Predominant Isolates Research Articles

Bacterial Profile and ESBL Screening of Urinary Tract Infection Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care of Northeastern Ethiopia Region.

BackgroundUrinary tract infection is a common cause of morbidity in pregnant women. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance particularly ESBL production among bacterial uropathogens is increasing and becoming principal cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile, their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, risk factors and identify ESBL-producing bacterial uropathogens.Patients and MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Northeastern Ethiopia region. A total of 323 pregnant women were included and structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and risk factor-related data. About 10mL freshly voided midstream urine specimen was collected, transported and processed according to standard operating procedures. The data obtained were entered into SPSS version 22 and descriptive statistics, chi-square, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. P-value ≤0.05 with corresponding 95% confidence interval were considered for statistical significance.ResultsThe overall prevalence of UTI was 15.5% (50/323). The predominant bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli 17 (33.3%) followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci 15 (30.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus 14 (27.5%). Previous history of UTI (AOR=8.824, 95% CI: 3.769,20.654, P<0.001) and history of catheterization (AOR=3.270, 95% CI: 1.316,8.122, P=0.011) were significantly associated with the occurrence of bacterial UTI. Gram-negative isolates showed high level of resistance to ampicillin 12 (60.0%) and relatively low level of resistance to nitrofurantoin 5(25.0%), norfloxacin 5 (25.0%) and ceftazidime 3 (15.0%). Gram-positive uropathogens showed higher resistance for penicillin 29 (93.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 23 (79.3%) whereas all isolates were sensitive 29 (100.0%) to nitrofurantoin. Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed among 41 (80.4%) of the isolates, and 3 (15.8%) of isolated gram-negative bacteria were ESBL producers.ConclusionHigh prevalence of bacterial UTI and MDR for commonly prescribed drugs were observed with significant number of ESBL producers. Therefore, instant UTI culture assessment of pregnant women, especially those having possible risk factors such as previous histories of UTI and catheterization; moreover, appropriate prescription and use of antibiotics are necessary.

Clinical Correlation, Isolation, Speciation, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Tribe Proteeae from Various Clinical Samples

Introduction: Organisms belonging to Tribe Proteeae are usually present as commensals in the environment but can cause urinary tract and wound infections. There is a need for regular studies on sensitivity pattern of various bacteria causing infections to decide a suitable empirical therapy and there are not many studies on Tribe Proteeae. Aim: To clinically correlate, isolate, speciate and determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Tribe Proteeae from various clinical samples. Materials and Method: All samples were cultured on standard culture media as per routine protocol. Isolates were identified by standard biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity was done by Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. ESBL production was detected by double disk diffusion method using ceftazidime (30µg) disk and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (30/10µg) disk. Clinical data was collected from the record section of the hospital. Results: Sixty samples yielded bacteria belonging to Tribe Proteeae. Most of the patients belonged to male gender 46 (76.7%) and &gt;50 years 38 (63.3%) of age. P mirabilis was the predominant isolate 42 (70%). Maximum rate of isolation of Proteus spp was from diabetic foot ulcer 21 (35%). The predisposing conditions were diabetes mellitus, tracheostomy cases and only one case of carcinoma tongue. Most of our isolates were sensitive to various drugs tested. There were only three (5%) ESBL producers. Most of the isolates of P.mirabilis were sensitive to antibiotics than P vulgaris isolates. Conclusion: Maximum rate of isolation of tribe Proteeae was from diabetic foot ulcer cases. P.mirabilis was the predominant isolate and was more sensitive to the antibiotics tested than P.vulgaris.

