Pre-test Control Group Research Articles

Powtoon Interactive Media with a Problem Based Learning Model on Student Learning Outcomes and Interests in Plane figure

The lack of appropriate use of models, methods, strategies and media applied by teachers is the background of this research. Based on field studies, this happened to fourth-grade students at Mentari Elementary School, which is an elementary school in Kartasura District. There are several learning media whose use is not maximized so that automatic learning will be more teacher-centered. This can result in low student learning outcomes and interest. This study aims to determine the effect of Powtoon interactive media with the Problem Based Learning model on the learning outcomes and interest of fourth grade students in elementary school plane figure material. The method used in this study was a quasi-experimental design with a Control Group Pretest and Posttest Design. The Cluster Random Sampling technique is used as a sampling technique. Data collection techniques in this study through observation, tests, questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis techniques used include normality test, homogeneity, t test and ANOVA test. From the research results it was found that the t-test showed the value of Sig. (2-tailed) <0.05 and the ANOVA test shows a Sig. 0.008 <0.05, it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Therefore, there is an influence of Powtoon interactive media with the Problem Based Learning model on student learning outcomes and interest in plane figure material at Mentari Elementary School.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Brain Eating Amoeba among First Year BSC Nursing Students in Selected Nursing Colleges at Malappuram

The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge regarding brain eating amoeba among first year BSc nursing students. OBJECTIVES: Assess the knowledge regarding brain eating amoeba among first year BSc nursing students, evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding brain eating amoeba among first year BSc nursing students and find the association between pre test level of knowledge regarding brain eating amoeba among first year BSc nursing students. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative approach was used for this study. A quasi experimental non equivalent control group pre test post test design was used to collect data from 60 samples among first year BSc nursing students at selected nursing colleges in Malappuram. RESULT: The study was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows that among 30 samples of experimental group 30 samples shows good(100%) level of knowledge. In 30 samples of control group among 0 show good(0%) , 13 shows average (43.3%) and 17 shows poor (56.6%) level of knowledge. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that structured teaching programme increased the knowledge regarding brain eating amoeba.

The Effect of Flashcards in Improving Vocabulary at the Eighth Grade Students of SMP Negeri 6 Palu

Students face challenges in English communication primarily due to insufficient vocabulary. Consequently, teachers should actively implement strategic measures to enhance students' mastery of vocabulary, such as incorporating activities like the use of flashcard. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the utilization of flashcard media has a positive impact on enhancing vocabulary. This research is an experimental study with a pre post test design using 2 sample groups, namely the intervention group and the control group consisting of 32 people per group. In choosing the participants, the researcher used purposive sampling. This study was conducted in SMPN 6 Palu since the participants are the students of the eighth grade. The results were analyzed using t table and t calculations to determine the effect. The result showed that the mean score of pre-test of control group is 45.13 and that the mean score post test of control group was 53, whereas the mean score of pre-test of experimental group is 45.38, and the mean score of experimental group was 81.38. t-counted (14.57) is higher that t-table (1.9988). This implies that the research hypothesis has been validated. In summary, the utilization of flashcards proves to be effective in enhancing vocabulary among eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 6 Palu. flashcard media could be used as one of media in the classroom, because it easy and interesting in applying for the students.

Fostering metacognitive activities during job search: The Three Good Job Search Things intervention

AbstractBased on principles from positive psychology and broaden‐and‐build theory, we examined whether conducting a Three Good Job Search Things intervention can increase metacognitive activities among job seekers. We further theorize that positive affect (i.e., activating and deactivating) serves as a mediating mechanism for the effect of the reflection intervention on metacognitive activities. We designed a randomized control group pretest–posttest experimental study with three groups (i.e., Three Good Job Search Things, active control, and passive control) and two measurement times (N = 116). Results show that the Three Good Job Search Things intervention increased job seekers' metacognitive activities as compared with the passive control group, but not as compared to the active control group. However, the active control group results did not differ significantly from the passive control group. The effects of the intervention on job seekers' metacognitive activities were not mediated by enhanced positive affect. This study contributes to the job search literature by expanding our understanding of how metacognition during job search can be improved by reflecting upon one's job search process.

