Pre-construction Stage Research Articles

Risk Factor Analysis on Contingency Costs of Phase I Wastewater Network Project in Bogor City

Contingency cost estimation is essential for construction project management to anticipate cost uncertainty due to various risks. This study analyzes risk-based contingency cost estimation in the Bogor City Phase I wastewater network system project. The background of this research is based on the need for accurate cost planning to avoid budget overruns and ensure project sustainability. The study aims to identify risk factors that affect contingency costs, group risks based on their degree of influence, and build a more accurate estimation model using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. This study uses a mixed method, namely qualitative analysis through interviews and literature studies to identify risk factors and a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to project stakeholders. The data was analyzed using SPSS 25 and SmartPLS software to test the validity and reliability of the contingency cost estimation model. The study results show that the most significant risk in the pre-construction stage is licensing and design, while in the construction stage is procuring equipment/materials and force majeure factors. The highest contingency cost estimate is in the preconstruction stage, with a value of 11.02%. The study's conclusion confirms that risk mitigation in the early stages of the project is essential to reduce the impact of budget uncertainty. The implications of this study contribute to the management of construction projects by providing a more accurate risk-based contingency cost estimation model that can be used as a reference for stakeholders in planning and managing infrastructure projects.

Understanding Complexity at the Pre-Construction Stage of Project Planning for Construction Projects

Understanding Complexity at the Pre-Construction Stage of Project Planning for Construction Projects

Implementation of 5D Building Information Modelling (BIM) System on Quay Wall Structure By Paying Attention to Clash Detection (Case Study: Project Patimban Package 6)

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of the technologies in the field of AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) that is able to simulate all information in a development project into a 3D model. Research in this thesis was carried out to analyze the results of the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) 5D in dock work (Quay Wall Structure) by paying attention to clash detection at the pre-construction stage, with a case study of the Patimban Port Project Package 6. The focus of the research is the application of BIM 5D in identifying and resolving design clashes that can have an impact on the estimation of work volume and cost. The method used is qualitative and inductive analysis using Tekla Structure 2021 BIM software for 3D modeling and clash detection identification. The results of clash detection identification are grouped into three categories, namely large, medium, and small. The implementation of BIM 5D shows significant volume changes in some work items. The volume of the Deck Slab (Pier Head) and Front Wall decreased compared to the initial RAB, while the volume of the Deck Slab (In-Situ Concrete) increased. The cost comparison shows a savings of 7.06% of the total initial cost of RAB Quay Wall Structure, which is equivalent to IDR 10,502,919,303.55. The implementation of BIM 5D by conducting clash detection is quite effective in identifying and resolving design clashes, mitigating errors and revisions when entering the construction stage, and can increase project efficiency in better communication and coordination.

The Impact of Stakeholder Communication and Coordination on Project Outcome

Stakeholder communication and coordination are crucial for project success. Effective communication keeps stakeholders informed about project progress, promoting openness and trust. Coordination allocates tasks and resources, preventing misunderstandings and enhancing decision- making. Poor engagement can lead to misunderstandings, rework, and missed deadlines. The impact of communication on project quality, highlighting that it goes beyond time, money, and quality standards, requiring stakeholder satisfaction. Effective stakeholder communication significantly influences project success in complex construction projects, reducing failure rates due to inadequate communication. Stakeholder conflicts in construction often arise from conflicting interests, leading to reworks, disputes, and cost overruns. Effective involvement of stakeholders during pre-construction stages is crucial, as demonstrated in Malaysia and New Zealand case studies. the importance of clear project scope and effective internal communication in enhancing project success, cost, and schedule performance among stakeholders. A survey of Turkish overseas stakeholders revealed that communication barriers negatively impact stakeholder management (SMP), while communication behaviours and strategies positively correlate with SMP. Effective communication is crucial for successful international project management. The construction failure factors (CFFs) and stakeholder coordination performance in high-rise building projects are linked, with consultants' lack of capability, overlapping construction sequences, and contractors' lack of experience being the most significant CFFs. Stakeholder involvement is crucial for infrastructure project success. Interviews with professionals reveal organizational characteristics, activities, and success factors. A framework model identifies three management levels and project success degrees. Effective communication and stakeholder coordination are crucial for successful construction projects, ensuring efficiency, clarity, and teamwork across all stages, reducing misunderstandings and promoting trust. Key Words: stakeholder, communication, project, time, qualitative.