Algal bloom inhibition through cobalt nano particles to control Oscillatoria growth in fresh water lakes

Cobalt nano particles (CoNPs) were synthesized and tested against microalgae isolated from fresh water cyanobacterial blooms by assessing the effects on growth rate, biomass concentration and biochemical parameters. Oscillatoria was identified as the predominant isolate from algal blooms and treated with varying concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg L-1) of CoNPs. Steady decline in the growth rate of microalgae was observed at the end of 5 days indicating the toxicity of CoNPs on microalgal growth. At the end of cultivation period, 88% of reduction in biomass concentration of Microcystis and Oscillatoria were observed at 5 mg L-1 of CoNPs. Both protein and carbohydrate contents of the microalgae were reduced with increasing concentration of nano particles. Based on the findings, this study demonstrates the efficiency of cobalt nano particles (CoNPs) on inhibition of fresh water algal blooms thereby reducing the eutrophication problem.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella, Shigella, and Intestinal Parasites and Associated Factor among Food Handlers in Dilla University Student Cafeteria, Dilla, Ethiopia.

Background Food-borne disease is mostly caused by unsafe food handling and processing as well as poor hygienic practice. Recently, it is a worldwide and local burden to the human health. It is estimated that about one-third of the world population is affected by food-borne diseases annually and become a global public health problem. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors of Shigella, Salmonella, and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Dilla University, Southern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November to September 2018/2019. A structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data on sociodemographic characteristics. Parasite and bacterial identification, as well as susceptibility testing, was done using standard parasitological and bacteriological procedures. Results Of the total 220 food handlers included in the study, 38.6%, 9.5%, and 3.2% were positive for intestinal parasites, Salmonella, and Shigella species, respectively. A. lumbricoides (11.4%) was the predominant parasite isolated followed by E. histolytica (7.7%). From the total Salmonella isolates, serogroup D was the most frequent isolate and from the total Shigella species, Shigella flexneri was the predominant isolate. In this study, through irregular medical checkups, those who drunk unpasteurized milk and ate raw meat were significantly associated with intestinal parasites. Both Salmonella and Shigella species were highly resistant to ampicillin (81%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (>70%). Salmonella isolates are highly sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, while Shigella is highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. MDR was recorded in 71.4% of all bacterial isolates. Conclusion The presence of a high prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella, and Shigella species that were resistant to the commonly prescribed drugs is a treat to the children and the community at large. Therefore, measures including health education, improvement of safe water supply, sanitation facilities, and continuous monitoring of microbiological and antimicrobial surveillance are crucial.

Investigation of SCCmec types I-IV in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran.

Today methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are important in terms of causing significant nosocomial infections. Besides, MR-CoNS are confirmed as the reservoir of SCCmec elements that carry mecA (methicillin-resistant) gene. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility pattern, prevalence and diversity of SCCmec types I, II, III, and IV in MR-CoNS strains. In this cross-sectional study, 44 clinical isolates of MR-CoNS were identified using the cefoxitin disc method and further confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated by disc diffusion. The identification of CoNS was done by amplification and sequencing of the tuf gene. Multiplex PCR method was done for the determination of SCCmec types. In the present study, the Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most predominant isolates with a prevalence of 45.4%. The highest resistance rates were observed against erythromycin (84.1%) and clindamycin (75%). Multiplex PCR revealed the SCCmec type I as the predominant type in the present study. Our study showed that there was no significant relationship between the presence of different types of SCCmec elements and resistance to antibiotics. The present study highlighted a frequent prevalence of MR-CoNS harboring SCCmec type genes in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Thus, the molecular typing and periodical monitoring of their drug resistance pattern should be considered in national stewardship programs to designing useful antibiotic prescription strategies.

Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization Rate of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.