The Effect of Kahoot! On Junior Secondary School Students’ Vocabulary Mastery: An Experimental Study

The aimed of this research to investigate the significant effect of Kahoot application towards students vocabulary mastery at the eighth grade of MTs Al-Mu’min Cikeusik, Pandeglang academic year 2023/2024. This research was quantitative approach with quasi-experimental design. The research paper used the quantitative approach and quasi-experimental design. This research was conducted from July-august, The technique in choosing the sample is cluster random sampling; and the researcher has chosen two classes are a control class and an experimental class This research consisted of two variables namely Kahoot application media as independent variable and students vocabulary mastery as dependent variable, using pre-test and post-test control group design. The population of this research was eighth grade of MTs Al-Mu’min Cikeusik consisted of 42 students divided into two class. the sample of this research were VIII A (22 students) as experimental class and VIII B (20 students) as control class. In the Collecting data technique, the researcher gives pre-test and post-test. The score pre-test of control group are 1,210, the score pre-test of experimental class are 1,475. Then, the score post-test of control group are 1,405, the score post-test of experimental group are 1,850. To collect the data, the researcher used SPSS version 29. to know whether was any significant effect students’ vocabulary mastery, between the students who are taught by using Kahoot application as media and who are not. Therefore, From the explanation above, it can be concluded that Kahoot application an effective media for English teaching-learning. The result of this research showed that the students who were taught by using Kahoot! game got better score than the students who were taught by using traditional method. The researcher has found the result of Significant two-tailed = 0.001 < α 0.05.

The Effect of Dictogloss Technique on EFL Students’ Critical Language Awareness

New techniques help teachers maximize students’ cooperation and inspiration. Dictogloss is one of many dominant techniques available to classroom teachers. When these techniques are used well, they can have a positive effect on the students’ increase their Critical Language Awareness.
 The current study aims at :Finding out the effect of dictogloss technique on EFL preparatory students’ critical language awareness.
 To achieve these aims, some hypotheses are proposed. To verify the hypotheses and achieve the aims of the study, the following procedures are carried out:
 In the present study, quasi- experimental design is required, namely the design of a "Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest- Posttest Design”. The sample consists of 70 students from the fifth scientific stage at Al-Aqeeda preparatory school for girls, distributed in two groups, experimental and control with 35 students for each.
 Both groups have been equalized in some variables. The experiment lasted two months, and the researcher taught the two groups during the academic year 2021-2022 (Face and content validity have been attained). The data is gathered by using one tool: a questionnaire to measure students’ critical language awareness. The tool of the study has been validated, and different statistical means have been used to analyze the obtained data.
 Based on the results and the conclusions obtained in this study, appropriate recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

Pulmonary Fibrosis with Increasing of Interleukin-6 in Sprague Dawley Rats with Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis is the result of chronic inflammation causing decreased lung function. Severe lung damage and worsening respiratory symptoms can caused by metabolic syndrome. In metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin occurs, also chronic inflammation and increased interleukin-6. Research on rats with high-fat high-fructose diet caused metabolic syndrome that triggered chronic inflammatory formed pulmonary fibrosis, which decreased lung function. The study result aim to increase awareness of pulmonary fibrosis due to chronic inflammation in metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study design was true experimental in vivo test, pre and post test control group, with male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 37 weeks. Comparing each of 10 in control and metabolic syndrome groups. Metabolic syndrome expressed by increase of weight, triglycerides, blood sugar, and low HDL. Pulmonary tissue fibrosis assessed with modified Aschroft score. Examination of plasma and tissue Interleukin-6 by ELISA, and the degree of tissue fibrosis by HE staining under a microscope. Different test with independent T-test and Mann-Whitney methods. Results: There were significant differences in plasma and tissue Interleukin-6 and degree of lung tissue fibrosis between control and metabolic syndrome groups with each p<0.05. There is an increase of plasma Interleukin-6, tissue Interleukin-6, and also degree of lung tissue fibrosis on metabolic syndrom group than control group. Conclusion: There is an increase in the degree of pulmonary tissue fibrosis accompanied by an increase in plasma and tissue IL-6 in rats with metabolic syndrome.

