Background/Objective: Cardiac innervation plays a critical role in regulating myocardial function and enabling the heart to adapt to physiological and pathological conditions. Although the general features of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the myocardium are well described, the spatial organisation of nerve fibres within the cardiac muscle remains incompletely characterised. This study aimed to develop and validate the SKUF (Slice-Keep-Unwrap-Fuse) protocol, a multimodal framework for mapping myocardial innervation through the integration of histological data and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: The study was performed on the heart of a 7-year-old patient who died from rupture of a cerebral vascular malformation without evidence of cardiovascular disease. Prior to histological processing, post-mortem MRI was performed to provide a precise anatomical reference. The heart was sectioned into sequential transverse rings of 4 mm thickness, yielding 71 paraffin blocks. Histological sections (3 μm) were immunostained with antibodies against UCHL-1 to visualise nerve fibres and scanned using an Aperio AT2 system (20× magnification). Automated image analysis was conducted using the SVSSlide Processor module, which included tissue segmentation, colour-based nerve fibre detection, and sliding-window density mapping. Heatmaps were assembled into ring-based myocardial reconstructions and co-registered with MRI slices using combined rigid and deformable registration, followed by three-dimensional reconstruction of innervation patterns. Results: A higher density of nerve fibres was observed in the right ventricular myocardium compared with the left ventricle, whereas larger nerve trunks were identified in the epicardium of the left ventricle. Quantitative analysis revealed a pronounced longitudinal gradient of innervation, with minimal density in the apical region and progressive increases towards the mid-ventricular segments, where maximal density and spatial organisation of neural structures were observed. The atrioventricular groove exhibited the greatest heterogeneity of innervation due to the presence of large nerve trunks and ganglionated plexuses. Integration of histological maps with MRI enabled three-dimensional visualisation of spatial clusters of nerve fibres. Conclusions: The SKUF protocol provides a robust framework for integrating histological and MRI data to generate three-dimensional maps of myocardial innervation. This approach may facilitate the development of high-resolution anatomical atlases of cardiac innervation and support future studies of neurocardiac mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis and targeted neuromodulation.

The incidence of refractory inner ear disease (RIED) has exhibited an upward trend in recent years, emerging as a significant clinical issue characterized by long-term patient functional impairment and an exacerbated societal burden. However, considerable controversies persist regarding the therapeutic and intervention strategies for RIED. To address these challenges, the "Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of refractory inner ear disease (2026 edition)" was jointly developed by the Otology Subdivision of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, the Audiology Group of the Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the National Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, the National Key Laboratory of Hearing and Balance, and the China Consortium for RIED. Grounded in the latest evidence-based medicine and clinical practice experience, this consensus adopts a modular format to accentuate key recommendations. It provides comprehensive clinical management guidance encompassing the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, intervention strategies, and long-term management of RIED, thereby establishing standardized protocols for clinical practice. This article presents an in-depth interpretation of the developmental background, core principles, and key recommendations of the consensus. It aims to offer precise, systematic, and practical clinical references for healthcare professionals involved in RIED management, ultimately promoting the standardization of RIED diagnosis and treatment in China.

The evolution of toxicological science is currently undergoing a paradigm shift, transitioning from traditional descriptive observations toward a mechanism-based predictive framework. As conventional diagnostic tools often fail to capture early-stage molecular perturbations, there is an urgent need to integrate advanced biological indicators into clinical and environmental safety assessments. This narrative review aims to evaluate the emergence of next-generation biomarkers and their role in enhancing diagnostic precision within toxicology. Utilizing a narrative research design, the study synthesizes current literature to analyze the integration of “omics” technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and novel sampling techniques. The major results indicate that next-generation biomarkers—including liquid biopsies, epigenetic markers, and digital signatures—offer superior sensitivity and specificity compared to classical parameters like serum creatinine or liver enzymes. Furthermore, the synergy between big data and machine learning is found to be essential for establishing precise reference intervals and predicting wellness-to-disease transitions. The review recommends the standardization of bioanalytical validation protocols and the cross-species translation of biomarkers to improve regulatory acceptance. Conclusively, the integration of these advanced tools redefines toxicological precision, shifting the focus from reactive diagnosis to proactive, personalized risk management. The implications of this shift are profound, suggesting a future where toxicological monitoring is continuous, non-invasive, and highly individualized.

The RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) method is an effective method for fast and sufficiently accurate positioning using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology. The combination of a GNSS receiver with other sensors brings expanded use. In this article, we test a laser RTK method which is the unusual combination of a GNSS receiver with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a laser rangefinder, as implemented in the new HiTarget V6001 receiver. We compare the accuracy of determining the spatial position of hard-to-reach points when targeting buildings and other objects. The reference was the determination of the position using the spatial polar method with a precise total station. Its position was determined as a free station relative to three points determined by the GNSS RTK method. The tests showed that the HiTarget V6001 receiver determines the spatial position with an accuracy corresponding to the specifications. Only 2 points out of a total of 35 were determined with an error exceeding the expected accuracy. A comparison of the results revealed a systematic vertical bias of 17 mm. The HiTarget V6001 receiver is fast and economical for determining position or staking out dozens of points. Positioning is easier and faster than with a combination of GNSS receiver and a total station. The spatial position accuracy of 50 mm on average in the horizontal components and 87 mm in the vertical component (for an average slant distance of 18 m) is sufficient for most mapping and staking-out work. More than 80% of the accuracy is attributable to the polar method implemented using a laser rangefinder and IMU. The accuracy pf RTK positioning accounts for only about 20% of the total accuracy.

Background/Objectives: Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (HO) is an abnormal formation of lamellar bone in soft tissues, frequently developing near major joints in patients with spinal cord injury. While imaging provides valuable diagnostic insights, large and anatomically complex HO often requires advanced preoperative planning to minimize surgical risks. This study presents the development and clinical application of a structured six-stage workflow integrating three-dimensional (3D) technologies for the preoperative planning and surgical resection of giant iliofemoral HO. Materials and Methods: A workflow was developed comprising: (1) 3D imaging acquisition, (2) creation of a virtual model, (3) production of a life-size physical model, (4) preoperative simulation, (5) surgical resection, and (6) postoperative imaging validation. The workflow was applied to a 50-year-old male with paraplegia after a T12 fracture who developed a 26 cm iliofemoral bony bridge, confirmed by computed tomography and 3D reconstruction. Results: The physical model provided a precise anatomical reference, enabling detailed surgical rehearsal and safe planning of neurovascular dissection. Resection was performed using combined orthopedic and vascular techniques. The hip joint was preserved, and postoperative rehabilitation achieved improved range of motion and patient handling without major complications. Conclusions: This structured 3D-assisted workflow enhanced anatomical understanding and surgical precision in this complex case. The framework is applicable to other extensive ossifications with intricate anatomical relationships and warrants further evaluation in larger series.

We present a standalone frequency-offset locking system for controlling narrow-linewidth lasers using off-the-shelf electronic components. We lock two frequency-doubled 1560nm lasers to a stable primary laser operating at 780nm via their optical beat note. This radio frequency beat note is fed through a broadband variable divider, a frequency-to-voltage converter, and a proportional-integral controller to lock each follower laser to a tunable offset frequency relative to the primary. This architecture provides a large capture range (>1 GHz), fast response times (<1 ms), and high linearity. We achieve a frequency resolution of 1.9kHz and a short-term fractional frequency instability of 10-11/τ(s) at 780nm without the need for a dedicated, precise clock reference. We perform high-resolution spectroscopy of cold 87Rb atoms to demonstrate the tunability and precision of our locking system. We designed the system to be modular and extensible, making it applicable to a wide variety of atomic physics experiments, including laser cooling, spectroscopy, and quantum sensing with atoms, ions, and molecules.

