Production Practices Research Articles

Proteomic Insights into Trichome Responses to Elevated Elemental Stress in Cation Exchanger (CAX) Mutants.

Research on elemental distribution in plants is crucial for understanding nutrient uptake, environmental adaptation, and optimizing agricultural practices for sustainable food production. Plant trichomes, with their self-contained structures and easy accessibility, offer a robust model system for investigating elemental repartitioning. Transport proteins, such as the four functional cation exchangers (CAXs) in Arabidopsis, are low-affinity, high-capacity transporters primarily located on the vacuole. Mutants in these transporters have been partially characterized, with one of the phenotypes of the CAX1 mutant being altered tolerance to low-oxygen conditions. A simple visual screen demonstrated trichome density and morphology in cax1 and quadruple CAX (cax1-4: qKO) mutants remained unaltered. Here we used SXRF (Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence) to show that trichomes in CAX-deficient lines accumulated high levels of chlorine, potassium, calcium, and manganese. Proteomic analysis on isolated Arabidopsis trichomes. showed changes in protein abundance in response to changes in element accumulation. The CAX mutants showed an increased abundance of plasma membrane ATPase and vacuolar H-pumping proteins, and proteins associated with water movement and endocytosis, while also showing changes in proteins associated with the regulation of plasmodesmata. These findings advance our understanding of the integration of CAX transport with elemental homeostasis within trichomes and shed light on how plants modulate protein abundance under conditions of altered elemental levels.

The IPM cycle: An instructional tool for promoting students' engagement in modeling practices and construction of models

AbstractThe importance of models and modeling in science education is well‐recognized, yet there exists significant polysemy among these terms within the literature. This ambiguity often leads to confusion, particularly regarding whether modeling represents an expected student performance, an instructional strategy to promote such performance, or both. Moreover, the construction of models has been depicted as both the objective of modeling and a distinct phase within modeling‐based instruction. Additionally, the expression of models has often been overlooked despite its significance as a crucial modeling practice. In an endeavor to shed light into these complexities associated with modeling in science education, this paper pursues a twofold aim. First, it theoretically presents and justifies the Instruction Performance Modeling (IPM) cycle, drawing on numerous previous contributions to the field, as a practical and specific instructional tool designed to clarify some problematic concepts both regarding modeling instruction and modeling practice. Second, it provides empirical evidence regarding the type of modeling performance exhibited by students involved in instruction guided by the IPM. This study applies discourse analysis to the multimodal productions of preservice teachers attending a lab‐based workshop on the topic of flotation. The main findings reveal that students' modeling performance, while exhibiting certain patterns such as the Introductory pattern or the Evaluation‐Revision one, predominantly manifests as a disorganized sequence of modeling practices. This result is consistent with certain precedents in the modeling literature but contrasts with the expected outcomes of well‐established approaches like Generation‐Evaluation‐Modification. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the rich, meaningful, and productive modeling practices occurring in instructional scenarios guided by the IPM cycle.

Inovasi Dan Optimalisasi Proses Produksi Sirup Bunga Rosella Di Desa Karangtengah Kabupaten Kendal

The main focus of this research is to deeply analyze the existing production process, evaluate the technology and equipment used, and identify ways to improve raw material and energy management. Through the application of the latest technology, such as more efficient processing machines and more modern processing methods, it is expected to improve production efficiency, reduce operational costs, and ensure consistent product quality. The research method includes data collection from observations of the current production process, interviews with local producers, and analysis of the equipment and techniques used. In addition, this research also involves testing the implementation of innovations and evaluating their impact on the final product results and production costs. The expected results of this research include improved syrup quality, better operational efficiency, and reduced production costs, which overall can increase the competitiveness of Karangtengah syrup products in the market. The benefits of this research are not only limited to improving the quality and efficiency of production but also include positive economic impacts for the local community. By improving the production process and expanding market reach, it is expected to create new economic opportunities, improve the welfare of local communities, and provide a model for other food processing industries in the region. This research aims to make a significant contribution to the development of the local industry and encourage the adoption of more sustainable and innovative production practices.