BackgroundThe incidence of hospital-acquired enterobacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) is on the rise worldwide. Colonization of gastrointestinal tract by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae, a prominent causative agent, results in life-threatening infections.ObjectiveTo determine the rate of gastrointestinal colonization by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and also to elucidate the antibiotic susceptibility profile and associated risk factors among hospitalized patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, Ethiopia.MethodologyA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch General Hospital from May 2018 to July 2019. Sociodemographic data and associated factors were collected using a pre-tested-structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected using sterile stool cups. Each sample was then inoculated onto MacConkey agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using various biochemical tests. Screening and confirmatory tests for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were performed using the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. Statistical package for Social Science was used to analyze the data. The P-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsA total of 421 hospitalized patients were enrolled in this study of which there were 240 (57%) females. The mean age of the study participants was 28.8 with SD of 15.7. Majority of participants were in the age range of 25–40 years 179 (42.5%). About 146 (34.7%) participants were found to be colonized by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The predominant ESBL-producing isolates were Escherichia coli 62 (42.46%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 60 (41.09%). Six (1.43%) carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae were isolated. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae showed higher resistance against tetracycline (91.1%) and cotrimoxazole (93.84%). Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by ESBL showed statistically significant association with regard to chronic diseases (p<0.001) and the administration of oral antibiotics after admission (p=0.020).ConclusionThe overall colonization rate of the gastrointestinal tract by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae was prominent. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates exhibited a higher level of resistance against the commonly used antibiotics which further needs greater attention.

Characterization of Beta-lactamases among MDR gram negative bacilli from a tertiary care hospital in central Kerala

Infections and mortality associated with multidrug- resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDR GNB) have dramatically increased in all parts of the world. The present study was conducted to screen the burden of Gram negative multidrug resistance in our tertiary care hospital and to pave a stepping stone for the infection control team to tackle the problem effectively. A total of 300 non-repetitive MDR GNB isolates from the specimens received in our diagnostic Microbiology lab oratory for a period of one year were screened phenotypically for Extended spectrum β -lactamases (ESBL), AmpC betalactamases and Carbapenemases. Colistin and Tigecycline susceptibility E-test were also performed randomly on some carbapenemase producing organisms. Among the 300 MDR GNB isolates, ESBL and AmpC producers were 56% and 24% respectively. E.coli was the most common organism with ESBL (73%) and AmpC (46%) resistance mechanisms. Carbapenemase producers were 14.6% with predominant isolate being Acinetobacter spp (40%). Among the risk factors, 13% patients had immunosuppressive conditions like diabetes, 31% had insitu urinary catheters, 57.7% and 29.4% had prior antibiotic usage and hospitalisations respectively. Twenty five carbapenemase producing MDR GNB tested for Colistin MIC were in the susceptible range. 71% of Acinetobacter spp tested for Tigecycline showed resistant MIC values. Multidrug resistance has a significant adverse impact on clinical outcomes of patients &amp; leads to higher costs due to consumption of health-care resources. Adherence to simple measures like hand hygiene &amp; careful attention to barrier precautions can help in preventing the spread of these infections to a greater extent.

A study of aerobic bacteriological profile of surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the leading cause of all Healthcare Associated Infections in developing countries. SSIs are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among inpatients of hospitals. For proper management of the patients it is very essential to know which pathogen has caused the infection and also its antibiotic susceptibility.1. To determine the aerobic bacteriological profile, 2. To know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates. This retrospective study was carried out on 320 culture positive swabs, tissue &amp; discharge samples received over a one year period from January 2019 to December 2019 in the department of Microbiology from Surgery, Orthopaedics &amp; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBG) departments. Data analysis was done on the microbiological profile of the aerobic isolates and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Among the 320 samples monomicrobial growth was seen in 316 (98.75%) samples whereas polymicrobial growth was seen in 04 samples (1.25%). Out of the 324 isolates Gram negative bacilli constituted 239(73.76%) and Gram positive cocci constituted 26.24%. The predominant isolate in the study was 101(31.17%) followed by 68(20.98%).The other major isolates were Citrobacter spp. 48(14.81%), . 41(12.65%), 24(7.41%), 17(5.25%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14(4.31%). This study shows that and are the commonest organisms associated with the surgical site infection. Simple measures like appropriate hand hygiene can go a long way in bringing down the rate of SSI as well as slowing down the further spread of the resistant hospital strains.

Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Sardinia (Italy).

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe parasitic zoonosis caused by the metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). The disease has a global distribution representing a significant public health concern. Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis E. granulosus s.l. has been subdivided into five species: E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (G1, G3 genotype), E. equinus (G4 genotype), E. ortleppi (G5 genotype), E. canadensis (G6-G8, G10 genotype) and E. felidis. E. granulosus s.s., and in particular G1, is the most widespread genotype and the major responsible of human CE cases worldwide. In Italy G1 genotype is higly represented with larger percentages in some hyperendemic areas such as Sardinia. Molecular studies represent a valuable tool to improve our understanding of the E. granulosus epidemiology and CE control strategies. In the present study we investigated genetic variability of E. granulosus s.s. in Sardinia. To this purpose 83 hydatid cysts were collected from different animal species including humans and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was partially sequenced (720bp). Nucleotide sequences from Mediterranean basin were also analyzed for comparison. The phylogenetic network revealed 30 haplotypes grouped around a predominant isolate that had been already reported from other world regions. Haplotype diversity (0.8495±0.0336) and nucleotide diversity (0.003305±0.002014) were similar in Sardinia respect to other Mediterranean countries. Neutrality indices obtained by Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test were significantly negative (p≤.01) suggesting expansion of Sardinian population. Low Fixation indices (Fst), ranging from negative values (Algeria, Greece, Spain, other part of Italy) to 0.089 (Albania, France), indicated absence of genetic differentiation, and gene flow between Sardinia and other Mediterranean countries.

Epidemiology of Dermatophyte and Non-Dermatophyte Fungi Infection in Ethiopia.

BackgroundDermatophytosis represents one of the common infectious diseases worldwide and it is a major public health problem around the globe. The disease causes considerable morbidity and still continues to increase especially in developing countries.ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes and the spectrum of fungal agents in patients attending Rank Higher Specialized Dermatology Clinic.MethodsA cross-sectional study has been conducted, in which 318 samples from 318 suspected patients were collected. Samples include hair, nail, and skin. A portion of each sample was examined microscopically and the remaining portion of each sample was cultured onto plates of Sabouraud’s dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol with and without cycloheximide. Isolates were identified by studying the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.ResultsTinea capitis was the predominant clinical manifestation accounting for 53.4% of the cases. Patients with age group 1–14 years were more affected. Of 318 samples, fungi were detected in 133 (54.4%) by direct wet mount while 148/315 (46.5%) of them were culture positive. From these 72/148 (46.8%) were dermatophytes. T. tonsurans was the most common pathogen in tinea capitis, whereas T. mentagrophytes was the most common pathogen in tinea corporis. Among dermatophyte isolates, T. tonsurans 29/72 (40.2%) was the most common cause of infection. Among non-dermatophyte molds, Cladosporiumspp. 21/63 (33.3%) was predominant isolate followed by Neoscytalidim dimidatum 11/63 (17.4%) and Alternariaspp. 9/63 (14.2%), respectively. Yeasts also account for 13 (8.7%) of the total suspects of dermatophytosis.ConclusionIn this study, the prevalence of dermatophytes was higher in tinea capitis 46/72 (63.8%) and T. tonsurans 29/72 (40%) was the dominant-isolated dermatophyte. Recovery of a large number of dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte fungi in our study showed that non-dermatophyte fungi are emerging as important causes of dermatophytosis warranting further intensive epidemiological studies that have public health significance are needed.

In Vitro Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria from Suspected External Eye Infected Patients Attending Ophthalmology Clinic, Southwest Ethiopia.

