each type (25%, 27.5%, and 30% incorporation of millets) were developed to derive the nutritionally preferred variants. Estimation of macronutrients, essential amino acids, and vitamin content was done. The storage stability of the selected variants was evaluated for 42 days under accelerated conditions. The peroxide value, moisture content, water activity, total plate count, and yeast & mold count was assessed. The result revealed, among the variants, 30% FMRB (V-3) and 25% PPB (V-4) are the nutritionally finest bars. The shelf-life testing pointed out that the protein bar deteriorates rapidly than the meal replacement bar. The correlation between the nutrient composition and shelf-life assessment factors indicated the shelf-life parameters negatively correlate with carbohydrates present in the bars. However, fat and protein have a positive correlation with shelf-life parameters (r= 1.00, p<0.01). Favorable storage conditions and appropriate packing material that is conducive to retain the stability of the product can extend the shelf-life. Millet nutrition bars would revolutionize the agriculture and food industry. Thus, increasing the consumption of millets.

Этика поведения судей в социальных сетях

The subject of the article is the ethical problems of judges using social networks in modern conditions, as well as the issues of normative regulation of the topic in foreign countries. The purpose of the article: to formulate an idea about the basics of judges' participation in social networks,to identify problematic issues of judges' use of media technologies; to develop the most preferable variants of judges' behavior in social networks and blogging on the basis of positive foreign experience. To achieve these goals, traditional research methods are used. Understanding the basic principles of using social networks provides a broader understanding of their unique nature and the risks associated with them. Ethical standards of conduct governing the conduct of judges in official and non-official activities largely extend to the participation of judges in social networks. It should be noted that the creators of ethical acts have not taken the ethical dilemmas of judicial conduct related to the participation of judges in social networks into account. Now, the bodies of the judicial community have not developed any centralized regulation prescribing the rules of conduct of judges in networks. The current code of judicial ethics of the Russian Federation (hereinafter the Code) does not regulate these issues. Should judges be banned or allowed to register on social networks? What are the benefits and risks to judicial conduct associated with the use of social networks? Is it legitimate to discuss professional issues? Is there a need to develop and adopt special Guidelines for judges and court staff on the use of social networks, or to amend the code of ethics? The proposal on the need to develop and adopt Guidelines (Instructions) on the use of social networks by judges and the court apparatus is formulated.

Human capital and AI in industry 4.0. Convergence and divergence in social entrepreneurship in Russia

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to determine the future proportion and variants of usage of human intellect and artificial intelligence (AI) in entrepreneurship of industry 4.0 that fits social entrepreneurship the most. It could be convergence (simultaneous utilization during the same entrepreneurial processes with the emphasis on unique features by the terms of the competition) or divergence (usage during different business processes by the terms of labor division).Design/methodology/approachThe authors determine the influence of usage of human capital and AI on the efficiency of social entrepreneurship. The authors identify the perspective directions of usage of AI in social entrepreneurship and evaluate the readiness and interest in the implementation of these directions of concerned parties. The authors also model the optimal proportions and the variant of usage of human intellect and AI in social entrepreneurship in the conditions of Industry 4.0 in the future (until 2030).FindingsIt is found that social entrepreneurship will use the opportunities of Industry 4.0 for optimization of its activities until 2030, but will refuse from full automatization, using human intellect and AI at the same time.Originality/valueThe most perspective directions of application of AI at social companies are a collection of social goods and services, marketing studies and promotion of social goods and services. Neither convergence nor divergence of human and artificial intellectual capital does not fully conform to the interests of concerned parties. The most preferable (optimal) variant of usage of human intellect and AI in social entrepreneurship in the Industry 4.0 is human intelligent decision support.