Randomized controlled trial of vitamin d supplementation on toll-like receptor-2 (tlr-2) and toll-like receptor-4 (tlr-4) in tuberculosis spondylitis patients

BackgroundTuberculosis spondylitis accounts for approximately 50% of all cases of skeletal tuberculosis. Vitamin D plays a role in the immune system. Vitamin D helps in the activation of TLR-2 and TLR-4, which play a role in the process of tuberculosis infection. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oral supplementation with vitamin D on TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in tuberculosis spondylitis patients.MethodsThe true Experiment Design Pretest–Posttest with Control Group (Pretest–Posttest with Control Group) was used for this research. TLR-2 and TLR-4 were measured by ELISA. Repeated ANOVA, ANOVA tests, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality tests on the SPSS program were used to statistically analyze the results.ResultIn the dose groups of 10,000 IU and 5000 IU, significant increases in the levels of vitamin D, TLR-2, and TLR-4 were observed at weeks 4 and 8 (p < 0.05). In the control group, there was no significant increase.ConclusionsVitamin D supplements can significantly increase TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels. Supplementation with vitamin D 10,000 IU/day for 8 weeks can increase vitamin D levels > 50 ng/dl to optimally act as an immunomodulator.

EFFECT OF ACUTE FOAM ROLLER AND PERCUSSION THERAPY ON MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE AND MUSCLE STIFFNESS

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of the acute application of foam roller and massage gun, which are self-myofascial techniques, on muscle architecture and muscle stiffness. 27 male athletes participated in the study. Within the scope of the study, the athletes were randomly divided into 3 groups as 1st group foam roller (FR), 2nd group massage gun (MG), 3rd group as control group (CG) and muscle architecture and muscle stiffness (MS) were evaluated as a result of acute exercise. Muscle stiffness (MS) muscle thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA), and pennate angles (PA) of the subjects were measured by ultrasound. The measurement results were tested with repeated measures two-way Anova test analysis of variance in the SPSS program, and significance was accepted as p&amp;lt;0.05. When the measurement results of MS, PA, and MT were examined, no significant difference was observed in the FR, MG, and CG pre-test and post-test (p= 0.94). In the pretest and posttest results of the CSA of the muscle, a decrease was observed in the FR group and an increase in the MG group (p=0.03). In conclusion; shows that muscle thickness,pennation angle, and muscle stiffness do not change after acute self-myofascial relaxations and that foam roller and massage gun do not have superiority over each other. The cross-sectional area decreased after the foam roller application and increased after the massage gun.

Soursop Leaf Nanoparticles On Blood Glucose Levels And Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) Values In Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Chronic hyperglycemia will cause legs and blood circulation disorders. Treatment with insulin is still quite expensive and with some side effects of oral hypoglycemic drugs. This experience made the management of DM switch to herbal treatment, namely soursop leaves (Annona muricata). The study used a pre and post test control group design with random allocation. Quasy experimental study with a two group pre tpost-testest – post tepost-testst design at 36type-2 DM patients in the Pekalongan City area. Blood glucose levels in the treatment group were measured before and after administration of soursop leaf nanoparticles500 ml/20 gBB 3 times a day for 6 days and 500 mg metformin. Giving soursop leaf nanoparticles at a dose of 500 ml/20 grBW 3 times a day for 6 days is effective on fasting blood glucose levels clinically with a change in value of 65 mg/dL, and has a statistically significant effect on reducing fasting glucose levels (p=0.035).

