Corrective Feedback Preferences Research Articles

Unveiling the Dynamics: A Mixed-Methods Exploration of the Interplay Between Foreign Language Enjoyment, Risk-Taking, and Oral Corrective Feedback Preferences in English as a Foreign Language Classrooms

This exploratory mixed-methods study examined the relationships between foreign language enjoyment (FLE), risk-taking (RT), and oral corrective feedback (OCF) preferences among learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). Employing a triangulated research design, the study integrated quantitative data from a structured online questionnaire with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews and reflective journals. The sample consisted of 523 Saudi students enrolled in a one-year preparatory program at a major public university in Saudi Arabia. The findings indicated a significant positive correlation between FLE and RT, which suggested that greater enjoyment in language learning was associated with increased willingness to engage in linguistic RT. The results also showed that the learners had moderate preferences for all types of OCF, with no single predominant method. Additionally, the study revealed that the learners’ preferences for specific types of OCF significantly influenced both their enjoyment and RT behavior. Gender differences were observed not only in FLE and RT but also in the OCF preferences, with the female learners exhibiting a stronger inclination toward interactive and participatory feedback forms. Furthermore, the study underscored the significant impact of FLE on English language proficiency, thereby affirming that greater enjoyment correlated with higher exam scores. The study offers pedagogical recommendations derived from its findings aimed at improving both the experience and outcomes of language learning. Received: 30 May 2024 / Accepted: 31 August 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

The Relationship among Language Mindset, Corrective Feedback Preferences, and Follow-Up Strategies of Students in Writing Scientific Texts

Student learning success is primarily determined by their skills in writing scientific texts as their final assignment. However, students experience problems when preparing research proposals. The obstacles experienced were triggered by students' views that scientific writing is challenging and students' lack of understanding of input from lecturers. So, this research has four objectives, namely describing (a) language mindset, (b) corrective feedback preferences, (c) students' follow-up strategies in writing scientific texts, and (c) the correlation of the three. This research employed a mixed method. The research subjects were Indonesian Language Education students at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results show that the highest average language mindset is a growth language mindset (4.573). As many as 95.3% of students had an average questionnaire of 3.5-5.00, so most students had a growth language mindset tendency. The dominant corrective feedback that students prefer is an explicit correction (4,895). The average of the follow-up strategy is 4.30, demonstrating that students try to receive corrective feedback on their written scientific texts from lecturers. Based on the correlation results, there is a significant relationship between language mindset and corrective feedback preference (0.529); there is a relationship between language mindset and follow-up strategy-based corrective feedback (0.297); but there is no significant relationship between corrective feedback preference and follow-up strategy based corrective feedback (0.160). The conclusion is that scientific text writing guidance activities need to encourage an increase in students' growth language mindset, corrective feedback preferences, and follow-up strategies in writing scientific text.

Oral Corrective Feedback Preferences in English Lessons: Learners’ and Teachers’ Perspectives

<p style="text-align: justify;">The paramount objective of English language teaching and learning is to achieve language competence in communicative purposes with the minimal learners’ errors. To attain that goal, corrective feedback plays an important role due to its efficiency in developing learners’ English capacity. However, the correlation between language students’ and teachers’ views on the issues of corrective feedback including its types, methods and timing has received inadequate attention from educational scholars. This study, therefore, aimed to examine teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of corrective feedback at a higher education institution. The research employed the mixed method with the participation of 425 law-majored sophomores. Specifically, the statistics involved the survey questionnaires, follow-up interviews with students as well as the interview with thirteen teachers of English. The results indicated overall matches between learners’ and teachers’ high remarks on the necessity of oral corrective feedback in the students’ English acquisition. Notably, they both highly valued the use of metalinguistic feedback, prompt feedback for grammatical and lexical errors while explicit correction and recast were preferred for phonological errors. In terms of feedback timing, students were perceived not to be negatively affected by immediate correction, yet expressed their preferences for the delayed corrective feedback, which was compatible with teachers’ views. Such findings set practical pedagogical implications for language educators in the language teaching and learning process.</p>

Motivational factors underlying learner preferences for corrective feedback: Language mindsets and achievement goals

