Preeclampsia In Pregnant Women Research Articles

Клінічні аспекти прееклампсії: результати ретроспективного аналізу

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. Every year, more than 2 million cases of PE and about 76,000 deaths among women from this pathology are registered in the world. Preeclampsia can cause premature birth and increase the risk of complications. Clinical manifestations of the disease are diverse. Therefore, studying the clinical features of PE is necessary to improve its prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Purpose - to study the frequency and clinical aspects of the course of PE in pregnant women to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this pathology of pregnancy. Materials and methods. 21,950 cases of childbirth from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed. The clinical characteristics of 1,209 patients with preeclampsia were analyzed. The obstetric history of women with PE was studied, their somatic status was assessed, and laboratory data were analysed. The results were statistically analysed using the methods of variation and alternative statistics. Results. In 2016-2020, the frequency of PE was 5.5% of the total number of births. The increase in PE during the observation period was 51.5%, its severe degree was 70.5%. In women with PE, I-III pregnancies prevailed (79.5%) and I or II births in the anamnesis (97.4%). The severity of the disease was correlated with the body mass index, which varied from 22 to 43 kg/m2. Pathological changes in the objective status were revealed, including edema (53.8%) and neurological disorders (71.7%). Almost all pregnant women with PE had proteinuria. Thrombocytopenia was detected in 15.4%, hemoglobin decrease was in 25.6%. The majority of pregnant women had an increase in the prothrombin index (73.6%) and a decrease in fibrinogen (52.7%). Conclusions. The study of clinical aspects of PE reveals a high frequency of this pathology, a wide range of clinical symptoms, hemostasis disorders and organ dysfunction, which indicates the need to develop effective strategies for its diagnosis and treatment. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Protective role of complement factor H against the development of preeclampsia.

Pregnancy is an immunologically regulated, complex process. A tightly controlled complement system plays a crucial role in the successful establishment of pregnancy and parturition. Complement inhibitors at the feto-maternal interface are likely to prevent inappropriate complement activation to protect the fetus. In the present study, we aimed to understand the role of Factor H (FH), a negative regulator of complement activation, in normal pregnancy and in a model of pathological pregnancy, i.e. preeclampsia (PE). The distribution and expression of FH was investigated in placental tissues, various placental cells, and in the sera of healthy (CTRL) or PE pregnant women via immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Our results showed a differential expression of FH among the placental cell types, decidual stromal cells (DSCs), decidual endothelial cells (DECs), and extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). Interestingly, FH was found to be considerably less expressed in the placental tissues of PE patients compared to normal placental tissue both at mRNA and protein levels. Similar results were obtained by measuring circulating FH levels in the sera of third trimester CTRL and PE mothers. Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles, isolated from the placental tissues of PE and CTRL women, downregulated FH expression by DECs. The present study appears to suggest that FH is ubiquitously present in the normal placenta and plays a homeostatic role during pregnancy.

The possible effects of the MTOR polymorphisms on preeclampsia susceptibility, severity, and onset: a case-control study and in silico analysis.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a gestational complication with developed hypertension and proteinuria. Evidence showed the role of mTOR in various cellular processes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of MTOR polymorphisms on susceptibility, severity, and onset of Preeclampsia (PE). A total of 250 PE pregnant women and 258 age-matched control subjects were recruited in this study. To genotype MTOR polymorphisms, the PCR-RFLP method was used. The SpliceAid 2 and PROMO tools were used for in silico analysis. The maternal MTOR rs17036508T/C polymorphism was associated with PE risk in various genetic models. There was no relationship between rs2536T/C and rs2295080T/G polymorphisms and PE. The TTC and TGC haplotypes of rs2536/ rs2295080/ rs17036508 polymorphisms were significantly higher in PE women. Subgroup analysis revealed the association between the MTOR rs2295080 variant and an increased risk of Early-onset PE (EOPE). However, the MTOR rs17036508 was associated with a higher risk of EOPE and Late- Onset PE. In addition, the MTOR rs2295080 could increase the risk of severe PE. The results of the in silico analysis showed that rs17036508 disrupted several binding motifs in the mutant sequence. The PROMO database revealed that the T to C substitution leads to the loss of the TFII-I binding site in the mutant allele. The MTOR rs17036508T/C polymorphism was associated with PE risk. There was an association between the MTOR rs2295080 variant and an increased risk of EOPE. The MTOR rs17036508T/C and rs2295080T/C variants could disrupt several binding motifs and TFII-I binding respectively.