Green Human Resource Management for Balanced Sustainability in Performance: A Case of Manufacturing SME in Jiangxi Province, China

This study emphasises exploring the initiatives that must be taken by manufacturing firms within Green Human Resource Management to ensure a significant levelled and balanced sustainability without any sort of environmental or social harm. This study is associated with a qualitative approach to data collection and analysis, that includes a purposive sampling method and supports selecting two HR managers from Jiangxi Wannianqing Cement Co. LTD. The analysis has identified the strategies of e-HR tools, utilisation of paperless activities, conservation of energy, and initiatives of waste disposal. All these activities also support improving policy statements, marketing strategies, environmental job titles, auditing practices, capital investments, product designs and production practices as well.

Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Salicylic Acid Improve Essential Oil, Flower Yield, And Compatible Osmolyte Content of Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) Under Drought Stress

Drought is one of the major constraints on agricultural productivity in arid and semiarid regions. Coping with drought stress involves several adaptations and mitigation strategies such as the use of plant-growth promoting bacteria and salicylic acid, which was examined in this study under two levels of water regimes (well-watered as control and drought stress) in southwest Iran in 2018 and 2020 on common yarrow (Achillea millefolium). Catalase levels significantly increased in response to drought stress and salicylic acid application. Salicylic acid and combined application treatment of both bacteria also resulted in a significant increase in proline compared with the control. Different bacteria strains also resulted in a significant increase in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase when compared with the control. Drought stress, salicylic acid application, and different bacteria strains significantly reduced total protein. The use of salicylic acid and the combined application of both bacteria significantly increased the percentage of essential oil compared with the control. Moreover, 41 compounds were isolated, accounting for 92.08% of the essential oil, with more than 90.00% being volatile terpenes. The main components of yarrow essential oil were borneol (16.79%), flanderin (15.92%), cineole (14.32%), camphor (9.77%), and alpha-pinene (3.44%). In general, growth-promoting bacteria and salicylic acid application constitute an advantageous management practice for the commercial production of Achillea millefolium, increasing the nutraceutical and medicinal values of this species.

Multi-Scale analysis of the impacts of soil and water conservation practices and landscape on grain yield and return on investment in the sub-humid ethiopian highlands

Ethiopia's sub-humid highlands face a critical challenge in balancing agricultural productivity with land degradation. This study explores the effectiveness of soil and water conservation practices (SWCPs) in addressing this challenge. We investigated the interaction effects of types of SWCPs, landscape positions, and location on Teff (Eragrostis teff) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield. In addition, we assessed the economic viability of SWCPs using cost-benefit analysis with farmer-funded and cost-sharing scenarios. The results indicated that yield was significantly affected by the interactions between factors like SWCP type and landscape position. Soil bunds consistently increased crop yield across diverse locations and landscapes, indicating superior erosion control benefits. Lower landscape positions on foot slopes benefited most from SWCP implementation. Teff yield increased by 188 % and wheat yield by 181 % under soil bunds. The cost-benefit analysis confirmed the financial viability of SWCPs, particularly for Teff (NPV = 4499.35 USD, IRR = 50 %, and BCR = 1.51) and wheat (NPV = 544.35 USD, IRR = 16 %, and BCR = 1.06) grown on lower landscapes with farmer-funded investment scenarios. Positive return on investment was observed in both scenarios, with cost-sharing offering greater economic benefits for farmers. These findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach to SWC implementation for achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by enhancing food security, improving farmer incomes, and promoting sustainable and productive landscape management practices. Future research should explore the long-term sustainability of SWCPs, their adaptation across diverse agroecological zones and landscapes, the incorporation of various crops, the broader socioeconomic impacts, and the development of effective extension programs for wider adoption by farmers.