Digital brain atlases are indispensable for primate connectomics, providing precise stereotactic references that enable reproducible mapping of structural and functional data. We provide a fully digitized, bilaterally complete 3D reconstruction of the Paxinos et al. rhesus macaque atlas, implemented within the existing neuroVIISAS platform. The contribution of this work is the creation of a reusable, stereotactically embedded resource, rather than the introduction of new computational methods. Using polygon-based segmentation, we systematically digitized 1722 anatomical contours from the Paxinos et al. (2009) stereotactic atlas of the rhesus monkey, including cortical, subcortical, and non-neuronal regions, and embedded them into a stereotactic coordinate system. Mirroring procedures ensured full bilateral representation, while volumetric and surface calculations yielded quantitative benchmarks spanning nuclei of less than 0.1 mm3 to cortical regions exceeding 2000 mm3. The atlas supports advanced visualization in 2D and 3D, including interactive rotation, transparency, and connectivity overlays, facilitating structural exploration and connectome simulations. Integration with neuroVIISAS enables hierarchical ontologies, quantitative analyses, and direct interfacing with simulation environments. Validation against stereological data and comparison with independent resources (SARM, ONPRC18) confirmed the reliability of delineations while highlighting methodological differences across atlases. Beyond structural applications, functional connectivity studies, such as gradient analyses in macaques (Xu et al., 2020), demonstrate how atlas-based frameworks bridge species by systematically linking macaque organization to human cortical architecture. Together, these methodological advances establish a reproducible, bilaterally complete, and volumetrically validated stereotactic reference for the rhesus monkey brain, enhancing both experimental design and translational connectomics.

Abstract This paper presents the design of a nonlinear adaptive flight control system for the Cessna Citation X longitudinal dynamics. The aircraft pitch rate is controlled using a combination of recursive least squares-based nonlinear dynamic inversion and an adaptive neural network controller. The recursive least squares algorithm provides online parameter estimates to support the inversion, while the neural network compensates for residual modeling errors through online weight adaptation. To enhance robustness and ensure stability, a fixed-gain proportional integral derivative controller is integrated into the control structure. Unlike conventional gain-scheduled controllers, where PID gains vary with flight condition, the proposed adaptive controller uses a single baseline set of fixed gains. The adaptive component updates the control action online, enabling the same controller configuration to operate effectively across all 64 cruise conditions without any gain scheduling. A systematic tuning methodology is introduced for initialising the recursive least squares, selecting forgetting factors and applying covariance resets to ensure accurate adaptation. The controller is able to track a pitch-rate reference model that satisfies longitudinal flight quality requirements. Robustness is assessed under realistic disturbances, including wind gusts, Dryden turbulence, actuator loss-of-effectiveness and actuator noise. Simulation results demonstrate that the controller achieves precise reference tracking while maintaining Level 1 flight qualities. Stability is formally guaranteed using Lyapunov-based analysis. The findings highlight the ability of the designed hybrid adaptive controller to overcome limitations of linearisation, gain scheduling and estimator sensitivity, forecasting a practical and certifiable method for the integration of intelligent adaptive flight control systems into commercial aircraft.