Stress Levels and Pre-Eclampsia in Pregnancy

Tangerang City Hospital still has cases of preeclampsia where in 2022 there will be 5% of preeclampsia cases. Several factors are associated with the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women including maternal age, parity, history of hypertension, history of DM, and stress level. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stress levels and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at Tangerang City Hospital in 2023. This study is an observational analytic study with a case-control design. The population is all pregnant women aged ≥ 20 weeks who visited the RSUD Kota Tangerang during the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to enroll the sample. The research instrument used is the DASS 42 questionnaire to assess stress levels. The relationship between stress levels and pre-eclampsia was analyzed by the chi-square test. The results of the univariate study showed that the majority of pregnant women with normal stress levels (50%) had mild stress (19.4%), moderate stress (14.5%), severe stress (13.9%), and very severe stress (1.9%). The results of the bivariate study showed that there was a significant relationship between stress levels in pregnant women ≥ 20 weeks gestation (p = 0.000) and the incidence of preeclampsia. Pregnant women with mild stress levels are at risk of preeclampsia with an OR of 4.7. It is hoped that pregnant women who experience stress in their pregnancies can accompanied by their families during their pregnancy so that they can reduce the risk of preeclampsia.

Biomarkers of Pre-eclampsia in Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal health morbidity, producing more than 4.6% of complications in pregnancy worldwide. This systematic review was conducted to determine the significance of specific biomarkers in predicting PE in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The review measured and explained the significant abnormalities in lipids, blood glucose, cytokines, inflammatory markers, placental proteins, urinary proteins, and other serum biomarkers that contribute to the development of PE in GDM and type 2 DM populations. We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, Maternity and Infant care, Scopus, and Web of Science.Studies were included if they had a measurable component in the blood serum or urine of women who developed PE and suffered from GDM or pre-existing type 2 DM.A narrative synthesis was conducted instead of a meta-analysis due to the high heterogeneity of data from the studies. A total of 2,593 studies were screened, producing eight relevant studies. Twenty-seven different biomarkers were investigated from the study group of 40 to 1,344 participants. No single biomarker was identified; however, there is a need for further research on specific biomarkers of PE, especially in CRP, FABP4, and microalbuminuria in the GDM-PE group and calprotectin in the type 2 DM population.Many biomarkers were identified as practical in predicting PE when combined with other biomarkers and more data are required to verify the predictability of the diagnostic markers in pregnant women.

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Status and the Incidence of Preeclampsia at 8 Padang Primary Health Care

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with its etiology and pathophysiology not fully understood. Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in preeclampsia. Magnesium plays a role in modulating endothelial function. Decreased serum magnesium levels in pregnancy can trigger endothelial dysfunction that has an impact on the occurrence of preeclampsia.Objective: Determine the relationship between serum magnesium status with incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at 8 Padang Primary Health Care.Method: An observational analytic with cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using total sampling technique from research master data at 8 Padang Primary Health Care for period June 2019 – May 2020. The total sample was 45 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s.Result: The serum magnesium status of pregnant women in the 8 Padang Primary Health Care was dominated by normal serum magnesium status (91.1%) and only 8.9% of pregnant women had preeclampsia. Fisher’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value = 0,034).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and preeclampsia (with overlook the factors of previous preeclampsia history, family history of preeclampsia, and magnesium intake during pregnancy). Hypomagnesemia status in pregnant women can exacerbate the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Status and the Incidence of Preeclampsia at 8 Padang Primary Health Care