Agile Project Management in the Pre-Construction Stage: Facing the Challenges of Projectification in the Construction Industry

Given the complex and dispersed nature of construction projects, which demand collaboration among varied experts, it is crucial to reevaluate project management and execution approaches to enhance their performance. Agile principles offer a path towards heightened responsiveness within tasks and processes, addressing the construction industry’s fast-paced nature and growing client demands for timely project completion. However, adopting new management methodologies, such as Agile, needs a significant cultural shift, enabling the cultivation of multi-skilled and self-managing teams. Projectification, a growing trend in contemporary society where more activities are managed as projects, has gained significant relevance in recent years. This study examines the application of Agile project management (specifically Agile Scrum methodology) during the pre-construction phase of a construction project through the lens of Projectification. As evidenced by the research results, applying the Agile methodology in the pre-construction phase may help enhance flexibility and collaboration, enabling teams to adapt quickly to evolving project requirements and unforeseen challenges. The findings demonstrate that Agile methodologies offer numerous benefits, including enhanced adaptability, flexibility, accountability, transparency, and teamwork. Additionally, there were significant reductions in time and costs, emphasizing the value of Agile practices in construction project management.

Circular economy strategies for minimising construction waste in Sri Lanka: focus on the preconstruction stage

Purpose The concept of Circular Economy (CE) has gained significant traction in addressing the issue of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste, which is generated because of global urbanisation and urban renewal. Therefore, this research aims to explore the applicability of CE strategies to minimise the C&D Waste Management (WM) issues in Sri Lanka considering the preconstruction stage of the building project. Design/methodology/approach The research adopted a qualitative approach, using three expert interview rounds with the Delphi technique. In each round, 17, 15 and 12 experts were involved. A manual content analysis method was used to analyse the collected data. Findings Findings uncovered effective strategies in CE to address the 14 issues within C&D WM and its effects on the project management iron triangle in Sri Lanka. Integrating CE strategies within the construction sector to tackle C&D WM issues can significantly contribute to establishing a more sustainable, robust and resource-conscious built environment. By adopting CE strategies such as design for adaptability of existing buildings and design for disassembly, construction projects can optimise the project's timeline, cost and quality factors. Originality/value This will help to minimise the demand for virgin materials and reduce the volume of waste generated. Using recycled materials also helps close the loop of the materials cycle, thereby contributing to the CE. Also, this research contributes uniquely by offering practical, context-driven solutions that align with Sri Lanka’s construction sector.

Risk Assessment of The Latifiya Expressway Segment Using a Proactive Approach

Road safety assessment is an essential step in the management of transportation projects. The proactive approach in the safety assessment considers the pre-construction stage to reduce the likelihood of road accidents. This research aims to assess the risk of road infrastructure in Iraq by applying the most recent methodology based on road features and supported traffic data. The selected methodology significantly contributes to enhancing a proactive approach to road safety and incorporating risk assessment in the planning and design stages of road projects. A segment of 15km from the beginning of the Latifiya expressway was selected for this study and assessed using the international road assessment program methodology. Data on road features and traffic were collected for this goal; where data on 38 aspects of road features is collected. The traffic data includes traffic volume and spot speed. Then these data were coded and processed using VIDA online web. The assessment results were presented for three road user groups: vehicle riders, pedestrians, and motorcyclists. The results showed that the assessed segment has a high-risk level; 1 to 3 stars for vehicle riders and 1 star for motorcyclists and pedestrians. Countermeasures were presented, and their efficiency was tested to raise the star rating for all road user groups to five stars.