Enhancing K2 Students' Skills With Loose Parts at Kindergarten XYZ

This quasi-experimental study aims to measure the effectiveness of using loose parts as a media to enhance problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity skills among K2 students at Kindergarten XYZ Jakarta. The research involved a control group of 26 students and an experimental group of 25 students, using pretest and posttest assessments to measure progress. The experimental group integrated loose parts into classroom activities, while the control group followed the standard curriculum. Next, the pretest and posttest data are analyzed for their n-Gain values to obtain the difference between the two groups. N-Gain is used to measure the effectiveness of an intervention or learning approach by comparing score improvements between pretest and posttest, providing an overview of the extent of improvement in the use of loose parts in the experimental group. The higher the n-Gain value, the greater the improvement achieved by that group. The results showed an increased average score in problem-solving and creativity for the experimental group compared to the control group in both pretest and posttest. However, critical thinking scores showed no significant difference between the two groups. This suggests that the use of loose parts positively impacts problem-solving and creativity in kindergarten students, but improving critical thinking may require further investigation or alternative strategies.

The Influence of Blended Learning and Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic (VAK) Learning Styles on Students' Speaking Skills in Class XI English Language Learning

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of blended learning and visual, auditory, kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles on students' speaking skills when learning English. The research method used is experimental research. The experimental design used was a factorial design, while this research used a non-equivalent control group pre-test. The research results show that: (1) There are differences in the English language skills of students who are taught through blended learning and online learning; (2) There is a reciprocal influence between blended learning and online learning models as well as visual, auditory, kinesthetic (VAK) learning on students' English language skills; (3) There are differences in English language skills between students taught using blended learning and online learning with visual learning; ( 4) There are differences in English language skills between students who are taught through blended learning and online learning techniques, and students who receive auditory learning; and (5) There are differences in English language skills between students taught via blended learning and online learning methods and students with a kinesthetic learning style.

The Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Reducing Neuropathic Pain in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Neuropathic pain in DM sufferers can be reduced by providing non-pharmacological therapy by providing relaxation or by providing education such as providing music therapy, relaxation and guided imagery. Physical exercise with relaxation that can be applied to DM patients includes Progressive Muscle Relaxation. The movements in PMR exercises aim to tighten and relax the muscles in one part of the body at a time to provide a feeling of physical relaxation. Relaxation can calm the nervous system so that the sufferer's body relaxes. This study aims to determine the effect of PMR in reducing neuropathic pain in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research design used the Quasy Experiment One Group Pretest – Posttest Control Group Design. The population in this study were all type 2 DM patients who experienced neuropathic pain. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Progressive Muscle Relaxation was given once a day for 7 days, and the pain scale was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after administering PMR. The results of the study showed that the average pain level in the pre-test control group was 6 and post-test 5, while in the intervention group the average pre-test was 6 and post-test 4.81. The results of the Wilcoxon test in the control group showed a p value of 0.187 so there was no change in pain levels in the control group, while the intervention group showed a p value of 0.0001. The conclusion of this study is that there is a change in pain levels before and after PMR, so PMR can reduce neuropathic pain in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Effect of Riddles Game Toward Student’s Vocabulary Mastery At The Eighth Grade of SMPN 1 Cihara Lebak Banten Academic Year 2023/2024

This research aims to investigate a significant Effect of Riddle Game Toward Student's Vocabulary Mastery at the Eighth Grade of SMPN 1 Cihara Lebak Banten in Academic Year 2023/2024. The research used the quantitative approach and quasi-experimental design. This research used two classes, they are control class and experimental class. The technique in choosing the sample is cluster random sampling, the researcher used VIII A (34 students) as experimental class and VIII B (33 students) as control class. The experimental group was taught by Riddle Game, while the control group was taught by Crassword Puzzle Game. In the technique Collecting of the data, the researcher gives pre-test and post-test. The score pre-test of control group are 2274, the score pre-test of experimental class are 2324. Then, the score post-test of control group are 2552, the score post-test of experimental group are 2842. In analyzing the data, the researcher used SPSS 25 statistical computation and used the result of the post-test both control class and experimental class to analyze the hypotheses test. The finding showed that the result of Significant two-tailed = 0.000 Therefore, the researcher concluded that the usage of Riddle Game has a significant impact on students vocabulary mastery in SMPN 1 Cihara Lebak Banten.