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with its etiology and pathophysiology not fully understood. Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in preeclampsia. Magnesium plays a role in modulating endothelial function. Decreased serum magnesium levels in pregnancy can trigger endothelial dysfunction that has an impact on the occurrence of preeclampsia.Objective: Determine the relationship between serum magnesium status with incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at 8 Padang Primary Health Care.Method: An observational analytic with cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using total sampling technique from research master data at 8 Padang Primary Health Care for period June 2019 – May 2020. The total sample was 45 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s.Result: The serum magnesium status of pregnant women in the 8 Padang Primary Health Care was dominated by normal serum magnesium status (91.1%) and only 8.9% of pregnant women had preeclampsia. Fisher’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value = 0,034).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and preeclampsia (with overlook the factors of previous preeclampsia history, family history of preeclampsia, and magnesium intake during pregnancy). Hypomagnesemia status in pregnant women can exacerbate the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Correlation between Preeclampsia and Infant Low Birth Weight at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia

Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication with a triad of symptoms including high blood pressure, proteinuria, and tissue swelling as well as convulsions and coma. Preeclampsia in pregnant women can cause disruption in the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus which can inhibit fetal growth and development (intrauterine growth restriction). In several similar previous studies, there were different variations in results which could be caused by multifactorial factors. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between preeclampsia in pregnant women and low birth weight babies by including confounding factors into the research. Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective case control study at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 120 live birth infants was selected using purposive sampling. The dependent variable was low birth weight (LBW). The independent variables were pre­eclampsia, maternal age, gestational age, parity, gemelli, anemia, and asthma. Data were collected from medical records of Dr. Moewardi Hospital from January to December 2022. The data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: Preeclampsia increased LBW by 7.75 times compared to without preeclampsia, and this was a statistically significant (OR= 7.75; 95% CI= 2.77 to 21.71; p<0.001). In addition, there was a confounding variable of gestational age (OR= 18.47; 95% CI= 6.46 to 52.79; p<0.001). Conclusion: Preeclampsia increases LBW, and this is a statistically significant. Keywords: preeclampsia, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction. Correspondence: Diaz Alifarizki Zuvarcan. Medical Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: alifarizki@student.uns.ac.id. Mobile: +6281290823142.

Association between high-mobility group box 1 levels and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Previous studies had demonstrated that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels were elevated in preeclampsia (PE). However, the conclusion remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood and placenta HMGB1 levels and PE in pregnant women. After a systematic literature search, eligible literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. The extracted data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 and STATA 12.0 software. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were conducted to find potential sources of heterogeneity. Twelve studies were included, with a total of 1145 participants. Compared with normal pregnancies, pregnant women with PE had significantly higher blood HMGB1 levels (SMD = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.72-1.95, p < 0.0001). Similarly, the expression of placental HMGB1 in PE was higher than that in normal controls by using Western blot (MD = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.47, p < 0.00001) or immunohistochemistry (OR = 6.36, 95% CI: 1.48-27.25, p = 0.01). In addition, the blood HMGB1 levels were positively correlated with the severity of PE, with higher blood HMGB1 levels in severe PE than those in mild PE (SMD = 3.35, 95% CI: 0.63-6.06, p = 0.02). The subgroup analysis indicated a close association of blood HMGB1 with PE in the Asian group, but not in the European group. Both blood and placental HMGB1 levels in patients with PE were significantly elevated, and higher blood HMGB1 levels indicated a more serious disease condition, suggesting that higher levels of HMGB1 were associated with the risk of PE.

