Pre-existing Motivation Research Articles

Do Land Use and Land Cover Scenarios Support More Integrated Land Use Management?

In agricultural landscape management, the conventional top-down approaches that primarily focus on market-led responses struggle to preserve the landscape elements essential for environmental sustainability. To address this deficiency, land use and land cover change (LUCC) scenarios promote an integrated understanding of landscape dynamics and highlight the inconsistency between the compartmentalisation of the public sector (“siloisation”) and the necessity for management that reflects the interdependencies of socio-ecological systems. This study investigates the extent to which the creation and dissemination of LUCC scenarios lead to modifications in the values, attitudes, and behaviours of local actors engaged in land management, giving particular emphasis to the role of these scenarios in encouraging integrated management. To accomplish this objective, we interviewed local actors who actively participated in the co-construction of the scenario narratives or learned about the scenarios during dissemination workshops. We then analysed the data via a thematic and lexicometric analysis. The findings highlighted the dual function of these scenarios as a catalyst for pre-existing political will to promote integrated management and as a tool for raising awareness about major environmental challenges. At the group level, the outcomes encompassed aspects such as basing political decisions on the results of scenarios and fostering collaboration between institutions. These outcomes were observed among the actors involved in co-constructing scenarios or those with pre-existing motivations to pursue integrated management initiatives. Additional personal outcomes included an increased awareness of environmental challenges and the consolidation of non-formalised knowledge. We argue that combining co-construction and dissemination enhances the outcomes of scenarios considerably.

The Impact of Problem-Based Learning Intervention and Students' Pre-existing Motivation Level on Solving HOTS Mathematics Problems

The Impact of Problem-Based Learning Intervention and Students' Pre-existing Motivation Level on Solving HOTS Mathematics Problems

Racism and Professional Competence: Nursing Students in Interracial Evaluations.

This pilot study examined the association of internal and external motivation of White nursing students to avoid appearing racist while interacting with standardized patients in a simulation-based learning experience (SP-SBLE). The influence of nursing students' preexisting motivations to avoid racism were examined for their effect on clinical performance in their SP-SBLE. White nursing students (N = 50) completed measures of motivations to avoid racism prior to their end of semester practical examination. Students were then randomly assigned to an SBLE with a SP portraying chest pain. White students interacting with White SPs performed better than White students interacting with Black SPs. Concern about appearing racist may interfere with White students' ability to perform well in a clinical setting because it may draw cognitive resources away from the clinical task. This is a first step in understanding how nursing students' perceptions may contribute to racial inequities in health. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(1):41-45.].

Fragmentation and Cooperation in the Jihadi International (Sub)System: ‘Islamic State’ vs. Al-Qaeda and Beyond

The article explores the implications the rise of the ‘Islamic State’ (IS) had on the international order and the salafi-jihadi movement. The main argument is that at the height of its activity (2014–2016) IS was a de facto revolutionary state. In this capacity, IS challenged the international order because contrary to revolutionary states in the past it negated the foundations of the Westphalian system. At the same time, the rise of IS had a tremendous impact on the jihadi (sub)system, as it initiated a period of fragmentation and alliance-building. The competition between IS and al-Qaeda for the hegemony of the movement did not revolve around direct fighting as much as efforts to outbid the rival group. One of the main conduits of this competition was the ‘war of bay’as (pledges of allegiance)’, which consisted of competitive oaths of allegiance from local jihadi forces to one of the two groups. In local contexts, the ‘war of bay’as’ increased tensions and factionalism within jihadi groups, as splinter groups decided to side with the new revolutionary foco. The fragmentation of local jihadi groups unfolded along pre-existing cleavages, grievances and resource-related motivations, increasing the levels of violence and complexity in these local conflicts.

What languages do undergraduates study, and why?

Language attitudes and motivations are among the most important factors in language acquisition that condition the language learning outcomes. College students enrolled in first-semester and second-semester courses of Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish at a Midwest American university completed a survey eliciting instrumental motivations, integrative motivations, and language attitudes. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions the learners of that language(s) held and how their language attitudes and motivations correlate with specific world languages. There was strong interest in using Chinese and Spanish for careers, while participants in Japanese were more interested in using the language for personal enjoyment. American-raised participants take Spanish and Asian-raised students take Chinese and Japanese for much the same reasons, in that they perceive the languages to be easy. Implications for world language programs recruitment are discussed, along with what world language educators can do to take advantage of these pre-existing attitudes and motivations to deliver high quality instruction beyond simply grammar.