The present study examines how learners’ language mindsets (beliefs about the malleability of language intelligence) and achievement goals predict learners’ preferences for different types of corrective feedback (CF). Questionnaire data were collected from 537 learners of Spanish as a foreign language at two North-American universities. Factor analytic and multiple regression results showed two clear patterns. A growth language mindset (the belief that language learning ability is malleable) predicted preferences for all types of CF whereas a fixed language mindset predicted a preference for conversational recast and absence of CF. A development-approach goal (concerned with improving one’s language competence) positively predicted learners’ preference for the explicit types of CF whereas a development-avoidance goal (concerned with maintaining one’s second language competence) positively predicted the more implicit types of CF. Demonstration-approach (concerned with displaying superior competence) did not predict any CF type and demonstration-avoidance (concerned with avoiding the display of incompetence) predicted a preference for absence of CF. Using an overarching cost–value model, we discuss how learners’ analysis of the self-presentation and ego costs as well as the value of different CF types have led to their preference for one versus another. Future directions and pedagogical implications are discussed.

The correlation between cognitive styles and written corrective feedback preferences among Iranian and Turkish EFL learners

This study aimed at finding the correlation between Iranian and Turkish EFL learners’ cognitive styles and their preferences for different WCF types. Sixty out of seventy-five EFL students at the intermediate level in two contexts (Iran and Turkey) were selected through the Oxford Placement Test. There were two instruments in this research: The Learning Styles Questionnaire, and CF questionnaire. The researcher gave detailed instructions on how to complete the surveys. The findings demonstrated that there was a correlation between EFL students’ cognitive styles and their WCF preferences in both Iran and Turkey contexts. The second research question results indicated that there was a relationship between learners’ cognitive styles and their preferences for different types of errors to be corrected. The results of the third research question showed that the correlation between Iranian students’ cognitive styles and their preferences for different CF frequencies was not significant. The last research question results showed that the correlation between Turkish students’ cognitive styles and their preferences for different CF frequencies was not significant.
 
 Keywords: Cognitive Styles – EFL Learners – Preferences – Written Corrective Feedback.

Corrective Feedback Preferences in Learning English as a Foreign Language: Providing a Validated and New Scale

The current study was an attempt to explore the underlying factor structures of the new TPCF questionnaire designed to determine EFL teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of corrective feedbacks (CFs). To this end, both male and female EFL teachers from private language institutes were conveniently selected to participate in the study. To come up with a suitable sample for construct validation (factor analysis), care was taken to select at least 125 participants (5 participants per item included in the final version of TPCF). Two research instruments were utilized in the current study including an interview and a newly designed questionnaire by the researcher. The findings revealed that underlying factor structures of the new TPCF included type of error & type of CF, time of feedback & teachers’ strategy, proficiency level & preplanning, perceived by learners, negative impression & gender difference, dominance, correction & CF enhancement. In addition, a new TPCF questionnaire was designed for EFL teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of corrective feedbacks. Eventually, the implications of the study are presented.

Exploring University Students' Preferences towards Written Corrective Feedback in EFL Context in Libya

This study was designed to explore Libyan EFL students' written corrective feedback preferences regarding their gender to explore the relationship between their gender and their preferences. The data were collected by applying a quantitative method by using a questionnaire. The main objective of this study was to investigate students' preferences on six types of Written Corrective Feedback and investigate which of these types they preferred the most. The researcher administered the questionnaire to a sample of 35 EFL students (16 males and 19 females) studying English (EFL) at Azzaytuna University in Libya. The data were analyzed to reveal the frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation values. Paired T-test samples were used to examine the gender differences regarding the types of feedback preferences. These results revealed that students had high preferences towards writing corrective feedback in all types. The results also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences between males and females related to their choices of corrective feedback types. In addition, the results demonstrated that form feedback is the most preferred type among students, followed by unfocused feedback, while content feedback is considered as the least preferable type. This study can be regarded as one of the aspects that may contribute to the improvement in the field of education, as it attempts to explore the characteristic and kinds of error feedback strategies which may promote EFL students at universities and colleges in Libya.