Machine learning models for predicting preeclampsia: a systematic review

BackgroundThis systematic review provides an overview of machine learning (ML) approaches for predicting preeclampsia.MethodThis review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched the Cochrane Central Register, PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to February 2023. Search terms were limited to “preeclampsia” AND “artificial intelligence” OR “machine learning” OR “deep learning.” All studies that used ML-based analysis for predicting preeclampsia in pregnant women were considered. Non-English articles and those that are unrelated to the topic were excluded. The PROBAST was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability of each included study.ResultsThe search strategy yielded 128 citations; after duplicates were removed and title and abstract screening was completed, 18 full-text articles were evaluated for eligibility. Four studies were included in this review. Two studies were at low risk of bias, and two had low to moderate risk. All of the study designs included were retrospective cohort studies. Nine distinct models were chosen as ML models from the four studies. Maternal characteristics, medical history, medication intake, obstetrical history, and laboratory and ultrasound findings obtained during prenatal care visits were candidate predictors to train the ML model. Elastic net, stochastic gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and Random forest were among the best models to predict preeclampsia. All four studies used metrics such as the area under the curve, true positive rate, negative positive rate, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The AUC of ML models varied from 0.860 to 0.973 in four studies.ConclusionThe results of studies yielded high prediction performance of ML models for preeclampsia risk from routine early pregnancy information.

Urine Congo red test for the detection of preeclampsia in pregnant women presenting with suspected preeclampsia

Objectives To determine the predictive performance of the urine Congo red point-of-care test for the identification of preeclampsia in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia. Methods A prospective multi-center cohort study was conducted to include women with suspected preeclampsia (n = 244). The urine Congo red test was determined (score range 1–8). The diagnosis of preeclampsia was based on criteria proposed by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The primary outcome was the predictive performance (sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, as well as likelihood ratios) of the Congo red kit test for the diagnosis of preeclampsia. Results Fifty-four percent (131/244) of women with suspected preeclampsia subsequently developed preeclampsia. The sensitivity and specificity of the urine Congo red test were 49.6% and 94.7%, respectively, when using a cutoff for Congo red ≥4. The test had a significant positive correlation with the level of urine protein (Pearson correlation 0.61, p-value <.01). Intra- and inter-observer reliabilities were good (intra-class correlation coefficient and Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.88 and 0.75, respectively; p < .01). Conclusion The urine Congo red kit test has a high positive predictive performance for the identification of preeclampsia with high reproducibility. This test may be used as a bed side test to rule-in the diagnosis of preeclampsia in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia.

A machine learning model to predict preeclampsia in pregnant women

Preeclampsia is the new onset of hypertension and is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in South Africa and the world. Preeclampsia is usually diagnosed after 20 weeks’ gestation. Due to South Africa’s poor level of antenatal care, the prediction of pregnant women at risk of developing preeclampsia could be an essential component of improving the level of antenatal care. This study used an antenatal care dataset from a South African obstetrician. A literature review identified eight risk factors: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, maternal age, body mass index, diabetes status, hypertension history, nulliparity, and maternal disease. Two models were developed that could accurately predict the development of preeclampsia: one before 16 weeks’ gestation, and the other within three check-ups. These models were evaluated using five metrics: classification accuracy, area under the curve, precision, recall and F-Score. The results of this study show a promising future for using machine learning models in healthcare. To the authors’ knowledge, these models are the first machine-learning models for predicting preeclampsia using a South African dataset. Future work will focus on validating the models on data collected from field studies in hospitals and clinics around South Africa.

Non-invasive prediction of preeclampsia using the maternal plasma cell-free DNA profile and clinical risk factors.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication defined by new onset hypertension and proteinuria or other maternal organ damage after 20 weeks of gestation. Although non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been widely used to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities during pregnancy, its performance in combination with maternal risk factors to screen for PE has not been extensively validated. Our aim was to develop and validate classifiers that predict early- or late-onset PE using the maternal plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) profile and clinical risk factors. We retrospectively collected and analyzed NIPT data of 2,727 pregnant women aged 24-45 years from four hospitals in China, which had previously been used to screen for fetal aneuploidy at 12 + 0 ~ 22 + 6 weeks of gestation. According to the diagnostic criteria for PE and the time of diagnosis (34 weeks of gestation), a total of 143 early-, 580 late-onset PE samples and 2,004 healthy controls were included. The wilcoxon rank sum test was used to identify the cfDNA profile for PE prediction. The Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables of clinical risk factors between PE samples and healthy controls, respectively. Machine learning methods were performed to develop and validate PE classifiers based on the cfDNA profile and clinical risk factors. By using NIPT data to analyze cfDNA coverages in promoter regions, we found the cfDNA profile, which was differential cfDNA coverages in gene promoter regions between PE and healthy controls, could be used to predict early- and late-onset PE. Maternal age, body mass index, parity, past medical histories and method of conception were significantly differential between PE and healthy pregnant women. With a false positive rate of 10%, the classifiers based on the combination of the cfDNA profile and clinical risk factors predicted early- and late-onset PE in four datasets with an average accuracy of 89 and 80% and an average sensitivity of 63 and 48%, respectively. Incorporating cfDNA profiles in classifiers might reduce performance variations in PE models based only on clinical risk factors, potentially expanding the application of NIPT in PE screening in the future.