Conversion of Solar Radiation into Vapor: New Possibilities Offered by Nanomaterials (Review)

The current state in converting solar radiation into steam using nanotechnologies and nanomaterials is considered. The main attention is paid to the use of novel nanostructured materials, including graphene components to generate steam, in particular, to the use of the latter as floating or volumetric solar absorbers. The absorbers of the above types have been classified, their physical and technological characteristics have been considered, and preferable variants for various applications have been established. It is stressed that the question on the efficiency of surface or volumetric absorbers has to be considered as applied to specific applications. The thermophysical processes that occur during the radiation absorption and the heating of the nanofluid have been described for different absorption patterns. Models that underlie the description of the thermophotonics and nanoplasmonics processes during the solar radiation absorption by nanocomponents have been formulated. The basic processes that occur under nanoplasmonic heating of nanocomponents by solar radiation and the heat-and-mass exchange between nanocomponents and the surrounding medium have been investigated. Special attention is paid to steam generation by plasmonic nanoparticles and graphene flakes, which are currently considered the basic elements for prospective efficient solar radiation conversion systems. The properties of the materials used to absorb solar radiation and their components are described. The materials that have already shown a high solar absorption coefficient are listed. The properties of nanofluids used for volumetric absorption of solar radiation and the subsequent localized heating are described. The significant role of novel steam-generation mechanisms based on plasmonic nanoparticles and graphene flakes is stressed. Mesoscopic and nanostructured solar radiation absorbers are presented that ensure the generation of steam used not only to produce energy but also to desalinate and sterilize water. The main unsolved problems of applying nanocomponents for the solar thermal industry are considered and new tasks are set, the solution of which will allow taking important steps towards using the above systems for solar energy conversion.

Формування показників оцінки ефективності транспортного процесу перевезень

  The analysis of problem of formation of indicators of efficiency of transport process of transportation is given. The methodological approach to the estimation of delivery efficiency in modern conditions of functioning of transport systems is offered. The structural diagram of efficiency of automobile transport system and its subsystems is presented. It is revealed that each of the subsystems of the transport system has its own goals, the most important of which is to ensure its own stability of functioning in a competitive environment, which leads to self-organization of the system, and therefore to its reliability and efficiency. The discrepancy of interests and criteria of estimation of efficiency of transport process in different directions of passenger and freight transportation is revealed. The questions of the interrelation of categories of concepts of efficiency, quality and reliability of the transportation process of transportation, the principles of application of basic indicators of its performance estimation for the consumer and the carrier are formulated, and a structural diagram of the interrelation is given. It is shown that several indicators of efficiency are usually used to more accurately assess the transportation process of transportation, combining, depending on the tasks, certain local or complex indicators, their classification and directions of application are considered. It is stated that the preferred variant may also be searched by sequential consideration of several criteria, or the selection may be by one criterion, while others may be limitations. It is noted that an integral part of the system of evaluation of the efficiency of the transport process of transportation is not only determining the degree of its adaptability and cost-effectiveness, but also assessing the quality of transport service. The criteria for evaluating the efficiency of the transport service for the consumer and his contractor have been defined, and priority should be given to relative meters, which ensure comparability of the evaluation of the efficiency of transportation of different goods under different conditions. Comparative cost differentiation formulas describing efficiency and, accordingly, inefficiency of transport service are presented.

The treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients with dependence on “self-made dezomorphine»

The article is devoted to the influence of «self-made dezomorhine» on pyo-inflammatory disease of maxillofacial area. This project is topical in Russian Federation, because the quantity of drug addicts grows every year. Maxillofacial area is a high risk zone for development of inflammatory process due to the high probability of the chronic odontogenic center of infection and because of special aspects of blood supply and innervation of this area. Special attention must be payed to the jaws osteonecrosis of the jaws, which develop after «self-made dezomorhine» ingestion. Dezomorhine is a narcotic analgesic, which is banned in Russian Federation. From 2008 to 2014 there was conducted the treatment of 84 patients from age19 to 55 years of both sexes with local and diffuse osteonecrosis of the jaws, which began after «self-made dezomorhine» in department of maxillofacial surgery of Astrakhan Aleksandro-Mariinskaya Regional Clinic Hospital, 2 patients of the whole number of operated patients died because of the overdose of drugs, and 1 patient died due to the septic accident during the period of monitoring. It was found that as a result of retrospective analysis post evaluation procedures make it possible to affirm, that if the operation was performed in the course of 6 months after the intermission of taking drugs, the necrotic process usually extends to nearby areas of the jaws after the implementing of the necroectomy. The best results of the treatment were achieved when patients applied for hospital treatment after 6 to 12 months following the intermission of taking of «self-made dezomorphine». The article deals with 2 medical cases, illustrated by X-Ray pictures and clinic photos. 205 operations were performed by the 6 years’ experience of the treatment of 84 patients with «dezomorphinic» osteonecrosis of the jaws and it enables us make a conclusion, that classic surgeon treatment is the most preferable variant. The classic treatment includes surgery after the appearance of demarcation zone and sequesters organization. The detoxication therapy, immune-enhancing therapy, anemia treatment and usage of antibiotics are the important parts of the treatment, as well as the antibiotic use. Provided the specific microflora and typical status of immune system phenomenon occurred in the process of complex treatment of «dezomorphinic» necrosis of the jaws, we, applied a course of semisynthetic macrolides. We mostly applied Roxithromycinum in a dose of 150 mg in tab. 2 b.d.s. with the interval of 12 hours; period of treatment lasts 5 days. Rational antibiotic treatment allows to prognosticate a successful result of the treatment of «dezomorphinic» osteonecrosis of the jaws.