Background Heritage corridors represent complex cultural landscapes shaped by the historical interplay between military defense and transportation connectivity. However, the synergistic mechanisms behind this interplay remain underexplored. Methods This study investigated these synergistic mechanisms by which military defense systems and transportation networks influenced the settlement spatial patterns within China’s heritage corridors, using the Guangou section of the Great Wall as a representative case. Through an interdisciplinary approach that integrated historical document analysis, field surveys, remote sensing interpretation, and historical GIS spatial analysis, we constructed a tripartite research framework of “element identification-spatial quantification-mechanism interpretation”. Specific analytical methods included: 1. Euclidean distance and viewshed analyses to assess the spatial control exerted by defense facilities; 2. Cost-path analysis and buffer zone analysis to reconstruct historical transportation networks; and 3. Spatial overlay and raster calculation to quantify defense-connectivity interactions. Results Our findings revealed that settlement evolution underwent three distinct historical phases. Prior to the Ming Dynasty, settlements exhibited a dispersed, “mountain-water adjacent” distribution. During the Ming period, four distinctive settlement types emerged: High Defense-High Connectivity (HDHC) pass-courier station complexes, High Defense-Low Connectivity (HDLC) frontier military zones, Low Defense-High Connectivity (LDHC) plain waterway settlements, and Low Defense-Low Connectivity (LDLC) remote mountainous enclaves. Among these, the Guangou axial zone demonstrated an optimal defense-connectivity synergy model. In the Qing Dynasty phase, spatial configurations transitioned from “defensive control” to “connectivity empowerment”, characterized by “linear bead-like” and “planar networked” distribution patterns. Conclusion This study innovatively proposed a theoretical framework and quantitative indicator system for “defense-connectivity” synergistic evolution. It developed a spatial analysis technical approach that integrated multi-source data fusion and multi-method integration, revealed the evolution patterns and mechanisms of different spatial types in the formation of heritage corridors, and established a spatial management methodology for the protection of linear cultural heritage. Our findings would not only deepen the understanding of the evolution patterns of defensive settlement systems, but also provide precise spatial management references for the “holistic protection” and “living inheritance” of the Great Wall National Cultural Park, offering a replicable analytical framework for global studies on similar heritage corridors.

Abstract. Wind farm control concepts require awareness and observation methods of the inner-farm flow field. The relative location of the wake, to which a downstream turbine is exposed, is of great interest. It can be used as feedback to support closed-loop wake-steering control, ultimately leading to higher power extraction and fatigue load reduction. With increasing fidelity, not only time-averaged wakes but also instantaneous wake conditions, subject to meandering and wind direction changes, are considered within a controller. This paper presents a quantitative field comparison of two independently applied wake centre estimation methods: a scanning lidar and an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on the rotor loads of the waked turbine. No ground truth is available in the field environment, therefore the methodology accounts for the fact that two uncertain estimates are compared. The lidar estimates, with a derived uncertainty in the order of 0.05 rotor diameters D, can be used as a suitably precise reference to draw conclusions about the load-based EKF. The EKF uses Coleman-transformed blade root bending moments, linked to the wake centre position via an analytical model with a low number of tuning parameters. The model can easily be trained with aeroelastic simulations, including the dynamic wake meandering model. The formulation adds robustness to the tracking and allows the user to determine the confidence in the wake position estimate, which can be used for wake impingement detection or for a wake-steering controller to judge whether a yaw manoeuvre is adequate. The results indicate agreement of the methods with root mean square errors of 0.2D for low and moderate turbulence intensity, and 0.3D for turbulence intensities above 12 %. The paper focuses on wake position estimation but also outlines a methodology for validating wind farm models and wind field reconstruction techniques with complementary lidar data.

Information and communication technology has continuously driven the demand for higher data transmission rates. At the same time, frequency synchronization technology also needs to continually adapt to the high-precision frequency references required between equipment in high-speed optical communication systems. However, existing time and frequency transmission technologies, which rely on the hardware-timestamp functions specified in IEEE1588, cannot meet the accuracy requirements for Precision Time Protocol (PTP) devices in 5G + or future 6G communications. Multi-core fiber, with its characteristics such as multi-channel transmission, superior symmetry, high integration, and versatility, is poised to become the preferred choice for next-generation communication fibers. There is a need to investigate the co-transmission of RF references and data signals based on multi-core fiber to further expand the capacity of communication data transmission and provide precise RF references for 5G + and future 6G communications. This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a novel approach for RF clock references and data signals co-transmission over a seven-core fiber on the same wavelength. By inserting an RF standard tone into the data signal spectrum through spectral modulation, we achieve co-transmission of a 10-MHz RF standard and 224-Gb/s dual-polarization 16-QAM signals over 1 km and 10 km seven-core fiber links based on frequency-synchronous optical network (FSON) architecture. The RF and data signals are received and demultiplexed entirely in the optical domain using a radio frequency and data signal demultiplexing (RFDSD) module. The measured 10-MHz frequency stability over 1 km and 10 km seven-core fiber links is better than commercial rubidium atomic clocks and it demonstrates the potential for picosecond-level clock dissemination within short-reach optical interconnects scenario. This work shows good performance in coherent demultiplexing of 224-Gb/s DP-16QAM signals with all tributaries demultiplexed below the 7% FEC threshold at receiver optical power levels of -19 dBm and − 18.5 dBm for 1 km and 10 km seven-core fiber links, respectively. Our approach provides a promising solution and theoretical foundation for next-generation high-speed, high-capacity, picosecond-level physical delay short-reach coherent optical interconnect applications.