Risk Factors for Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women with Pregestational Diabetes

Purpose: To estimate the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes and to identify risk factors for preeclampsia. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes was conducted and compared with a random sample of non-diabetic pregnant women from the population served in the period from January 2017 to August 2019 at the Obstetrics Service of the Women's Hospital. By means of multiple logistic regression the risk factors for preeclampsia were estimated. Results: 10% and 90% of the cases were type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus respectively. The incidence of preeclampsia in pregestational diabetes mellitus was 22.5%. Chronic hypertension (OR: 28, CI95%4.8,164) for global PE, nulliparity (OR:6.8, CI95%1.6,36.2) for PE with SF, metabolic disorder (OR:8.4, CI95%1.3,54) for early-onset PE. Conclusions: Chronic hypertension, nulliparity, and metabolic disorder were risk factors for preeclampsia in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines among Obstetrician-Gynaecologists.

The article assesses the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Obstetrician-Gynaecologists (OB/GYNs) in Israel regarding COVID-19, its impact on fertility, pregnancy and childbirth, and their positions on COVID-19 vaccines. A cross-sectional anonymous survey was employed, and the data analyzed using logistic regression models. A total of 172 OB/GYN participants aged 44.9 years, primarily female (59.7%), mostly attending physicians (60.4%), had a mean knowledge score of 75.62%, with 81.1% having sufficient knowledge about general COVID-19 information, 11.9% having specific knowledge about pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding, and 40.3% having knowledge about COVID-19 vaccination. Notably, only 27% of participants correctly identified the increased risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with COVID-19. Nevertheless, all OB/GYN participants recommended the COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. The majority (65.1%) recommended vaccination across all trimesters, while a smaller percentage recommended it only in the second (25%) or third (6%) trimesters, and very few in the first trimester (4%). The study found that attitudes towards vaccination were influenced by workplace, role, religion, religious observance, and marital status. The study showed a good level of knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccines which contributed to OB/GYNs' recommendations to their patients. These findings can be valuable for designing future COVID-19 vaccination campaigns.

Prognostic Biomarkers of Pre-Eclampsia in Pregnant Women

Summary. According to various authors, the incidence of preeclampsia (PE) in pregnant women in our country ranges from 8 to 20% and does not tend to decrease. It has been shown that the pathogenesis of preeclampsia fits into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome with disturbances in the immune system and an imbalance in cytokine regulation. The aim of the study was to study pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines in women with preeclampsia of varying severity. Material and methods. We examined 76 pregnant women with PE aged from 24 to 36 years at a gestation period of 28–38 weeks. Of these, 42 developed PE (main group), and 34 women had no symptoms of PE (comparison group). 28 women with a physiological pregnancy formed the control group. The levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4 and IL-10) in blood serum were studied by ELISA. Results. In pregnant women with PE upon admission to the hospital, the blood serum levels of IL-1β increased by 1.3 times (p &lt; 0.05), IL-8 by 7 times (p &lt; 0.001) and a decrease in the level of IL-4 by 2 times (p &lt; 0.001). And in pregnant women without signs of PE, these changes in cytokine synthesis were less pronounced (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion. Maintaining a dynamic balance in the cytokine system plays an important role for the normal development of pregnancy. Th2-type cytokines promote normal trophoblast differentiation and its full invasion and, therefore, mediate the prolongation of physiological pregnancy. Switching to the synthesis of Th1-type cytokines and their enhanced production leads to disruption of trophoblast differentiation and invasion with the development of pregnancy pathology.