Enamel microstructure at wedge-shaped defects of class I and II

The article is devoted to the influence of «self-made dezomorhine» on pyo-inflammatory disease of maxillofacial area. This project is topical in Russian Federation, because the quantity of drug addicts grows every year. Maxillofacial area is a high-risk zone for development of inflammatory process due to the high probability of the chronic odontogenic center of infection and because of special aspects of blood supply and innervation of this area. Special attention must be payed to the jaws osteonecrosis of the jaws, which develop after «self-made dezomorhine» ingestion. Dezomorhine is a narcotic analgesic, which is banned in Russian Federation. From 2008 to 2014 there was conducted the treatment of 84 patients from age19 to 55 years of both sexes with local and diffuse osteonecrosis of the jaws, which began after «self-made dezomorhine» in department of maxillofacial surgery of Astrakhan Aleksandro-Mariinskaya Regional Clinic Hospital, 2 patients of the whole number of operated patients died because of the overdose of drugs. One patient died due to the septic accident during the period of monitoring. It was found because a result of retrospective analysis post evaluation procedures make it possible to affirm, that if the operation was performed in the course of 6 months after the intermission of taking drugs, the necrotic process usually extends to nearby areas of the jaws after the implementing of the necroectomy. The best results of the treatment were achieved when patients applied for hospital treatment after 6 to 12 months following the intermission of taking of «self-made dezomorphine». The article deals with 2 medical cases, illustrated by X-Ray pictures and clinic photos. 205 operations were performed by the 6 years’ experience of the treatment of 84 patients with «dezomorphinic» osteonecrosis of the jaws and it enables us make a conclusion, that classic surgeon treatment is the most preferable variant. The classic treatment includes surgery after the appearance of demarcation zone and sequesters organization. The detoxication therapy, immune-enhancing therapy, anemia treatment and usage of antibiotics are the important parts of the treatment, as well as the antibiotic use. Provided the specific microflora and typical status of immune system phenomenon occurred in the process of complex treatment of «dezomorphinic» necrosis of the jaws, we, applied a course of semisynthetic macrolides. We mostly applied Roxithromycinum in a dose of 150 mg in tab. 2 b.d.s. with the interval of 12 hours; period of treatment lasts 5 days. Rational antibiotic treatment allows prognosticating a successful result of the treatment of «dezomorphinic» osteonecrosis of the jaws.

A comparative analysis of machining of parts from 38H2MYuA by cutting tool of different materials

The variant of mechanical treatment of gear parts made of steel 38H2MYuA is described Tool life of different materials - from R6M5K5 and ASP2052 is analyzed. It was found that for treatment of gear-wheels of steel 38H2MYUA by method of skiving, the most preferred variant is the use of tool made of powder steel than of high-speed steel.

Расчетное исследование характеристик потока в воздухозаборнике модельного осевого компрессора с учетом различных вариантов граничного условия «активный диск»

Aerodynamic interaction between the compressor (fan) and the air intake is a characteristic feature of modern turbojet engines of civil aviation. An approach based on unsteady three-dimensional modeling of the flow taking into account full blade rows is necessary for analysis but is too resource-intensive for design. In some cases, an approach based on the “active disk” boundary condition can be successfully used to analyze aerodynamic interference of the engine with airframe elements. In the present work, the flow characteristics in the air intake of a model axial compressor JT8D are studied and different variants of the “active disk” boundary condition that can replace the compressor in the air intake are compared. The results of the computational study of characteristics of the axial compressor model in nacelle based on a pre-validated technique are presented. An analysis of integral characteristics and profiles of variables in different cross-sections at rotational speeds constituting 70, 80 and 90 % of the design value is performed. The results obtained using different variants of the “active disk” boundary condition are compared, and a preferred variant is selected. For the configuration in question, the method has proven to be efficient and accurate.