Background Ocular disease with its complications is a major public health problem which has significant impacts on the quality of life particularly in developing countries. An eye infection due to bacterial agents can lead to reduced vision and blindness. This study was aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and biofilm-forming potential of bacteria isolated from suspected external eye infected patients in Jimma. Method A cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted on 319 suspect patients with external eye infections from March to June 2017 at Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) Ophthalmology Department in Ethiopia. External ocular specimens were collected and standard operating procedures were followed to handle and culture throughout the study period. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Microtiter (96 wells) plate method was used to screen biofilm formation by ELISA reader at 570 nm. Results Out of 319 study participants with an external eye infection, the prevalence of bacterial pathogens was 46.1%. The predominant bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) (27.7%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (19.7%). Among Gram-negative groups, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.8%) was the leading isolate. Increased antimicrobial resistance was observed for tetracycline (64%), erythromycin (66.7%), and penicillin (77.1%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were the most effective drugs for external eye infections due to susceptibility ranging from 70 to 100% among both Gram-negative and Gram-positive groups. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) accounted for 13.8%. Multidrug resistance (MDR) accounted for 68.7%. The overall biofilm formation rate of bacterial ocular pathogens was 66.1%, where P. aeruginosa (40%), CoNS (34.1%), and S. aureus (31%) formed strong biofilm phenotype. Conclusion The prevalence rate of bacterial isolates was high. Almost all bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one or more drugs. MDR pathogens were observed increasingly among biofilm formers or vice versa.

Chemical, microbial and antioxidant activity of Cola lepidota K. Schum fruits

This research was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microbial profiles of Cola lepidota fruits. One hundred grams each of the fruit exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp were blended and analyses were carried out by the following standard methods. Active acidity and vitamin C contents were 5.5 and 6.34 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; in endocarp, 4.5 and 14.39 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; in mesocarp and 6.7 and 10.02 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; for exocarp. Moisture and carbohydrate contents of 12.31 and 68.72% were in the mesocarp while protein and crude fibre contents of 8.13 and 26.18% were in the exocarp and endocarp. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents were 1.79, 0.27 and 0.57 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; in exocarp while lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were absent in the endocarp. Predominant isolates were Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. C. lepidota had no antimicrobial effect against the tested organisms. Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins and anthocyanins were present while alkaloids, quinolones, glycosides, steroids and cardiac glycosides were absent. The fruit was observed to have antioxidant property by hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. This study presents C. lepidota as good for human consumption and can be exploited for animal feed production.

A clinicobacteriological study of dacryocystitis in children

Background: Congenital Dacryocystitis occurs due to the congenital blockage of the nasolacrimal duct, which results from incomplete canalization of the nasolacrimal duct. It is a significant cause of ocular morbidity in children. When not treated early, complications such as recurrent conjunctivitis, acute on chronic dacryocystitis, lacrimal abscess and fistula formation can occur. It is also a threat to the integrity of the eye by becoming the source of infection to orbital cellulitis and panophthalmitis. In the era of antibiotic resistance, the microbiological workup of congenital dacryocystitis is very useful for subsequent treatment. Aim of the study was to determine the microbial profile of congenital dacryocystitis and the appropriate antimicrobial agents based on the sensitivity pattern of the isolated microorganisms.Methods: A total of 25 clinically diagnosed cases of dacryocystitis in children less than 5 years of age attending the outpatient department were included in the study. Samples were collected from these patients and processed by standard microbiological techniques. All the bacterial isolates obtained were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Culture positivity was noted as 56% in this study. It is observed that Gram-positive bacteria were the predominant isolates of 86%. The predominant organism isolated was Streptococcus pneumoniae 43%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 29%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 14% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14%. All Gram-positive organisms were highly sensitive to Gatifloxacin and least sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. All Gram-negative organisms were highly sensitive to Tobramycin and least sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin.Conclusions: Streptococcus pneumoniae was the common pathogen in congenital dacryocystitis. Gatifloxacin and Tobramycin are the most effective drugs. Microbial culture and sensitivity should be performed in all dacryocystitis cases. This would contribute to the choice of appropriate and effective antimicrobial agents.