Heterogeneity of the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is one of the main challenges faced in developing therapies. Thanks to the increasing number of clinical databases, progression models have allowed a better understanding of this heterogeneity. Joint models have proven their effectiveness by combining longitudinal and survival data. Nevertheless, they require a reference time, which is ill-defined for neurodegenerative diseases, where biological underlying processes start before the first symptoms. In this work, we propose a joint non-linear mixed-effect model with a latent disease age, to overcome this need for a precise reference time. We used a longitudinal model with a latent disease age as a longitudinal sub-model. We associated it with a survival sub-model that estimates a Weibull distribution from the latent disease age. We validated our model on simulated data and benchmarked it with a state-of-the-art joint model on data from patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Finally, we showed how the model could be used to describe ALS heterogeneity. Our model got significantly better results than the state-of-the-art joint model for absolute bias on ALS functional rating scale revised score (4.21(SD 4.41) versus 4.24(SD 4.14)(-value1.4)), and mean-cumulative-AUC for right-censored events on death (0.67(0.07) versus 0.61(0.09)(-value1.7)). To conclude, we propose a new model better suited in the context of unreliable reference time.

Abstract The variability of laboratory Kraft pulping experiments is often overlooked, despite its importance for accurate data interpretation (e.g., pulp yield or Kappa number). Neglecting variability can lead to incorrect conclusions, especially when differences between cooking procedures are minor. This study assessed the repeatability and variability of a fully automated state-of-the-art laboratory scale recirculation digester and a common laboratory rotary digester, cooking spruce and pine mixtures under identical conditions. The baseline configuration utilized fractionated chips pulped with white liquor and water. To explore increased complexity, subsequent experiments incorporated unfractionated chips, segregated chips, and the addition of black liquor. Seven experiments were conducted per setup, using a liquor-to-wood ratio of 7:1, a final H-factor of 1005, and an effective alkali concentration of 50 g/L. The resulting average total yield ranged from 47.19% to 48.56%, while the average Kappa number varied between 33.1 and 36.1. The coefficients of variation for Kappa (CV Kappa ) ranged from 2.21% to 3.25% in the recirculation digester, versus 3.60% in a rotary batch digester. Total yield variability was lower, with a coefficient of variation for yield (CV yield ) between 0.70% and 0.88%, compared to 1.63% in the rotary digester, highlighting the recirculation system’s precision. Dry matter determination was identified as a significant contributor to yield variability. In order to achieve ± 1 Kappa point with 95% confidence level, seven cooking trials are required, while four trials suffice for ± 0.5 pp yield precision. This research highlights the importance of addressing variability and provides a reference for laboratory-scale precision and necessary repetitions.