Evaluating the Digital Transformation Potential in Pre-Construction for Sustainable Practices Using Structural Equation Modeling

This study presents the development of a comprehensive model for evaluating the level of readiness of buildings for digital transformation during the pre-construction phase. The proposed model utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) and includes a full list of key factors for achieving success. This tool is designed to support industry stakeholders in assessing operational efficiency in terms of digital transformation readiness in the pre-construction phase (DTRPC) and analyze the effectiveness and limitations of DTRPC across various management levels. Key success factors were identified through interviews with experts and a review of the relevant literature. These variables were then validated through two rounds of the 8 Delphi technique, which included the input of 13 highly qualified experts. Finally, an online questionnaire was disseminated to industry professionals, who assessed the factors’ relative levels of significance. Questionnaire responses were collected from a sample of 300 individuals from different professional fields. SEM was then used to quantitatively analyze the relationships between the various components of the DTRPC success factors. The goal was to determine the impact of each construct on the overall level of readiness. The model underwent a thorough evaluation to determine its strength and stability across several parameters, including accuracy, conformity to multivariate normalcy, and reliability and validity. A hypothesis analysis was also conducted. The collected data were used to develop the proposed DTRPC model, consisting of 30 essential performance indicators grouped into four categories. The use of SEM uncovered a significant correlation between the operational indicators of these critical factors and the construct groups, as well as the influence of effective DTRPC constructs on overall project performance. This research expands the current knowledge by identifying important indications for evaluating the success of the DTRPC model and using them to create a comprehensive global SEM that can be used as a tool for measuring readiness at the pre-construction stage. This has the potential to provide essential assistance to organizations, project managers, and policymakers in making informed decisions.

Analysis of 5D BIM for cost estimation, cost control and payments

Increasing expectancy for efficiency in the delivery of building projects and the adoption of lean production processes for construction has made the necessity for the development of an integrated system for cost estimating, cost monitoring, cost control, and payments in the construction lifecycle important. Existing 5D BIM tools are used to estimate the cost of projects during the preconstruction period. There is a lack of integration between the 5D BIM models, existing progress monitoring tools, and payment systems used in construction. Lack of standardization in the use of model elements through the project lifecycle has also been identified as one of the factors limiting automation in 5D BIM. Construction project monitoring can be automated by combining modern technologies that allow for visualization of building progress (Laser scanners, computer vision) with 5D BIM cost estimation tools. These project monitoring tools can be combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Smart contracts to develop an integrated lifecycle system for cost management in construction. This paper examines existing systems used in 5D BIM to develop integrated practices and systems that will streamline the process of cost estimating, cost monitoring, cost control, and cash flow in the construction supply chain. This will reduce the inefficiency that exists today with traditional contracts and payment applications that do not interact with the 5D BIM application. By leveraging a standardized classification ID system throughout a project life cycle and applying AI and smart contract, features like cost estimation cost control, and payments can be fully streamlined, integrated, and automated. A case study of an existing construction project utilizing 5D BIM was examined. According to the study, 5D BIM is used in the pre-construction stage of a cost estimation project. It was also revealed that 5D BIM improves project cost visualization and budget control.

Green Building Rating of High-Rise Buildings in Sri Lanka


 
 
 As a result of urbanization, constructions of high-rise buildings become a major component of urban development. Constructing high-rise buildings contributes to social, economic and environmental development as well. There are many stages of construction including planning, designing, procurement and implementation. There is a wide range of sustainability practices which can be implemented in each stage of construction. In leading Sri Lanka to Sustainable Development, the green building rating system was introduced by National Green Building Council of Sri Lanka in 2002. This rating system has 100 total points and minimum of 40 points is required for green building certification. The rating system has different components. Among them sustainable sites category includes 25% of total points in green building rating system. This research study highlights the significance of sustainable sites category in order to award the green certification in green building rating system. For this research five major high-rise building construction sites in Colombo were selected and existing site selection practices of each site were investigated. Each site was visited and in-depth discussions were carried out with the planning engineer and other people in the construction site. The structured questionnaire was filled and scores were given accordingly where they have met the sustainable sites criteria. Two sites out of five could not earn single point as they did not fulfill the prerequisites of the site section category. The rest of the sites (three) earned 20, 19, and 18 respectively out of 25 points. In this study, lack of awareness in sustainable site selection practices has dropped the chances of being eligible for the green building certification. Since the minimum points required for green building certification is 40, buildings which are under planning or pre-construction stage have higher chances of obtaining silver, gold and platinum awards for green building certification. Therefore, sustainable sites category of the green building rating system contributes significantly to increase the score and therefore it is highly important in green certification & sustainable construction.
 Keywords: Green concept, High-rise buildings, Sustainable development, Sustainable site selection
 