The effects of comprehensive competence‐based training on competence development and performance improvement of smallholder farmers: An Ethiopian case study

AbstractLow yield/hectare gains, food insecurity and environmental unsustainability are challenges experienced by the agriculture sector in Ethiopia despite substantial government investment. Although there are many factors that contribute to the poor performance of the sector, smallholder farmer competence gaps are principal among them. This study aims to examine the effects of Comprehensive Competence‐Based Training (CCBT) on the competence development and performance improvement of smallholder farmers using the authentic professional core task during maize planting as a problem context. We applied a 3‐week randomized (control group pretest posttest) design and single‐blind field experiment to test the impact of CCBT through provision of a training to two comparable farmer groups using conventional ‘Low‐CBT’ and innovative ‘High‐CBT’ implementation levels. The samples included ‘High‐CBT’ (N = 220) and ‘Low‐CBT’ (N = 220) groups of smallholder farmers in the West Gojjam Zone in Ethiopia. Data on competence development and performance improvement of farmers were collected from themselves, trainer Development Agents and Trained Assessors. The yield in quintal/hectare gains for each smallholder farmer was collected twice (before and after the intervention). Repeated (pretest, posttest) MANOVA and ANOVA measurements were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the development of smallholder farmer competence in ‘High‐CBT’ was higher than in ‘Low‐CBT’ training. Comparisons of performance in both the authentic job situation and in terms of yield in quintal/hectare gains in the two groups revealed a better performance of both groups. However, the ‘High‐CBT’ group performed better than the ‘Low‐CBT’ group in both the authentic job situation and in terms of yield in quintal/hectare gains. We obtained 31 and 41 quintal/hectares of maize for the ‘Low‐CBT’ and ‘High‐CBT’ groups, respectively, which are better than the baseline average 22 quintal/hectare for both groups. These findings underscore the relevance of CCBT, especially when the design principles of CBE are integrated well in the training programme (which was called ‘High‐CBT level’), for improving performance, in this case gain in yield per hectare of smallholder farmers, which potentially results in the increase of household food security.

Development of Augmented Reality (AR) Learning Media to Increase Student Motivation and Learning Outcomes in Science

This research aims to 1) develop AR learning media regarding the interaction of living things and the environment, 2) determine the feasibility and response to AR media, and 3) determine differences in students' motivation and science learning outcomes before and after implementing AR media. AR-based mobile application. The study of AR media development uses the Waterfall development model which consists of 5 stages, namely analysis, design, code, testing, and maintenance. In-depth research data collection techniques use observation sheets, interview guides, media expert and material expert validation questionnaires, student response questionnaires as well as science learning motivation questionnaires and cognitive tests. The learning trial used a quasi-experimental design method with a research pattern using a nonequivalent control group pretest and posttest design involving 2 classes, namely class VII-C as the control group and VII-D as the experimental group. The results of the research show that 1) AR-based mobile applications can be used anytime and anywhere, the resulting applications are equipped with animations, games, and 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional images, 2) the product is valid and AR-based AR-based mobile applications are suiTabel for testing and response results in students towards AR-based mobile applications received a very good response from students, 3) learning using AR-based mobile applications can increase learning motivation and student learning outcomes, especially in the subject of interaction between living things and the environment.