Long-term acclimation to organic carbon enhances the production of loliolide from Scenedesmus deserticola

Production of functional biocompounds from microalgae has garnered interest from different industrial sectors; however, their overall productivity must be substantially improved for commercialization. Herein, long-term acclimation of Scenedesmus deserticola was conducted using glucose as an organic carbon source to enhance its heterotrophic capabilities and the production potential of loliolide. A year-long acclimation on agar plates led to the selection of S. deserticola HS4, which exhibited at least 2-fold increase in loliolide production potential; S. deserticola HS4 was subjected to further screening of its cultivation conditions and fed-batch cultivation was subsequently performed in liter-scale reactors. While S. deserticola HS4 exhibited shifts in cellular morphology and biochemical composition, the results suggested a substantial increase in its loliolide productivity regardless of trophic modes. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of long-term acclimation as an effective strategy for improving microalgal crops to align with industrial production practices.

Green konsumerisme Sebagai Kritik Terhadap Peran Manusia Dalam Gerakan Lingkungan

As public awareness and government pressure increases, industries are undertaking "green marketing" efforts. Green marketing is a combination of activities, including product modifications, changes to the production process, packaging changes, and advertising modifications to promote environmentally friendly products (Mishra and Sharma, 2014). Green marketing seeks to tempt green consumers in an effort to expand the market and increase profits. Environmentally friendly production practices are no longer seen as an obligation, but rather as a strategic business tactic that is profitable. Thus, green consumerism is part of green capitalism that seeks to reduce environmental impacts by utilizing market forces and profit motives (Scales, 2014). Scales also adds that green consumerism refers to the formation of a new commodity fetishism, whose impact is greater than it seems. Because in trying to provide information about the "greenness" of a product, green consumerism simplifies what green is. Environmental impacts are simplified and abstract concepts such as "green" are reduced to labels, symbols and metrics. This can direct consumers' focus to one issue and forget about others. Departing from the facts above, this paper will provide an understanding of how biased the role of humans in environmental preservation is today. Using descriptive qualitative research methods by focusing on literature reviews and research data from journals and documentary videos related to invisible hand practices and the ecogreen industry.

Development of Student Worksheets Based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) Assisted by PhET Simulations to Improve Mastery of High School Physics Concepts

This development research aims to produce a product in the form of a Student Workshees (known LKPD) based on a problem-based learning model that is feasible, practical and effective for improving students' mastery of concepts. This research is included in Research and Development (R&D) with a 4D model, which consists of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The product developed is Newton's Law LKPD supported by other independent curriculum tools: Learning Outcomes, Learning Goal Flow, Teaching Modules, and concept mastery test instruments. Data collection techniques use validation sheets, learning implementation observation sheets, student response questionnaires, and test instruments. The validity of the product was assessed by three expert validators, who were physics lecturers, and three practitioner validators, who were physics subject teachers. Their evaluations were performed using a Likert scale. Practicality is obtained from the teacher's observation sheet and student response questionnaires regarding learning. Effectiveness was obtained from the results of limited product trials in the form of an increase in pretest and posttest scores, which were analyzed using the n-gain test. The results of the validity of the product developed have a percentage, namely LKPD 92.12%; Learning Achievement 92.08%; Flow of Learning Objectives 92.60%; Teaching modules 89.78% and test instruments 91.15% with very valid and reliable categories above 75%, so the product can be said to be suitable for use. The results of the product's practicality were in the form of an implementation sheet by the teacher. Student responses of 92.08% and 82.10% were written in the convenient category. The results of the n-gain test for students' concept mastery were 0.74 in the medium category and included in the very effective criteria. Thus, the LKPD, Learning Outcomes, Learning Goal Flow, Teaching Modules and test instruments produced are feasible, practical and effective in improving students' mastery of concepts.