Flexibility in adopting relative frames of reference in dorsal and lateral settings.

The relative frame of reference (FoR) is used to describe spatial relations between two objects from an observer's perspective. Standard, frontal referencing situations with objects located in the observer's visual field afford three well-established variants: translation, reflection, and rotation. Here, we focus on references in non-standard situations with objects located at the back or at the side of an observer (dorsal and lateral, respectively). We scrutinise the consistency assumption, which was introduced to infer the covert strategy used in dorsal tasks from an ambiguous overt response: that, when confronted with a non-standard situation, people adopt a strategy consistent with how they construct the relative FoR in frontal situations. Lateral tasks enable us to disentangle the ambiguous response. The results of a study in Norway and Germany support the consistency assumption in part: Nearly all participants with a preference for translation in frontal tasks applied translation in lateral tasks, and some participants with a preference for reflection in frontal tasks turned towards the objects before applying reflection in lateral tasks. Most other participants with a preference for reflection in frontal tasks, however, switched to translation in lateral tasks. The latter may be due to a specific affordance of the lateral arrangements, which invite translation as the easier strategy compared to the alternative derived from reflection. Our findings indicate that people do not apply their preferred variant of the relative FoR to all kinds of situations, but rather flexibly adapt their strategy when it is more convenient to do so.

Improving Plant Genome Editing with High-Fidelity xCas9 and Non-canonical PAM-Targeting Cas9-NG

Two recently engineered SpCas9 variants, namely xCas9 and Cas9-NG, show promising potential in improving targeting specificity and broadening the targeting range. In this study, we evaluated these Cas9 variants in the model and crop plant, rice. We first tested xCas9-3.7, the most effective xCas9 variant in mammalian cells, for targeted mutagenesis at 16 possible NGN PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) combinations in duplicates. xCas9 exhibited nearly equivalent editing efficiency to wild-type Cas9 (Cas9-WT) at most canonical NGG PAM sites tested, whereas it showed limited activity at non-canonical NGH (H = A, C, T) PAM sites. High editing efficiency of xCas9 at NGG PAMs was further demonstrated with C to T base editing by both rAPOBEC1 and PmCDA1 cytidine deaminases. With mismatched sgRNAs, we found that xCas9 had improved targeting specificity over the Cas9-WT. Furthermore, we tested two Cas9-NG variants, Cas9-NGv1 and Cas9-NG, for targeting NGN PAMs. Both Cas9-NG variants showed higher editing efficiency at most non-canonical NG PAM sites tested, and enabled much more efficient editing than xCas9 at AT-rich PAM sites such as GAT, GAA, and CAA. Nevertheless, we found that Cas9-NG variants showed significant reduced activity at the canonical NGG PAM sites. In stable transgenic rice lines, we demonstrated that Cas9-NG had much higher editing efficiency than Cas9-NGv1 and xCas9 at NG PAM sites. To expand the base-editing scope, we developed an efficient C to T base-editing system by making fusion of Cas9-NG nickase (D10A version), PmCDA1, and UGI. Taken together, our work benchmarked xCas9 as a high-fidelity nuclease for targeting canonical NGG PAMs and Cas9-NG as a preferred variant for targeting relaxed PAMs for plant genome editing.

Development of an adaptive morphing wing based on fiber-reinforced plastics and shape memory alloys

The process of integrating smart materials into fiber-reinforced plastics has been used increasingly to create different high-performance products for lightweight applications. This paper presents the development of an adaptive morphing wing based on fiber-reinforced plastics with shape memory alloys integrated into the reinforcing fabrics. Two types of preforms with varying numbers of integrated weft yarns in shape memory alloys were manufactured for a wing structure on a weaving machine using the pleated woven fabric technology. Subsequently, the realized preforms were infiltrated by a thermoset matrix and characterized mechanically to derive a preferred variant. After developing the adaptive morphing wing, its deformation behavior was characterized by varying current flow and time through shape memory alloys. Results revealed that maximum deformation of the investigated adaptive morphing wing was achieved at a current flow and time of 1 A and 60 s, respectively.