Analyzing Uric Acid Concentration as a Tool to Diagnose Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that occurs during pregnancy. So far, uric acid levels have been used as a guide to diagnose preeclampsia. Uric acid is a by-product of metabolism and its levels in the blood can be influenced by various factors, including kidney function and eating habits. This research is an observational study with a prospective approach. In this study, 258 pregnant women were involved at the Wonoasih Community Health Center and Jorongan Community Health Center from March to June 2023. Laboratory examinations were carried out to measure the serum uric acid levels of the research subjects. statistical tests of differences were carried out using SPSS. In pregnant women who suffered from preeclampsia before 34 weeks of gestation and after 37 weeks of gestation with a fetus that was not developing, a significant increase in uric acid levels was found with a Phi coefficient of 0.090 and a contingency test of 0.087. The cut-off point for the uric acid ratio (UAr) test is 1.5, where pregnant women who have been diagnosed with preeclampsia in the 1st trimester of pregnancy have a higher UAr value. The results of the data analysis p value were 0.918 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.858–0.979) in the group of pregnant women with preeclampsia; This means that uric acid can be a tool for diagnosing preeclampsia in pregnant women

Physical activity, intake of iron and folic acid with the risk of preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a health problem that often occurs during pregnancy. Pregnant women with preeclampsia are at risk for premature delivery, babies born with LBW, and increased maternal and infant mortality. This study aimed to measure the effect of physical activity and iron and folic acid intake on the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tangerang Regency in July 2022. 130 pregnant women aged ≥ 20 weeks were obtained using multistage sampling. Data were collected using the SQ-FFQ (the Semi-quantitative Food Frequency) Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and Physical Activity using a validated PAL (physical activity level) questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank and Multiple Linear Regression tests. Results: There was an association between iron and folic acid micronutrient intake and preeclampsia incidence in pregnant women (p&lt;0,05). Furthermore, simultaneous physical activity and iron and folic acid intake increased the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women (p&lt;0,05) by 10,7%. In conclusion, lack of physical activity and consumption of nutritious foods, especially those containing iron and folic acid, can increase the risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy.

Experience of mothers with a history of preeclampsia in pregnancy

Pre-eclampsia is a disease that can occur in pregnancy, and is one of the causes of death in large numbers in childbirth. One indicator of a country's health status is the low maternal mortality rate, where preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal death. Objective this Scoping Review is to review and map research on mother's life experience with a history of preeclampsia in pregnancy. Scoping Review it uses framework PRISMA-ScR with search of articles through relevant databases Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Willey then do Critical Appraisal use The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Based on the search results of the selected 921 articles, there were 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria, and then the review process was continued to identify keywords that resulted in 3 themes, namely Mother's Experience with a history of preeclampsia in pregnancy Impacts related to preeclampsia in pregnant women and Outlook Society believes that preeclampsia is a disorder of evil spirits. History of preeclampsia in pregnancy still really need attention from families and health workers, especially from the aspect of vigilance for the symptoms that are felt and the importance of information about preeclampsia in pregnancy.

Factors Related to The Incident of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women in Banjar District

Preeclampsia is high blood pressure that often occurs at 20 weeks of gestation until the end of the first week after pregnancy, which is the second highest factor after bleeding which is the cause of maternal death. This study analyzes variables related to factors related to the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. This study used a cross-sectional research design and used the Fisher exact test with a CI of 0.05 (95%). The sampling technique uses random sampling. The results obtained were that 12 pregnant women who experienced preeclampsia out of 50 respondents. In addition, the results of the study showed that there was no relationship between age (1,000), parity (0.490), and anxiety (1,000) on the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women in Banjar Regency. Many factors that may influence whether a pregnant woman will experience preeclampsia or not, this is why all the factors studied are not related to the incidence of preeclampsia.