In-kind conservation payments crowd in environmental values and increase support for government intervention: A randomized trial in Bolivia

There is growing use of economic incentives such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) to encourage sustainable land management. An important critique is that such approaches may unintentionally disrupt environmental and social values, ‘crowding out’ pre-existing motivations to conserve. Some scholars suggest that the use of in-kind payments and norm-based framing, rather than financial transfers and a market framing, can mitigate these risks. There are calls to use more robust methods for impact evaluation in environmental policy. We use one of the only Randomized Controlled Trials of a conservation incentive scheme to evaluate its impact on self-stated environmental and social values and beliefs. Data from before and after the intervention, from households in villages randomly selected to receive the program or not, demonstrate that the program increased prioritization of environmental values (evidence of crowding-in as opposed to crowding out) and altered social beliefs related to inequality and the role of government. The findings demonstrate that this conservation program had a positive impact on environmental values and increased the belief that government involvement is appropriate. The scheme, with its use of in-kind payments and reciprocity framing, offers lessons to those seeking to develop effective schemes to incentivize positive environmental stewardship.

Implementation and evaluation of arevised curriculum for psychiatry and psychotherapy

Medical education in the discipline of psychiatry and psychotherapy at the University of Münster was traditionally focused on the transfer of knowledge via lectures. According to the current guidelines, the medical curriculum was modified as from the winter semester 2016/2017 to be more competency-based and the changes were evaluated. Lectures and seminars were reduced to achieve abetter linkage between theoretical and practical knowledge. Moreover, learning goals were formulated based on the German National Competence-based Catalogue of Learning Objectives in Medicine (NKLM) and entrustable professional activities (EPAs). Almost all previous lectures are now replaced by an inverted classroom concept with e‑learning. Theoretical knowledge is deepened by immediate multiple choice (MC) examinations and aseminar, which now focusses on specific practical EPAs. At the end of the semester, the students now undergo apractical, formative examination with simulated patients (actors) in addition to the former MC test. For evaluation, arepresentative sample of asemester cohort which took part in the previous curriculum and asimilar cohort which attended the revised curriculum were investigated. Moreover, variables which might have an impact on the results were assessed, e. g. pre-existing psychiatric knowledge and motivation. Students taught by the modified curriculum showed asignificantly better practical performance and no reduction of theoretical knowledge. Relevant influencing factors were not identified. The results show that acompetency-based modification of the curriculum in the discipline of psychiatry and psychotherapy leads to more practical abilities and thus helps future physicians to be more self-determined.

Opportunity to Learn: Investigating Possible Predictors for Pre-Course Test Of Astronomy STandards TOAST Scores

As discipline-based astronomy education researchers become more interested in experimentally testing innovative teaching strategies to enhance learning in undergraduate introductory astronomy survey courses ("ASTRO 101”), scholars are placing increased attention toward better understanding factors impacting student gain scores on the widely used Test Of Astronomy STandards (TOAST). Usually used in a pre-test and post-test study design, college faculty might naturally assume that the pre-course differences observed between high- and low-scoring college students might be due in large part to their pre-existing motivation, interest, experience in science, and attitudes about astronomy. To explore this notion, 11 non-science majoring undergraduates taking ASTRO 101 at west coast community colleges were interviewed in the first few weeks of the course after taking the TOAST as a pre-test to better understand students' pre-existing affect toward learning astronomy with an eye toward predicting student success. The goal is to contribute to a better understanding of the incoming knowledge of students taking undergraduate introductory astronomy classes and provide guidance for how faculty can best meet those students’ needs and assist them in greater achievement. Perhaps surprisingly, there was only weak correlation between students' motivation toward learning astronomy and their pre-test scores. Instead, the most fruitful predictor of TOAST pre-test scores was the quantity of pre-existing, informal, self-directed astronomy learning experiences, sometimes occurring many years before course enrollment. This data suggests that professors should be wary of correlating low incoming pre-course scores with student apathy toward their subject.

Using regulatory enforcement theory to explain compliance with quality and patient safety regulations: the case of internal audits

BackgroundImplementing an accredited quality and patient safety management system is inevitable for hospitals. Even in the case of an obligatory rule system, different approaches to implement such a system can be used: coercive (based on monitoring and threats of punishment) and catalytic (based on dialogue and suggestion). This study takes these different approaches as a starting point to explore whether and how implementation actions are linked to compliance. By doing so, this study aims to contribute to the knowledge on how to increase compliance with obligatory rules and regulations.MethodsThe internal audit system (the ‘tracer system’) of a large Dutch academic hospital is used as a case to investigate different implementation approaches and their effect on compliance. This case allowed us to use a multi-actor and multi-method approach for data collection. Internal audits (N = 16) were observed, audit reports were analyzed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with both the internal auditors (N = 23) and the ward leaders (N = 14) responsible for compliance. Framework analysis was used to analyze the data.ResultsAlthough all auditors use catalytic enforcement actions, these do not lead to (intended) compliance of all ward leaders. Rather, the catalytic actions contribute to (intended) compliance of ward leaders that are motivated, whereas they do not for the ward leaders that are not motivated. For the motivated ward leaders, catalytic enforcement actions contribute to (intended) compliance by increasing ward leaders’ knowledge of the rules and how to comply with them.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the effectiveness of implementation actions depends not only on the actions themselves, but also on the pre-existing motivation to comply. These findings imply that there is not one ‘best’ approach to the implementation of obligatory rules. Rather, the most effective approach depends on the willingness to comply with rules and regulations.