Prepositions in Contexts of Coordination: The Developmental Trajectory and Language Variation

This study examines the variable occurrence of preposition duplication in contexts of coordination in Spanish (e.g., Fui con mi madre y (con) mi padre). We build on previous research on this variable morphosyntactic phenomenon (namely, prepositions in contexts of coordination) by expanding the type of data and the independent variables analyzed. The examination of data from a written contextualized task suggests that duplication is the preferred variant for native speakers and that the linguistic factors of animacy, preposition type, and coordinator condition variation. We also extend the investigation of prepositions in contexts of coordination to adult second-language learners of Spanish. The results from four instructional levels of learners show numerous changes along the acquisitional path, both in the frequency of selection of the variants and of the factors that predict their occurrence. They also suggest that this variable structure is acquired late. Thus, the present investigation contributes to the understanding of second-language variation by providing information on the developmental trajectory and targetlikeness of a variable structure that has not been examined previously in the field of second language acquisition.

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANNING INVESTMENT PROJECTS

The subject matter of the study is the processes of planning investment projects for the development of organizations. The goal of this article is to develop an algorithm and software product of the decision support system to select the method of attracting investment project funds. The following tasks were solved in the article: the model of complex planning was studied and the investment project was implemented, the method of selecting an optimal variant of investment project implementation was developed, the elements of the decision support system to select the investment method were specified. The following methods were used: the system analysis, the project approach, plural theoretical models, the heuristic methods of selection, production rules. The following results were obtained: it is shown that the efficiency of the investment process is related to the assessment and selection of the most attractive investment projects from a number of alternatives, which will provide the maximum profit in the future; the strategic tasks of investing in the development of organizations and enterprises are singled out; the main finances that can be involved in carrying out an investment project are considered; the concepts of an investment project, a subject and an object of the investment activity were defined; the above concepts were formalized using the theory of sets and the system approach; the basic conditions under which the project should be implemented are formulated; the generalized diagram of the investment project implementation is developed. While developing the method of selecting the optimal variant of the investment project, the types of source information about the project and the organization which will use the finances are involved are determined. The rules for selecting the preferred variants for attracting investment depending on project factors are presented as a table. The generalized iterative algorithm for selecting the method of investing is built. The main dialogue forms of the user interface of the decision support system are considered. Conclusions. The application of the proposed method and decision support system at the planning stage of the investment project will enable making sound decisions regarding the selection of an investment method depending on the main factors of the project and the object of investment.

Shock-induced two types of {10[formula omitted]2} sequential twinning in Titanium

Shock loading causes complicated twinning processes in Ti and Ti alloys. In this work, two types of {101¯2} sequential twinning processes are for the first time reported according to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization of titanium sheets that are subjected to shock loading. One is described as {112¯1}⇒P→{101¯2} (TiII⇒P→TjI), i.e., {101¯2} sequential twinning is activated in the parent grain (P) along with {112¯1} twins. The other is described as {112¯2}⇒{112¯4}→{101¯2} (CiI⇒CjII→TkI), i.e., {101¯2} secondary twinning is stimulated inside {112¯4} twin by co-zone {112¯2} twin. A statistical analysis according to EBSD characterization reveals the well-defined crystallographic relations between sequential {101¯2} twin variants and the primary/incoming twins, i.e., TiII⇒P→TiIorTi+1I and CiI⇒Ci+3II → TiI or Ti+1I. We proposed and examined two sequential twinning mechanisms, (i) emissary twinning disconnections at steps along twin boundary for the first case and (ii) shear transformation into the primary twin for the second case, based on dislocation theory and the deformation accommodation ability of the sequential {101¯2} twinning to the shear deformation of the primary/incoming twin. Crystal plasticity modelling is performed to calculate the local stress field associated with the proposed twinning mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the preferred twin variant observed in experiments has the maximum resolved shear stress among the six twin variants. Our work suggests that complicated twinning processes under shock loading obey crystallographic relations according to deformation accommodation ability. The findings from this study can be implemented into meso-/macro-scale crystal plasticity models for predicting mechanical behaviors and texture evolution of polycrystalline aggregates of hexagonal materials.