 

An assessment framework for underground construction methods in the pre-construction stage: a technical perspective

The selection of an appropriate underground construction method plays a crucial role during the pre-construction phase as it must consider various aspects, such as safety, technical feasibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, there is still a lack of technical assessments for selecting suitable underground construction methods in the research field. Therefore, this study aims to build an assessment model to technically assess such methods in the pre-construction stage. Firstly, technical assessment factors were obtained from literature reviews, expert consultations and survey results. Factor analysis was performed to reveal the underlying significance of each factor. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) model was then constructed to assess the relative importance of each factor. Finally, the assessment model was validated by seeking experts’ opinions on its performance in a practical project. The study resulted in a Fuzzy AHP model established from a list of 8 groups of factors with 35 refined factors, covering many aspects from documents and resources to geology and hydrology. The validation results demonstrated the model’s effectiveness in assisting contractors to make informed decisions. This study has contributed to construction literature by introducing a novel framework for underground construction methods, offering a practical tool for pre-construction planning and decision-making.

On the Key Points of Technical Management in High rise Building Engineering

For the technical management of high-rise building construction projects, it involves a systematic approach throughout the entire construction process. The pre construction stage requires careful planning, from site selection to market analysis, while engineering design ensures structural integrity and functional efficiency. Efficient project organization, procurement, and on-site management, as well as strict quality control, are crucial during the construction phase. The focus of the post construction phase is debugging, seamless handover, and continuous facility operation and maintenance. Overall, by adopting comprehensive technical management, the safe and efficient construction of high-rise buildings has been ensured, meeting functional and aesthetic requirements while considering environmental protection.

A Conceptual Framework for BIM-Based Site Safety Practice

With developments in Industry 4.0, there is growing momentum to adopt technology-assisted tools to support existing processes. Even though most construction processes are now computerized, safety procedures have not yet fully embraced the digital revolution. Building information modeling (BIM) is a platform that radically redefines the way in which businesses operate. Various past studies on the application of BIM in site safety mainly focus on using BIM for safety during construction and for a specific project type. The potential benefits of BIM for site safety have not yet been fully explored. The aim of the present study is to develop a BIM-based automatic safety checking (ASC) framework for an early identification of hazards. It includes safety checking with codified OSHA rules, corrective actions, scheduling, and reporting in a virtual environment. All these steps are part of the risk lifecycle which is typically managed according to the phases of construction on a physical site. However, in the proposed framework, all these steps are managed at the preconstruction stage in a virtual environment. The major contribution of this study is the proposed framework that provides the conceptual foundation for early site safety management by identifying hazards at the design stage. The integration of a 3D model with codified OSHA standard safety rules ensures that the design is in adherence to safety rules and is rendered hazard-free for a pilot case.

Challenges and Opportunities for Autonomous UAV Inspection in Solar Photovoltaics