Spatial Distribution of Bacterial Isolates from Different Abattoirs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

The constituents of wastes generated from abattoir activities create conducive environment for microbial proliferation, most of which are pathogenic. Infections caused by these microorganisms could result to zoonoses. This study was to determine the distribution of bacterial isolates and their biomass from different abattoirs in Port Harcourt. Samples like waste blood, table swab, service water, faecal matter, soil and wastewater from abattoirs in Iwofe, Rumuodomaya and Trans-Amadi were collected from October 2017 to November, 2018 and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Results obtained revealed that the total heterotrophic bacterial count of blood samples ranged from 8.33x101 to 3.33x102 cfu/ml for Trans-Amadi and Iwofe abattoirs, table swabs ranged from 6.74x104 to 4.88x106 cfu/ml, water samples ranged from 1.56x104 to 2.07x104 cfu/ml; faecal matter had THB counts ranging from 9.97x107 to 1.06x108 cfu/g; and soil samples ranged from 1.11x1010 to 1.17x1010 g, while wastewater counts ranged from 1.03x108 to 1.08x108 cfu/ml. The predominant Bacterial isolates were of the genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Escherichia and Chromobacterium, Serratia sp. only was isolated from Iwofe and Rumuodomaya abattoirs within April to October while Chromobacterium sp. was isolated in Trans-Amadi and Rumuodomaya abattoirs within the months of May to October. Among the isolates, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species occurred more compared to others in all the three locations. A higher percentage of microorganisms were recorded in the month of May compared to other months. It is presumed that abattoir wastes harbour many microorganisms of public health importance. The occurrence of these microbes, most of which are enteric pathogens, poses a public health challenge as infections by them could result in illnesses such as gastroenteritis, septicaemia and pneumonia especially in the absence of good hygiene around abattoirs. Proper sanitation in abattoirs as well as management of abattoir wastes is important in reducing the spread of these microorganisms.

Ocular bacterial infections at a tertiary eye center in China: a 5-year review of pathogen distribution and antibiotic sensitivity.

To provide statistical evidence for the use of antibiotics in ophthalmology by assessing the distribution and antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates from ocular specimens with suspected microbial infections. This study applied a retrospective analysis of 3690 bacterial isolates from ocular specimens, which were obtained from the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous body, and other ocular sites of the patients at Shandong Eye Institute in northern China from January 2013 to December 2017. The parameters assessed mainly included the distribution of isolated bacteria and the results of susceptibility tests for antibiotics. In the analysis of antibiotic sensitivities, the bacteria were divided into four groups according to gram staining, and statistical methods were used to compare their antibiotic sensitivities. Among the 3690 isolated bacterial strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis (2007, 54.39%) accounted for the highest proportion. As for the total isolates, their sensitivity rate to gatifloxacin was up to 90.01%, with four types of gram-stained bacteria being all highly sensitive to it, but their sensitivity rate to levofloxacin was only 51.91%. The sensitivity rate of gram-negative bacilli (G-B) to levofloxacin was 83.66%, significantly higher than the other three types of gram-stained bacteria (P<0.05). Gram-positive cocci (G+C, 97.95%) and gram-positive bacilli (G+B, 97.54%) were more sensitive to vancomycin than gram-negative cocci (G-C, 70.59%) and G-B (68.57%; P<0.05). For fusidic acid, the sensitivity rates of G+C (89.83%) and G+B (73.37%) were significantly higher than that of G-B (29.83%; P<0.05). The gram-negative bacteria's sensitivity rate to cefuroxime was as low as 59.25%, but only G-B was less sensitive to cefuroxime (57.28%), while G-C was still highly sensitive (89.29%). The sensitivity rate of gram-positive bacteria to moxifloxacin was as high as 80.28%, but only G+C was highly sensitive to moxifloxacin (81.21%), while G+B was still less sensitive (32.00%). Staphylococcus epidermidis is the predominant isolate in all ocular specimens with bacteria. Gatifloxacin is more suitable for topical prophylactic use than levofloxacin in ophthalmology when necessary. Vancomycin and fusidic acid both have better effects on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. More accurate antibiotic sensitivity analysis results can be obtained when a more detailed bacterial classification and more appropriate statistical methods are performed.