Assessing production, processing and utilization of sorghum in West Pokot County, Kenya

Sorghum is one of the most important and under-utilized cereal crops in the Arid and Semi-Arid land (ASAL) regions of Kenya. The crop is grown in drought-prone marginal agricultural areas of Western Central and Eastern and coastal regions of Kenya. The diverse biotic and abiotic constraints including climate changes reduce sorghum productivity. Sorghum technology generators continue promoting suitable management practices and innovations to cushion and improve the resilience of smallholder farmers against the adverse effects of climate change. These interventions contribute to the attainment of not only household and national food security but also enhance incomes. Despite the increasing sorghum production and utilization in West Pokot County, there is limited knowledge of the status of production, processing, and utilization technologies. The aim of this study was to assess the current sorghum production, processing, utilization technology, innovations, and management practices among smallholder farmers. A household survey was undertaken using a jointly developed structured questionnaire by a multi- and inter-disciplinary team of researchers. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 599 households were randomly selected and interviewed. Data collected were on household and farm characteristics including technologies. The study revealed that compared to maize and pasture, land allocated to sorghum enterprise was relatively low ranging from 0.32 acres to 0.80 acres with an average of 0.73 acres. The adoption of various sorghum technological components was also low. Adoption of improved sorghum varieties was less than 7% while fertilizer use was less than 20%. These contribute to low crop yields of about 140kg per acre. In addition, value addition was also low. Sorghum use was limited to ugali (56%) and porridge (39%) against the diverse value-added products including bread baking. and industrial processing of pure and blended products. More farmer and stakeholders training need to be done. In order to fully upgrade the sorghum value chain; there is the need to have targeted sorghum policies focusing on a range of activities along the value chain. These interventions could be integrated into the West Pokot County Integrated Development Plan. Key words: Sorghum, Production, Marketing, Utilization, Challenges, Opportunities, West Pokot

Comprehensive Survey on Datasets, Models, and Future Directions in Plant Disease Prediction

In recent years, advancements in computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) have facilitated significant progress in the field of plant disease prediction and detection. The growing danger to worldwide food security because of plant diseases necessitates the development of accurate and efficient methods for early disease identification. This paper provides an extensive overview of the current landscape of plant disease prediction using plant images, focusing on datasets, models, and potential future directions. Initially, publicly available datasets that comprise annotated images of healthy and diseased plants, enabling researchers to develop and evaluate predictive models are analyzed. These datasets, encompassing a wide range of crops and diseases, serve as crucial resources for training and benchmarking various algorithms. Also, explore both traditional and modern approaches, including expert systems, ML, and deep learning (DL) algorithms. Model architectures, transfer learning strategies, and ensemble techniques are discussed in terms of their effectiveness in disease classification and localization. This paper also addresses the challenges faced in plant disease prediction, such as data scarcity, model robustness, and scalability. Provide a rendition of the present state of research and identify potential avenues for future exploration, this paper aims to contribute to the advancement of plant disease prediction methods, fostering more resilient and productive agricultural practices.

Participation of Business Actors in Implementing Circular Economy on Batik Products in Kauman Batik Kampoeng, Pekalongan City

This research explores the application and potential of batik business actors in the implications of the circular economy (CE) model in Pekalongan, Indonesia. As a prominent cultural heritage, the batik industry is essential to the regional economy. However, conventional linear production and consumption practices have resulted in environmental challenges, resource depletion, and waste generation. By embracing CE principles that emphasize resource efficiency, waste reduction, and closed-loop systems, the batik industry in Pekalongan can develop sustainable and environmentally responsible practices. This study examines critical aspects of CE implementation, starting with community participation in the batik, drawing insights from successful CE implementation in other industries. The implementation of CE in other industries is the role of business actors in the business chain outside Kampong. This paper analyzes the potential benefits and challenges of implementing CE in the Pekalongan batik industry and the role of stakeholders in promoting circularity. By highlighting the feasibility of the CE model, the results of this research are that the level of community participation in implementing a CE has not been maximized with the potential remaining production output so that this aspect of the condition becomes a sustainable opportunity to encourage sustainable practices in the Pekalongan batik industry.