INVESTIGATING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANXIETY AND LEARNER BELIEFS IN SPOKEN CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK WITH A FOCUS ON LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY

Research on the role of language proficiency on foreign language anxiety and learner corrective feedback beliefs in oral practice has not reached conclusive results. This study investigates whether level of proficiency affects foreign language anxiety and learner beliefs about spoken corrective feedback in an EFL context. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. A total of 204 participants, who were all tertiary level university learners of English from four different proficiency groups, responded to two scales: Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz, Horwitz & Cope, 1986) and Corrective Feedback Belief Scale (Fukuda, 2004). A series of one-way ANOVA analyses and Bonferroni adjusted post-hoc corrections were run to test significance between and within groups. The four proficiency groups were statistically different from each other in terms of foreign language anxiety and spoken corrective feedback preferences. The findings revealed that the learners with a low proficiency level appreciated immediate feedback, but those with a higher level of language proficiency preferred delayed feedback. Clarification requests, elicitation and metalinguistic feedback were rated more positively by the beginner group than the other groups. In terms of the choice of correctors, language proficiency did not play a role; however, all the groups valued teachers as the main agents of correction. This study is one of the very few comprehensive studies (e.g., Tercan & Dikilitaş, 2016; Uyanıker, 2018) focusing on the role of language proficiency in anxiety and feedback preferences of high achiever tertiary level learners of English who will pursue their undergraduate studies in an English medium public university in Turkey.

ESP Students’ Preferences in Learning English: Face to Face Corrective Feedback vs Online Corrective Feedback

ABSTRACT
 The current study aims to explore the students’ preferences on face to face corrective feedback vs online corrective feedback in ESP class. It is an attempt to investigate if they prefer to be corrected directly face to face by teachers or they like to be provided online corrective feedback by the teachers. To do so, a questionnaire was distributed to a group of students who are taking English for Specific Purposes and also focus group discussion was used in order to find out their beliefs toward their corrective feedback preferences. Totally, 50 students who were taking ESP courses at State Polytechnic of Subang participated in this study. The results from the questionnaire analysis revealed that the students preferred their teachers to use face to face corrective feedback, with an overall mean (x̄ = 3,95) in learning effectiveness, (x̄ = 4,12) in learning accuracies, and (x̄ = 4,02) in learning experiences. The focus group discussion revealed the students’ beliefs in their corrective feedback preferences, they believed that the teachers should be able to guide their learning, use communicative ways, and encourage them by using their learning preferences. The study suggested that taking these preferences into consideration could help students to increase their confidence in learning English.
 Keywords: Corrective Feedback, Face to face, Online, English Learning

ESP Students’ Preferences in Learning English: Face to Face Corrective Feedback vs Online Corrective Feedback

ABSTRACT
 The current study aims to explore the students’ preferences on face to face corrective feedback vs online corrective feedback in ESP class. It is an attempt to investigate if they prefer to be corrected directly face to face by teachers or they like to be provided online corrective feedback by the teachers. To do so, a questionnaire was distributed to a group of students who are taking English for Specific Purposes and also focus group discussion was used in order to find out their beliefs toward their corrective feedback preferences. Totally, 50 students who were taking ESP courses at State Polytechnic of Subang participated in this study. The results from the questionnaire analysis revealed that the students preferred their teachers to use face to face corrective feedback, with an overall mean (x̄ = 3,95) in learning effectiveness, (x̄ = 4,12) in learning accuracies, and (x̄ = 4,02) in learning experiences. The focus group discussion revealed the students’ beliefs in their corrective feedback preferences, they believed that the teachers should be able to guide their learning, use communicative ways, and encourage them by using their learning preferences. The study suggested that taking these preferences into consideration could help students to increase their confidence in learning English.
 Keywords: Corrective Feedback, Face to face, Online, English Learning

Corrective feedback preferences of primary school and university students

Corrective feedback has attracted more and more attention as it has an important place in language teaching and learning process (Kim, 2004). In this respect, Sheen and Ellis (2011) define corrective feedback as “the feedback that learners receive on the linguistic errors they make in their oral or written production in a second language (L2)” (p. 593). The main aim of this study is to investigate the most and the least corrective feedback types preferred by primary school and university students. The participants of the study determined by the convenience sampling method comprise 50 primary school and 50 university students. Students are required to mark the feedback types they prefer when they make errors. The results indicate that recasts and asking direct questions are the most favored feedback types chosen by students despite the proficiency level gap.