The Europa Clipper mission will investigate the geophysical properties of Europa, one of Jupiter's Galilean moons, to assess its habitability. Geodetic measurements will play a critical role in determining Europa's internal structure, including the thickness of the ice shell, the presence and extent of a subsurface ocean, and the distribution of mass in the deeper interior. To build the necessary geodetic data set, the Geodesy Focus Group (GFG) coordinates cross-instrument efforts to measure Europa's global shape, rotational parameters, gravity field, and degree-2 tidal Love numbers ( and ). Here we summarize how data from the Gravity/Radio Science (G/RS) investigation, Europa Imaging System (EIS), Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding (REASON), and Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS) will be used to infer geodetic constraints on the interior structure and to establish a precise cartographic reference system for geophysical and geological interpretation. Together, the resulting geodetic information will contribute to a deeper understanding of Europa's internal dynamics and the potential habitability of its ocean.

Paleogeography, and particularly the paleolatitude, provides key context in the interpretation of paleoclimatic and paleobiological data but these fields are typically studied by scientists in different disciplines. To facilitate communication between these disciplines, a decade ago the online Paleolatitude.org calculator was developed. This provided for any coordinate on stable tectonic plates a paleolatitude estimate for any chosen Phanerozoic time interval, including an uncertainty that includes paleogeographic uncertainty and age uncertainty of a sample/fossil. Here, we provide a major update to this tool. First, we include in the calculator the first global paleogeographic model, including GPlates reconstruction files, back to 320 Ma that also restores paleogeographic units that are now thrusted over each other in orogenic (mountain) belts. Second, we include a recent, more precise paleomagnetic reference frame with updated statistical procedures, and provide the first update of its underlying database. Third, we introduce a new online interface with an easy-to-use tool with a batch option, and data and graph export functions. Finally, we illustrate differences with previous reconstructions and show an application by calculating a paleolatitudinal biodiversity gradient for the late Jurassic in which we use a bootstrap approach to propagate paleolatitude and age uncertainty into the result.

The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in orchards has been gradually emerging. Due to the complex architecture of tree canopies and the planting environment, choosing a reasonable UAV flight pattern to effectively enhance droplet deposition on critical target areas remains a challenge. This study employed Nanguo pear trees as the application target, with an electric multi-rotor UAV, the EA-30X, chosen as the spraying platform. Through comprehensive droplet assessment methodologies, five different flight patterns (intra-row, intra-row-high-speed, intra-row-half-rate, inter-row, verti-row) were analyzed and compared to assess droplet deposition in the tree canopy. Measurements revealed that 71.85% of the droplet coverage is in the 0-5% range and the droplet density is in the 0-200 drops·cm-² range. The results also showed that there was no statistically significant difference in droplet deposition between the inner and outer zones of the fruit tree canopy in the horizontal direction among the treatments (p > 0.05). The results indicate that, under the conditions of constant spray volume rate (60 L/ha) and flight height (2.5 m), particularly when natural wind speeds are excessive, using a UAV for two-pass spraying patterns (intra-row-high-speed, intra-row-half-rate) is not recommended. Intra-row, inter-row and verti-row are viable options, but the selection should be made flexibly based on operational requirements. Different flight patterns lead to changes in the droplet deposition distribution trends across vertical layers and between inner and outer zones. This study provides scientific and precise operational guidance and reference for pest and disease control in Nanguo pear orchards.

This paper proposes a bandgap reference (BGR) voltage source with high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), low temperature coefficient (TC), and high robustness for automotive chip electronic systems. To reduce the temperature coefficient and save chip area, a self-biased high-order temperature compensation technology is developed in the design. The proposed BGR is implemented based on 180 nm process, with an effective area of only 0.01 mm². Experimental results show that under a supply voltage of 3.3 V, it outputs a reference voltage of 1.2 V, with an average temperature coefficient as low as 2.2 ppm/℃, a PSRR of up to −120 dB at the DC operating point, and a process coefficient of variation (σ/μ) of only 0.06%, which can meet the application requirements of automotive chips for high - precision reference sources.