This work focuses on identifying the applications, critical challenges and future opportunities of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in solar photovoltaics (PV) inspection. This paper places emphasis on aspects that require more research attention and depth that are mostly overlooked in most published research works. It therefore presents a state-of-the-art overview on the current use of autonomous UAV systems in solar photovoltaics, highlighting its major challenges and untapped potentials requiring more research. Major challenges and opportunities are identified within recent non-conventional large rooftop systems, floating and vertical solar PV systems where autonomous inspection applications are required starting from the pre-construction stage and where the requirements vary from standard ground mount systems. This is largely because autonomous systems are found to be more impactful in demanding environments. Aside from the technical aspects related to autonomous navigation, the types of sensors required and solar PV monitoring, beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) and safe autonomy are also examined by using on-board backup/monitoring systems to assist with navigation and emergency landing. This is essential due to the nature of the application within complex-urban environments. It is considered that the “open research” areas will deepen regional impact, efficiency, accessibility and use of autonomous UAV inspection for solar PV and inspection activities in other sectors. Thus, enabling enormous transformation for both manned and autonomous inspection landscapes. This work therefore provides technical input on the current procedures applied, identifies the challenges, and provides recommendations on aspects where significant future progress would be most advantageous.

THE EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACH TOWARDS MINIMISING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

One factor in a nation’s successful economic growth and social well-being is the construction industry. Regrettably, the construction industry is also associated with a range of environmental impacts, including air pollution, noise pollution, soil contamination, and other related problems. The construction activities will have a detrimental environmental effect, significantly impacting the comfort and quality of life of individuals, particularly in urban regions like Klang Valey, Malaysia, where the pace of development is very rapid. However, project management approaches in construction projects can efficiently reduce adverse environmental impacts. Nevertheless, the adoption of project management approaches in construction projects, particularly in medium to small scale ones, remains significantly low. Although the use of project management has numerous advantages, it also presents significant hurdles for construction professionals in efficiently incorporating it into their professions, particularly in Klang Valley. Therefore, this research study aims to assess the level of comprehension among construction industry players in the Klang Valley regarding the environmental impact of construction activities. It also seeks to identify the challenges they face in implementing effective project management in construction projects and determine the most efficient approach to implement project management from the pre-construction stage to the post-construction stage, with the goal of minimising environmental impacts. Interviews were conducted with seven experienced experts who specialise in diverse construction projects. The findings indicated that they aware of the advantages, but they faced major hurdles in putting those advantages into action. Despite their awareness of the advantages, they were unable to successfully implement them.

Mapping environmental problems in the new capital city of “Nusantara” as a foundation for sustainable development governance

Indonesia moved the country’s capital from Jakarta to Kalimantan Island. This activity is a major breakthrough, but if done incorrectly it can be a serious challenge, especially from an environmental perspective. This research aims to identify environmental problems in the development of Indonesian capital cities. This information was obtained through literature studies and field observations. City management studies, especially the development of the nation’s capital, need to be directed so as not to cause environmental damage problems. The mapping process starts from the pre-construction stage, construction stage, operational stage or environmental impact analysis. The mapping results show that environmental problems need to be mapped in the form of types of activities with a social, economic and environmental approach in accordance with sustainable development standards starting from a social approach to ensure the fulfillment of citizens’ rights in improving the quality of the environment city. The results of impact identification conclude that there is a positive impact on improving community welfare and there is a negative impact that increases the burden on the environment. An economic approach by ensuring the fulfillment of citizens’ rights in obtaining decent work and an environmental approach by paying attention to air, water quality and waste management in accordance with technological standards and following applicable laws and regulations. As for alternative conclusions for resolving environmental problems, community model governance is governance with a community approach for activities that have an area of less than 5 hectares and the complexity of environmental impacts is less than three impacts, while the complexity of environmental impacts is more than three impacts. of the three impacts are managed using a collaborative model.

A review on error-induced-building collapse at the construction stage in Lagos, Nigeria.