Saudi EFL Learners’ Preferences of the Corrective Feedback on Written Assignment

The aim of the current study is to investigate the Saudi English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ preferences for corrective feedback on written assignments. This mixed-method study used a closed-ended Likert scale questionnaire that was adopted and adapted to suit the participants under investigation. Additionally, an open-ended question was used to gain more insight. Both instruments were completed by 114 Saudi female EFL learners whose ages ranged from 12 to 13 years old and who were studying in the seventh grade at a private school in Jeddah. The instruments were given to the learners after 6 weeks of implementing three different types of feedback on written assignments. The quantitative part of the study was descriptively analysed using SPSS to find the learners’ preferences in corrective feedback, and a one-way ANOVA was used to find the differences between learners’ preferences among groups. The qualitative part of the study was thematically categorised and manually analysed using Excel. The findings revealed that the learners’ preferences did not vary according to the type of corrective feedback. However, the vast majority of learners preferred having constructive feedback on how to correct their mistakes. Additionally, learners preferred the use of electronic devices to receive corrective feedback. This study suggests that teachers consider learners’ preferences on corrective feedback so that they can incorporate these into their teaching plans.

Oral Corrective Feedback Preferences of University Students in English Communication Classes

The ultimate goal of teaching foreign language is to achieve an elevated level of language competence via providing maximum language exposure and minimum learner mistakes. To fulfill the goal, many strategies have been developed. One of the strategies is the provision of feedback during the formal speaking courses. Nevertheless, format of the oral corrective feedback in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes has been controversial regarding methods of correction, timing of correction and target errors. Moreover, learner attitudes toward correction are deemed to be an important component. In this study, the aim was to investigate how and when the error correction should take place in EFL communicative classes based on students’ perspectives. A total of 65 students at Kafkas University who were pre-intermediate and intermediate levels were interviewed using a self-report questionnaire, 14 of which were discarded due to irrelevant and redundant replies. The results revealed that 90% of the learners would like to be corrected when they had errors during the process of speaking English. Majority of the students indicated the preference to be corrected after finishing turn with nice and friendly manners. The results indicated that teachers should be aware of student attitudes toward oral corrective feedback.

Pre-service language teachers’ online written corrective feedback preferences and timing of feedback in computer-supported L2 grammar instruction

Although a plethora of research has been conducted on written corrective feedback and timing of feedback in various teaching and learning contexts, there is a paucity of research on learners’ preferences regarding different online written corrective feedback. Such a lacuna becomes prominent in EFL contexts, especially in grammar classes, where there are many calls for clear explanations on the rules and uses of language. To fill this gap, the current study reports on a case study regarding how technology can suit pre-service teachers’ preferences as to written feedback provided on online quizzes based on four units in Advanced English Grammar class. The study benefited from both qualitative and quantitative approaches to find answers to the research questions. The convenience sampling method was chosen, and the participants of the study included 64 seniors enrolled in the elective course entitled Advanced English Grammar II at a state-run university in the southwest of Turkey. Data collection instruments included four online quizzes supported with different feedback for each answer, and semi-structured interview sessions with the selected participants. Findings indicate that metalinguistic and concordance feedback were the feedback types that the pre-service language teachers most preferred. Immediate feedback was determined to be the most efficient way to support learning based on participants’ views and suggestions.

THE (MIS)MATCH BETWEEN STUDENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ PREFERENCES OF CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK

The current study examined the preferences of different corrective feedback types in adult EFL classes by teachers and students and figured out the possible reasons of their preferences. Teacher and student questionnaires and the open-ended questions were the instruments used in this study to collect data. The analysis of the questionnaires showed that the most preferred type of feedback was recast “which is a technique used in language teaching to correct learners' errors in such a way that communication is not obstructed” (“Recast”, 2019). Students also stated that they liked to be corrected immediately and explicitly during their conversations while the teachers strongly disagreed with it. Finally, open-ended questions also revealed the reasons of the students’ preferences of the type of the feedback in EFL classes. 
 Keywords: Corrective feedback; corrective feedback preferences; EFL classes