Motivation for or from bilingual education? A comparative study of learner views in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has been said to increase not only foreign language proficiency but also learner motivation (Coyle, D., P. Hood, and D. Marsh. 2010. CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). In contexts where CLIL is elective, however, the question can be raised as to whether its motivational effects can be distinguished from the pre-existing motivation that may have influenced the learner’s choice of educational route. The current study examined motivational differences between learners in Dutch-English bilingual and mainstream education. The aim was to establish whether the learner groups were differently motivated and whether their motivation appeared to be diachronically related to their chosen educational format. 581 learners in the first three years of general secondary education completed a questionnaire exploring their views on (language) learning. Results were analysed in terms of differences between bilingual and mainstream learners and across year-groups. Learners in bilingual education displayed more motivation in nearly all of the areas examined. There was little evidence, however, of this being a result of exposure to bilingual education, reinforcing the idea that motivation may be inherent to this group of CLIL learners.

Men\u2019s Involvement in a Parenting Programme to Reduce Child Maltreatment and Gender-Based Violence: Formative Evaluation in Uganda

Parenting programmes involving fathers can reduce child maltreatment and gender-based violence. However, most parenting programmes find it difficult to recruit fathers. We piloted a 21 session parenting intervention, ‘Parenting for Respectability’, with fathers and mothers near Kampala, Uganda. Sixty-one fathers and 83 mothers were recruited initially and 52 fathers and 76 mothers retained to the end. We interviewed with 24 fathers and 16 mothers. Data were analysed thematically. Success in involving fathers was probably due to (a) the first 10 sessions being father-only, allowing them to share experiences before participating in mixed-sex sessions; (b) exploiting men’s pre-existing motivation to improve their children’s behaviour, thereby enhancing family respectability; and (c) the interactive, participatory delivery. Mixed sessions enabled couples to clarify conflicting perspectives regarding spousal relationships and gendered norms. However, men experienced social pressure to conform to conventional masculinity, suggesting the need to instil intervention values at community level.

The carrot or the stick: individual adaption against varying institutional arrangements

This study employs a unique household-level data-set to investigate the effectiveness of various waste separation policies under consideration of local socioeconomic contexts. Our results confirm previous findings that most demographic factors are generally not statistically significant. The findings suggest that waste separation knowledge, social capital, free provision of sortable containers and community collecting recyclables are positively associated with household involvement in waste separation. More importantly, while an increase in the garbage fee motivates non-sorting households to separate their waste into two categories of recyclables and non-recyclables, it also crowds out households’ preexisting motivations for sorting waste into three or more categories. The introduction of a garbage fee indeed substitutes rather than complements free provision of sortable containers and community collection of recyclables. Apart from actively fostering the creation of social capital, local authorities should, therefore, comprehensively design a compatible policy mix to adjust and optimize current management schemes for enhancing waste management practices.

ЭСХ АТОЛОГИЯ В НАРОДНОБИБЛЕЙСКОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ БЕЛОРУСОВ (ПО СОВРЕМЕННЫМ ЗАПИСЯМ)

The paper analyses several modern Belarusian peasant eschatological narratives. The presented sources show that traditional apocalyptic characters and plots are organically intertwined with rationalistic notions of environmental and social disasters and thus tend to offer a logical explanation of the depicted events. In the eschatological narratives, which prevail in urban environment, rationalistic interpretations displace the pre-existing mythological and religious motivations of Doomsday. The mythologised and rationalistic interpretations emphasise people’s responsibility for the end of the world – a global catastrophe that could be caused by supernatural powers, natural or man-made causes, directly or indirectly imposed on sinners.

Trajectories of Student Leadership Development Through Training: An Analysis by Gender, Race, and Prior Exposure

In this study we examined the developmental trajectories of a national sample of students who participated in a formal leadership program regarding their leadership-related skill, motivation to lead, and leader self-efficacy. We found increases in all areas immediately after participation, with tapering occurring over time. A significant gender effect emerged, as women reported greater initial gains and more loss over time. Students’ trajectories with regard to their racial identification were similar; however, results indicated differences in preexisting motivation to lead and leader self-efficacy. In addition, participation in prior formal programs resulted in decreased benefit within this program.