The ever-increasing occurrence of building collapse with attendant loss of lives in recent years has called for serious concern in Nigeria. Hence, it has become necessary to strategically look into the issue with a spirited effort to provide measures to stem the tide of the occurrence. Moreover, errors in building construction sites during construction activities often bring about defects in the building, which usually result in failure and eventual collapse of the building if not discovered and addressed. Evidence has shown that most building collapses in Nigeria as well as around the globe resulted from occurrences of error during the construction stage; past researchers have primarily focused their searchlight on the occurrences of error at the pre-construction stage of building projects, neglecting the occurrence of errors at the construction stage and the danger it portrayed. Hence, the primary purpose of this paper is to review relevant literature and evaluate the occurrences of building errors at the construction stage of building projects as one of the major causes of repeated building collapse in Lagos, Nigeria. The data for the review were gathered through the records of past building collapses in Nigeria from 2009 to 2019. Tables and bar graphs were used for data presentations and analysis. The paper review shows that Lagos has the highest percentage of building collapse cases in Nigeria; it also reveals that the collapse was due to common errors occurring at the construction stage of building activities onsite. And it finally identifies those common errors inducing building collapses. Stakeholders in the building industry are to focus more attention on the construction stage of the building process. The review will serve as a conceptual development guideline to minimize construction errors during construction activities, thereby reducing incessant building collapse.

Extended reality (XR)—A magic box of digitalization in driving sustainable development of the construction industry: A critical review

AbstractAgainst a background of global resource shortage and climate change, there is an urgency for the construction industry to aim towards sustainable development. With the rapid development of information technology, the emergence of extended reality (XR) has provided new ideas and options for sustainable construction (SC). Such technologies are applied in research and practice of the whole construction lifecycle, which can well meet the requirements of SC. This paper presents a critical review of XR applications in SC, aiming to systematically summarize the specific uses and advantages of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies. This study also examines the gap in research into the imbalance between the use of technology and the construction stages involved. Most XR applications focus on the preconstruction stage, while visualization and interactivity are the main features for further application. Through qualitative analyses, different applications of XR are introduced in stages throughout the entire lifecycle of building projects. In addition, the current challenges and limitations are presented, and several suggestions are proposed to facilitate further advancements in SC research and practice in the near future. This review provides valuable information to help stakeholders understand the advances in XR research and benefit future exploration and practice in the field.

Mitigating Legal Risks in NHAI EPC Contracts Clause Impacted by Safety Parameter

Abstract: Globally, disagreement, legal actions, and litigation around the development of national highways are growing daily. Numerous investigations have uncovered problems with contract formulation, contract document faults, and the preconstruction stage. The analysis focuses on five EPC contract terms related to national highway safety that carry a high risk of lawsuit. Contractors, consultants, and employees of the authority were handed a questionnaire survey as part of this investigation. Google Forms was used to gather 161 replies. Principal component analysis was used in SPSS to analyse the aforementioned data. The result shows that there are a number of crucial (high risk) contract elements in EPC contracts that could lead to litigation.

Analysis of Risk Components of Building Construction Projects in Construction Companies: Case Study of Projects in Jabodetabek

Risk management is very important for a construction company to carry out all company activities and especially to run a construction project. As is known, the project is carried out through stages in which it is very loaded with unwanted events, ranging from the tender process to get the project, the design stage, the pre-construction stage, the construction stage, and the post-construction stage. It is determined that risk categories are divided into operational; Financial; legal; & marketing. Causative factors consist of external; legal; human; process; & system. Areas of cause determined: design &; marketing; legal; implementation; therapy. Risk treatment strategies are determined: eliminating sources of risk; maintaining risk with the right decision; changing the possibilities; and Changing consequences. Based on secondary data obtained on seven projects that have been completed in the Jabodetabek area by one of the construction companies in Indonesia, qualitatively it was found that operational risk occupies the top position, the category that most often arises unwanted events. Process factors are the highest factors as the cause of an unwanted event. Process factors are the highest factors as the cause of an unwanted event. Then the construction period is the highest area, and often an unwanted event occurs. Naturally, the construction period has the longest duration compared to other stages. It further eliminates sources of risk, transforms consequences and turns possibilities into the most frequent ones in the process of managing risks in the project. Meanwhile, based on the level of risk identified from 38 risks that occurred in seven projects, the level of extreme risk occurred in as many as 10 events and as many as 19 events, then after follow-up, the level of extreme risk became as many as 2 events and high to 19 events, this indicates that these unwanted events affect the profit target of the project being worked on. Thus, ERM becomes very important for a construction company in order to achieve the company's goals and objectives and ERM is an important part of good corporate governance