Ciprofloxacin-resistant Gram-negative isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India with novel gyrA and parC gene mutations

BackgroundExpanded-spectrum quinolones (ciprofloxacin) are highly effective against gram-negative bacteria, but significant resistance to quinolones has been increasingly reported. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of gram-negative ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (CRIs) from our hospital and their mechanism of action. MethodsGram-negative CRIs were identified as per standard procedures and confirmed using the Ezy MICTM Strip (HiMedia). DNA from 67 CRIs was amplified for the quinolone resistance–determining region (QRDR) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. Thirty isolates positive for QRDR DNA were sequenced by Sanger's method to detect mutation. ResultsOf the isolates, 42.5% were found to be CRIs, the majority (74.42%) from inpatient departments, and Escherichia coli (64.19%) was the predominant isolate. Among the CRIs, 24.55% were ESBL producers and 35.29% were multidrug resistant. The polymerase chain reaction results showed the majority were amplified by QRDR target regions of gyrA (35.4%) while 4.61% were amplified for the plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance region of the qnrB gene. Further sequencing of QRDR-positive genes showed point mutations with amino acid changes at codons Ser83 and Asp87 in the gyrA gene and Ser80, Glu84, and Leu88 positions in the parC gene. ConclusionCiprofloxacin resistance observed in our study was mostly due to point mutations. Hence, strategies for rational use of ciprofloxacin and adherence to the dose and duration of treatment could be helpful to prevent selection and spread of mutant CRIs/strains.

A study of microbiological profile and its antimicrobial susceptibility patterns related to central line-associated bloodstream infections in respiratory intensive care unit in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Complications associated with central venous catheter central line central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). Methods: We prospective by studied the microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria from CLABSIs in respiratory intensive care unit at our a tertiary care teaching hospital in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Results: Colonisers were isolated from 110 of the 288 samples without any growth in blood cultures from among 288 samples that were submitted with a clinical suspicion of sepsis from patients with eligible central line. Among these, Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant coloniser. Seventy-four were blood culture positive, of which 36 showed other sources of infection. In our study, CLABSI rate was 12.9/1000 catheterised days. Among these culture positives, predominant isolate was S. aureus, followed by Staphylococcus hominis, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella and Escherichia coli. All the S. aureus strains were sensitive to linezolid, tetracycline and vancomycin. Among Gram-negative organisms, Acinetobacter baumannii and E. coli strains were 100% sensitive to polymyxin B and tigecycline. In our study, we have observed carbapenem resistance in E. coli and A. baumannii, which is alarming. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounted for 71.4% of S. aureus CLABSIs. All A. baumannii (n = 6), Klebsiella (n = 4) and E. coli (n = 4) isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers. Conclusions: Strict implementation of insertion and maintenance bundle care of the central lines is mandatory to prevent colonisation.

Oral microbial profile in oral cancer patients before and after radiation therapy in a cancer care center - A prospective study.

Background:Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer reported worldwide. In many cases, the level of aggressiveness of therapy adopted in cancer patients may cause the alteration in oral microbiota; the emergence of potential pathogens may cause opportunistic infections in already immune-compromised individuals leading to increases in morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the oral microbial profile in oral cancer patients before and after radiotherapy.Materials and Methods:A total of 145 oral swabs were collected before radiotherapy (n = 96), 3 months postradiotherapy (n = 25), 6 months postradiotherapy (n = 12) and controls (n = 12). The samples were inoculated into brain–heart infusion broth and later in different media for bacterial isolation. The isolates were subjected to phenotypic characterization by automatic identification system.Results:Among the 96 samples studied from the preradiotherapy patient samples, Streptococcus species (n = 28) were the predominant isolate, followed by Staphylococcus species (n = 16), Enterobacter species (n = 6) and Enterococcus species (n = 6). Of the 25 samples studied 3 months after radiotherapy, Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 4) was isolated and 12 samples studied after 6 months of radiotherapy Candida species (n = 4) and Pediococcus species (n = 3) were isolated. Among the control group (n = 12) screened, Streptococcus acidominimus (n = 3) is the predominant bacteria isolated.Conclusion:High prevalence of Streptococcus sp. was found in patients of oral cancer before radiotherapy, while Candida albicans and Klebsiella species and Pediococcus species are the significant pathogens isolated in postradiotherapy cancer patients.