Emotional Intelligence Training in Team Sports

Abstract. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an emotional intelligence (EI) training intervention to improve EI at trait level. Sixty-seven rugby players participated in the study. One group received a specific EI training intervention, while the other group served as a control group. The intervention consisted of four face-to-face sessions over a 5-month period, with homework and follow-up procedures. Results showed that the EI training was partially successful in increasing EI, and demonstrates it is possible to enhance EI at trait level in participants while they may not have preexisting motivation to do so.

How and why chiefs formalise land use in recent times: the politics of land dispossession through biofuels investments in Ghana

In the current land deals debate, land dispossession is often attributed to exploitative acts of agricultural investors. However, the role of equally active actors in the making of land deals such as chiefs, who customarily are custodians of land, does not feature prominently in the debate. The paper shows that the recent surge in large-scale land deals in Ghana corresponds with chiefs' pre-existing motivation to re-establish authority over land for two reasons: firstly, to formalise the use of ‘stool land’ to create rural development opportunities; secondly, to formalise boundaries of ‘stool land’ to avert potential future land litigations. Social groups lacking recognition from chiefs therefore often lose land, whereas land areas of those persons recognised by chiefs are protected, sometimes even regardless of their ‘citizenship’ identity in project villages. The author argues that an understanding of how local social institutions and politics mediate investment in land will enrich analyses of processes of land dispossession.

“Technology Is a Commodity”: The Internet in the 2008 United States Presidential Election

The role of the Internet as a tool for participation and organization has been considered the most important innovation in the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign and one of the key strategic factors in Barack Obama's conquest of the Democratic nomination and the White House. This article analyzes e-campaigning in the 2008 election through data drawn from qualitative interviews with 31 consultants and operatives who were involved in the presidential race. Rather than adopting a technocentric perspective, our interviewees acknowledge that several contextual factors enhance or hinder the effectiveness of online tools, such as the message of the campaign, the candidate's personality, and his or her ability to generate enthusiasm in the electorate, together with the campaign's strategic prioritization of grassroots electioneering. Technology is seen more as an efficient channel of preexisting motivations and loyalties than as a driver of these attitudes. Moreover, while the Web has often been characterized as presenting campaigns with a dilemma between top-down hierarchy and bottom-up spontaneity, Internet professionals and operatives argue that contemporary e-campaigning tools can help achieve both goals and breed a hybrid organizing model that reconciles control and empowerment through the skillful use of individual data. These findings have important implications regarding the strategic and organizational dynamics of contemporary campaigns and the role of citizen participation within them.

Hume's Internalism Reconsidered

Interpretations of Hume on practical reasons generally fall into one of two camps. The internalist (or instrumentalist) reading ascribes to Hume the belief that practical reasons must be based somehow on an agent's preexisting motivations. The skeptical (or nihilist) reading holds that Hume was a skeptic about practical reasoning - that no practical reasons exist. In this essay I argue that both readings are mistaken. Taking the internalist reading as my main competitor, I show that Hume's texts permit of a far more robust account of normativity than is allowed by internalism. In particular, Hume believed that practical reasons exist, and need not be based on an agent's subjective motivational set. For Hume, not all oughts are internal oughts.

Indications for psychosomatically-oriented dermatologic rehabilitation

Dermatological rehabilitation treatment can take different forms: climato-therapy, baths, phototherapy and psychosomatic treatments. Which of these treatments is of most benefit to any one patient depends on his or her illness. Accordingly, a psychosomatic approach to dermatological illness is indicated mainly when a psychological disorder and a dermatological disease coincide. In addition, dermatoses with psychological triggers or overlays, and also depression, pre-existing emotional disorders and special motivation for psychotherapy should be considered for psychosomatic treatment. Finally, patients who are having trouble accepting or confronting malignant skin tumours may also benefit.

Relative Deprivation and Resource Mobilization: A Study of Early Quakerism

Recent analyses of sectarian phenomena have utilized resource mobilization models at the expense of relative deprivation perspectives. Researchers justify their choice of resource mobilization perspectives by arguing that they not only direct their investigation to important elements of organizational development, but also avoid the unverified assumption of deprivation models that a link exists between pre-existing motivation and sectarian goals and activities. Under certain circumstances, however, resource mobilization perspectives should be seen as complementing relative deprivation perspectives rather than contradicting them. If data allow researchers to determine a motivating deprivation or frustration among a sect's founding members, then resource mobilization perspectives can identify the extent to which the initial deprivation affects subsequent allocation decisions. As a demonstration of the potential complementary functions of relative deprivation and resource mobilization theories, this article analyses the origins and development of early Quakerism with regard to the group's protest against the payment of tithes. It presents aspirational deprivation evidence regarding people's tithe-opposition prior to their conversion to Quakerism, and then illustrates how the group allocated resources in its efforts to secure the elimination of tithes in mid-seventeenth century England. Furthermore, the article argues that Quakerism's efforts to relieve its members' sense of aspirational deprivation both attracted constituents and created opponents to the group.