We report kilohertz-level precision measurements of magnetic dipole transitions in the 16O2A-band using optical frequency comb-referenced cavity ring-down saturation absorption spectroscopy. Under a zero magnetic field, 30 transitions were recorded with center frequency uncertainties within several kilohertz, representing an improvement of two orders of magnitude over previous studies. From these measurements, 19 ΔN = 0 (microwave) and 12 ΔN = 2 (terahertz) ground-state rotational frequencies were derived using the combination difference method. A global fit of the data produced a new set of spectroscopic parameters for the X3Σg-(0) and b1Σg+(0) states, achieving a root-mean-square deviation of 18kHz and surpassing earlier benchmarks. Our results reveal systematic deviations in existing terahertz frequency data and demonstrate that saturation spectroscopy provides superior accuracy for determining rotational energies compared to direct microwave or terahertz measurements, particularly at high rotational quantum numbers. This work establishes the most precise frequency reference to date for the oxygen A-band and terahertz region, supporting future advances in high-resolution spectroscopic databases, atmospheric remote sensing, and interstellar O2 searching.

BackgroundThe preoperative diagnosis of gastric stromal tumor (GST) and gastric schwannoma (GS) is of great significance for the selection of surgical methods. However, their similar clinical and imaging findings make it challenging to distinguish between the two tumors, and thus misdiagnosis occurs frequently before surgery. This study aimed to investigate the value of clinical data and enhanced computed tomography (CT) features in the differential diagnosis of GST and GS by a multi-institution retrospective analysis, for large (≥5 cm) and small (<5 cm) tumors.MethodsThis study involved 493 patients with GST and 102 patients with GS. The enhanced CT imaging data and clinical characteristics of the participants were analyzed, including the complete clinical and imaging data, and postoperative pathological diagnosis. The cut-off value of 5 cm of the tumor was used to divide the patients into two groups (large group: 164 GST and 13 GS; small group: 329 GST and 89 GS). The categorical variables were statistically analyzed using the chi-squared test, and the continuous variables were statistically analyzed using independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. The statistically significant variables for the two groups were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsA total of 177 patients were divided into a large GST (GST-L) group (n=164) and a large GS (GS-L) group (n=13), and 418 patients were divided into a small GST (GST-S) group (n=329) and a small GS (GS-S) group (n=89). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the lymph node and necrosis were independent risk factors in large groups. In the small groups, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sex, location, growth pattern, lymph node, and necrosis were independent risk factors. The area under the curve was 0.983 in the large groups [accuracy (ACC) =95.5, sensitivity (SEN) =0.923, specificity (SPE) =0.957], and 0.931 in the small groups (ACC =77.8, SEN =0.816, SPE =0.922).ConclusionsThe two models have high diagnostic efficiency, and share significantly different features of lymph nodes and necrosis, whether in large or small groups, which may contribute to providing a precise reference for the planning of surgical methods.

There are illustrated texts that manage to generate music; sometimes, they do so through direct and precise references to composers and pieces, other times through an impressionistic hybridization that conveys fleeting atmospheres those same atmospheres that, ever since Goethe’s Theory of Colours and his aphorisms On Music, we have understood to be infused with multifaceted synesthetic reverberations. This beautiful fusion ‒ capable of transcending an imaginary too often constrained by rigid artistic boundaries ‒ is explored here through three distinct forms of “musical representation through images”: The Dam, by David Almond and Levi Pinfold, follows the thread of musical evocation to portray the passage of time and generational change. Pinfold’s delicate pencil lends things, places, nature, and people a sense of continuity with the created world, one that unfolds through an armonia mundi whose musical dimension is indispensable. Summer, by Suzy Lee, directly inspired by one of Vivaldi’s Four Seasons (and the accompanying poetic sonnet), dares to enact an artistic transposition from the emotional field evoked by music centuries old to the chromatic immediacy of everyday, youthful, current, and vividly suggestive imagery, to borrow the words of Calvin Brown and Rino Maione. Finally, For Hand, by Sante Bandirali and Gloria Tundo, recounts with words and masterful illustrations the life of Paul Wittgenstein, who lost his right hand after being sent to the front during the Great War. A story of exemplary resilience, the book intersects music history, aesthetics, and educational and ethical perspectives.