A study on diabetic foot ulcers in Central rural India to formulate empiric antimicrobial therapy.

Aim:This study was carried out on patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) to assess the clinical characteristics, spectrum of microbial flora, antibiotic sensitivity, and devise an empiric antimicrobial therapy.Material Methods:Clinical data and tissue samples were collected from 105 diabetic foot ulcer patients between December 2018 and November 2019. The collected samples were processed as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and clinical and microbiological data was analyzed.Results:In this study of 105 patients, DFU was most common in males in 5th and 6th decade of life. Majority of patients had poor glycemic control and neuropathy. Of 110 bacterial isolates obtained from 97 samples, 73.7% were Gram-negative bacteria, and 27.3% were Gram-positive. Most of samples (48.6%) showed growth of single bacteria, growth of two bacteria and polymicrobial growth was seen in 28.6% and 15.2% of tissue samples respectively of which. Pseudomonas was predominant isolate (27.3%) sensitive to imipenem (90%), amikacin (86.6%), gentamicin (83.3%), and cefotaxime (80%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%) sensitive to amikacin and gentamicin (100%), and ofloxacin (90%). Pseudomonas, E. coli, Proteus and Klebsiella were highly resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.Conclusion:This study showed DFU are common in 5th and 6th decades of life. Gram-negative bacteria are predominant infective organism. Most of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are resistant to variable degrees to commonly used antibiotics and sensitive to aminoglycosides. Amikacin and gentamicin can be used as empiric antibiotics for treatment of DFU infections.

Microbiological profile of tubercular and nontubercular empyemas and its impact on clinical outcomes: A retrospective analysis of 285 consecutively operated cases.

Background:Empyema thoracis is an entity seen across all age groups. This study aims at reporting a detailed microbiological profile of “pus and pleural tissue” in patients operated for empyema thoracis and also correlating it with perioperative clinical outcomes.Materials and Methods:Patients operated for empyema thoracis between 2012 and 2016 were included in the study. Patients were taken up for surgery after thorough preoperative evaluation. Perioperative outcomes were correlated with the results of microbiological analysis to evaluate their effect on clinical outcomes.Results:In the study, 285 patients were operated. There were 215 males (75.4%) and 70 females (24.6%). Tuberculosis (TB) was responsible for 58.2% of the cases (n = 166). Of 166, 32 patients were mycobacterial culture positive, suggesting 19.28% mycobacterial culture positivity rate. 21.8% of the total mycobacterial cultures were multidrug resistant. TB culture-positive patients had a significantly higher incidence of air leak (P = 0.03), inter-costal drain (ICD) duration (P = 0.03), and higher rates of recurrence (P = 0.03). Nontubercular empyema constituted 119 cases (41.8%). Forty-seven (39.5%) cases were culture positive. Gram-negative organisms were cultured in 30 (63.8%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant isolate. Bacterial culture-positive patients had significantly higher conversions (P = 0.03), prolonged postoperative air leak (P = 0.04), and postoperative wound infections.Conclusions:This study highlights the emergence of Gram-negative organisms in bacterial empyema and emergence of multidrug resistance in tubercular empyema. Clinical outcome correlation revealed increased complications in culture-positive cases in both tubercular and nontubercular empyemas.