The Effect of Combination of Calcium Supplement and Physical Exercise on Increasing Muscle Strength in Chronic Ischemic Stroke

Background: Stroke causes muscle weakness which results in limitations in daily activities such as self-care, eating, walking, etc. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of calcium supplement and physical exercise on increasing muscle strength in chronic ischemic stroke patients. Method: This research used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control group design. This research was conducted at Dadi Makassar Hospital and Haji Hospital from March to May 2023. The sample obtained was 37 subjects based purposive sampling with an unpaired numerical comparative formula for two sample groups. Consisting of 18 people in the treatment group who were given calcium supplements at a dose of 500 mg per day and physical exercise (Both training, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and strengthening) and 19 people in the control group who were only given physical exercise. The research was carried out for 6 weeks using a Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) measuring instrument for muscle strength. This research used the Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney test. (α&lt;0.05) Results: There is a significant of increasing lower extremity muscle strength between pretest and posttest in treatment group and control group (p=0.001; p=0.014, p&lt;0.05), There is an increasing of the upper extremity muscle strength between pretest and posttest in treatment group and control group (p=0.001; p=0.025). There is no significant difference of increasing muscle strength in the upper and lower limb between two groups (p=0.051). Conclusion: Calcium supplements and physical exercise were no more significant in increasing muscle strength than physical exercise only in chronic ischemic stroke patients.

Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pain management after cesarean section: A Non-Randomized clinical trial

Postoperative pain must be appropriately treated because poorly managed pain can cause discomfort and have an impact on one's respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown efficacy in improving patient outcomes, including depression and pain-related impairment, in cases of acute pain. This study aims to compare the efficacy and effectiveness of CBT with drug therapy for pain management following cesarean section. This research was a quasi-experimental study using a non-randomized pretest and posttest with a control group design. Was conducted from July 4, 2017, to September 4, 2017, at Syech Yusuf Hospital in Gowa, Indonesia. The research sample consisted of 46 respondents (23 in the intervention group and 23 in the control group) using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis, findings in the intervention group showed that the average VAS at pretest was 8.00 ± 0.64 and the average VAS posttest was 5.00 ± 0.67, an increase of 3.00 ± 0.00 after the CBT intervention. The average VAS in the pretest control group was 8.00 ± 0.67, and the average VAS in the posttest was 7.65 ± 0.49, which also increased. The results showed that According to the trial's findings, CBT is both safe and efficient for minimizing pain and accelerating patient mobilization following cesarean section. After an elective cesarean section, CBT may be suggested to patients as a regular, adjunctive treatment for pain management.

The Effect of using E-Booklet Counseling on Interest in Rotavirus Immunization in Children 2 Months at Samboja Puskesmas Year 2023

Diarrhea is a problem that generally affects toddlers and is the main cause of dehydration. To overcome the increasing incidence of diarrhea in Indonesia, rotavirus immunization is a basic immunization. The type of research is quasi-experimental with a non-aquavalent control group pre and post test design. The population, namely all mothers who gave birth in early January 2023 at the Samboja Community Health Center, is 25 people. The sampling technique is total sampling, with a sample of 20 people divided into an intervention group of 10 people and a control group of 10 people. Data analysis used the independent t test. Characteristics of the respondents in the intervention and control groups were that most of them were aged between 20-35 years, had completed high school education and were housewives. Interest in rotavirus immunization in children aged 2 months before providing counseling using e-booklet media in the intervention group was highest among respondents with low interest.

The Effect of Sports Modifications and Mini Games to improve students' physical fitness in the Adaptive Physical Education Course

This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of sports and game modifications in improving students’ physical fitness. This type of research is quantitative research with an experimental model. The population in this study were students taking adaptive physical education course in July – December 2022 semester. The sampling technique used a census technique with a total of 90 students. Furthermore, the t-test is used for data analysis. Based on the test results with different samples, it is shown that the physical fitness variable in the pretest value of the experimental group and the control group has a t-value of 1.048 and a significance value of 0.204 &gt; 0.05, indicating that there is no significant difference between the average value of the experimental group's pretest results and the control group's pretest results on physical fitness variables. Meanwhile, the post-test scores for the experimental group and the control group had a t-value of 7.69 and a significance value of 0.000, indicating that there was a significant difference in the physical fitness variable between the average post-test results for the experimental group and the posttest results for the control group. Based on the study's findings, it is possible to conclude that sports and game modifications have a significant impact on increasing students’ physical fitness. Keywords: sports and game modifications; physical fitness level