EFL Learners’ Preferences of Corrective Feedback in Speaking Activities

This study examines the preferences and perceptions of Saudi EFL learners concerning the use of Corrective Feedback (CF) during speaking activities. The participants consisted of sixty EFL pre-intermediate female learners in their preparatory year at the English Language Institute (ELI) in King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative approaches, including a questionnaire to establish learners’ CF preferences when it came to the correction of errors during speaking activities, followed by interviews with ten learners to establish additional information on, and the reasons for, these preferences. The findings revealed that the students held a positive attitude to CF during speaking activities, strongly agreeing that their teachers’ CF could improve their speaking skills. The study also found that students preferred CF to be immediate and to be given by their teachers, who they considered the most qualified to provide such feedback. In addition, the majority of respondents favored receiving CF on their oral grammatical errors. This study provides beneficial information concerning students’ preferences towards the use of CF during speaking activities. This has the potential to contribute to EFL classroom practice, enabling teachers to reevaluate their instruction, particularly in relation to speaking skills, in order to improve speaking proficiency. Moreover, these results contribute to the literature focusing on EFL learners’ preferences when it comes to the use of the CF in English speaking classes in Saudi Arabia.

A Comparative Study on Iraqi EFL Teachers’ and Learners’ Preferences of Corrective Feedback in Oral Communication

This study aims to investigate oral corrective feedback in an Iraqi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) setting by comparing learners’ preferences with those of their teachers. A parallel questionnaire including 36 items was administrated to 100 EFL learners and 52 EFL teachers. For further study, interviews were also conducted with 10 teachers and 10 learners. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the collected data. The findings revealed that teachers and learners preferred teacher feedback, self-correction, immediate feedback, and students’ responsibility for correction. Moreover, the most preferable type of corrective feedback among learners was elicitation. The results also confirmed that there exists a difference between teachers’ and learners’ preferences of corrective feedback in oral communication skills as well as a difference between learners’ preferences based on gender.

Taiwanese Student Attitudes Towards Error Correction and Written Corrective Feedback in L2 Writing Classes

<p>Error correction and corrective feedback in L2 writing has long been an important issue for EFL teachers and researchers, as well as EFL students. This study aimed to examine a population of Taiwanese EFL writing students to assess their attitudes and preferences for corrective feedback in their English writing. This study utilized a 31-question self-report survey to gather data from 79 EFL writing students. Results indicate that most students felt it was very important for the teacher to provide comprehensive direct or indirect coded feedback on all types of errors, but mostly on grammatical errors. The findings hold important implications for EFL writing teachers in Taiwan. EFL writing teachers should have open dialogues with their students in order to determine the most beneficial form of feedback for each class.</p>

Does Learners’ Proficiency Level Affect Oral Corrective Feedback Preferences?

<p>For decades now, there has been a good deal of research on factors affecting students’ oral corrective feedback preferences. Although it has been proven that learners’ characteristics such as their verbal intelligence and attitude toward error correction are highly effective in students’ preferred type of oral corrective feedback, the claims regarding the impact of learners’ proficiency level on their choice of oral corrective feedback have yet to be fully substantiated. In order to take this line of research one step forward, it is important to examine the potential effect of students’ level of proficiency in error correction literature. To this end, this paper aims to shed light on lower and higher level learners’ opinion about corrective feedback issues in an EFL context.</p>

Learners' oral corrective feedback preferences in relation to their cultural background, proficiency level and types of error

This study examines the preference of adult learners of Chinese as a second language (CSL) for six types of oral corrective feedback (OCF) on phonological, lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic errors in relation to their cultural background and proficiency levels. A sample of 159 university students completed a Likert scale questionnaire and shared their views on how they prefer OCF in a follow-up interview. The results showed learners generally preferred metalinguistic feedback, explicit correction, and recasts on nearly all types of errors. Recasts were viewed as OCF more useful for phonological errors than for lexical and grammatical errors. Intermediate level learners tended to believe that clarification requests on pronunciation errors were effective, whereas beginning level learners did not have the same confidence. Explicit correction on pragmatic errors was viewed as effective by learners from Confucian cultural background; however, learners from non-Confucian background did not agree with this view. A follow-up interview revealed that the linguistic features of learners' first language, cognitive processing, affect, instruction, and cultural perception were five main factors influencing learners' OCF preferences. Implications are suggested for the use of OCF to help understand learners’ expectations of CF in second language instruction.