Targeting fidelity of adenine and cytosine base editors in mouse embryos

Base editing directly converts a target base pair into a different base pair in the genome of living cells without introducing double-stranded DNA breaks. While cytosine base editors (CBE) and adenine base editors (ABE) are used to install and correct point mutations in a wide range of organisms, the extent and distribution of off-target edits in mammalian embryos have not been studied in detail. We analyze on-target and proximal off-target editing at 13 loci by a variety of CBEs and ABE in more than 430 alleles generated from mouse zygotic injections using newly generated and published sequencing data. ABE predominantly generates anticipated A•T-to-G•C edits. Among CBEs, SaBE3 and BE4, result in the highest frequencies of anticipated C•G-to-T•A products relative to editing byproducts. Together, these findings highlight the remarkable fidelity of ABE in mouse embryos and identify preferred CBE variants when fidelity in vivo is critical.

Somatic APP gene recombination in Alzheimer's disease and normal neurons.

The diversity and complexity of the human brain are widely assumed to be encoded within a constant genome. Somatic gene recombination, which changes germline DNA sequences to increase molecular diversity, could theoretically alter this code but has not been documented in the brain, to our knowledge. Here we describe recombination of the Alzheimer's disease-related gene APP, which encodes amyloid precursor protein, in human neurons, occurring mosaically as thousands of variant 'genomic cDNAs' (gencDNAs). gencDNAs lacked introns and ranged from full-length cDNA copies of expressed, brain-specific RNA splice variants to myriad smaller forms that contained intra-exonic junctions, insertions, deletions, and/or single nucleotide variations. DNA in situ hybridization identified gencDNAs within single neurons that were distinct from wild-type loci and absent from non-neuronal cells. Mechanistic studies supported neuronal 'retro-insertion' of RNA to produce gencDNAs; this process involved transcription, DNA breaks, reverse transcriptase activity, and age. Neurons from individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease showed increased gencDNA diversity, including eleven mutations known to be associated with familial Alzheimer's disease that were absent from healthy neurons. Neuronal gene recombination may allow 'recording' of neural activity for selective 'playback' of preferred gene variants whose expression bypasses splicing; this has implications for cellular diversity, learning and memory, plasticity, and diseases of the human brain.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ АЛГОРИТМОВ ОБНАРУЖЕНИЯ НЕИЗВЕСТНЫХ СИГНАЛОВ С УЧЁТОМ СОВОКУПНОСТИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КАЧЕСТВА

The subject of this article is the problem of detecting unknown signals in conditions of high a priori uncertainty, which can occur during the determination of unoccupied frequency channels in cognitive networks. It should be noted that various sources of radio emissions work on the air, which in turn complicates the solution of the problem of detection, since it is impossible to say what kind of signal will be received. Most existing algorithms require information about the signals for their operation. In practice, it is not possible to have such data on all sources of radio emission due to their diversity. The goal of the article is to study non-classical signal detection algorithms in conditions of high a priori uncertainty, when there is information only about noise, and signals are unknown. The task: to conduct a comparative analysis of unknown signal detection algorithms based on a set of quality indicators and to determine the set of Pareto-optimal detection algorithms, as well as to identify the best algorithm for a set of quality indicators. The method of statistical modeling of detection algorithms on samples of real signals and noise is performed. As a result, we obtained estimates of speed of work and quality of signal detection for a number of different variants of unknown signal detection algorithms. Possible variants of implementation of the detectors were summarized in the table. These variants were formed taking into account the dimension of the DPF sample and the number of implementations on which the decision is made. A comparative analysis of different types of detection algorithms is carried out taking into account the set of performance indicators and the quality of signal detection. It should be noted that the values of quality indicators of detection of unknown signals and performance indicators of the algorithms are related and contradictory. Conclusions. A multicriteria selection of a subset of Pareto-optimal variants is performed. Using the conditional preference criterion, the only preferred variant of the algorithm for detecting unknown signals is selected from the Pareto subset. The results of the research can be used in automated radio monitoring in cognitive radio networks