Effect of high temperature on maize yield and grain components: A meta-analysis

Global warming poses a significant challenge to global food security, with maize playing a vital role as a staple crop in ensuring food availability worldwide. Therefore, investigating the impact of high temperature (HT) on maize cultivation is imperative for addressing food security concerns. Despite numerous studies exploring the effects of HT on maize growth and yield, a comprehensive understanding of these effects remains elusive due to variations in experimental environments, varieties, and growth stages. To solve these limitations, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of HT on maize yield and grain components, synthesizing data from 575 observations across 34 studies. The findings indicate that 1) HT significantly reduced grain yield by 32.7–40.9 % and grain starch content by 2.8–10.5 %; 2) the vicinity of kernel development stage (include silking, blister, milk) is the period when maize kernels are most sensitive to HT; 3) a significant negative correlation was observed between HT degree and their impact on grain yield (R2 = 0.38, P = 0.043); and 4) the effects of HT days and degrees on maize yield were equally important. In conclusion, this meta-analysis establishes a theoretical framework for enhancing the resilience of maize production and cultivation practices by comprehensively evaluating the impact of HT on yield and grain components.

GREEN IMPACT: EXPLORING THE MOTIVATIONS BEHIND SUSTAINABLE FASHION SHOPPING AND CONSUMPTION TOWARD GREEN APPAREL IN INDONESIA

This research adopts shopping motivation theory (utilitarian and hedonic) as a framework. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of shopping motivation on consumers’ purchase intentions in the context of environmentally friendly clothing. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 185 respondents in Indonesia and analyzed using the SmartPLS v.4.0.0 tool with the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis. This research shows that utilitarian and hedonic motivations have a positive and significant effect on green purchase intention. Availability of information and special offers also have a positive and significant effect on utilitarian motivation, trends, adventure, and authority, and status. These findings will help managers and practitioners to promote sustainable consumption through environmentally friendly clothing. This can encourage cleaner production and sustainable consumption practices that benefit both the planet and people.

Thermodynamic data of a promising magnetic material MnCr2O4 and thermodynamic analysis of its application process

MnCr2O4, known for its unique structure and properties, finds wide applications in catalysts, magnetic materials, electrode materials, and other fields. In this study, high-purity MnCr2O4 samples were synthesized via the liquid-phase combustion method and characterized. Thermodynamic data within the temperature range of 350–1350 K was predicted using NKR, and experimental thermodynamic data within the temperature ranges of 15–300 K and 623–1273 K were determined using a PPMS and drop calorimeter. Based on this data, the heat capacity as a function of temperature for MnCr2O4 was calculated: Cp=161.0157+0.01864T−1589402.7435T−2(J/mol·K)(623∼1273K), along with the enthalpy change, entropy change, and Gibbs energy change in the temperature range of 300∼1250 K. Thermodynamic analysis of the synthesis of MnCr2O4 in the field of materials and its treatment in metallurgy using experimental and computational results. This study addresses the thermodynamic knowledge gaps of MnCr2O4 and provides a valuable reference for its application in production practice.

Poetics and Aesthetics, Analog and Digital

This article is the result of a case study based on the methodological procedures of a focus group carried out with Cinema students, in São Paulo, in May 2024. The study selected a sample of six Cinema students, young people with more than half of the course degree already completed, therefore with some knowledge and practice of film production and with some repertoire of appreciation of cinematographic techniques and discourses. The primary purpose of the Study was to investigate whether these students would aesthetically perceive the language resources used in the poetic construction of director of photography Mike Gioulakis in the film Night Shyamalan’s Old. There were two language resources: the use of analogue cameras and celluloid film to capture the film's images. Based on the premise that the majority of students would watch the film on digital devices, there was a possibility that the language resources would not be completely grasped. As the premise turned out to be true, the Study resulted in important findings and even more important questions.

Análisis de Componentes Principales de Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas en la producción porcícola: el caso de pequeños porcicultores en Ibagué, Colombia

Good livestock practices were evaluated in 25 production systems of small pig farmers in Ibagué (Tolima, Colombia) to measure the conditions of biosafety, facilities, animal health, feeding and administrative management based on the ICA-Colombia resolutions for pig production systems using principal component analysis and clustering. Information was collected on 585 aspects in 52 variables. The results showed that 100% of the producers do not comply with the minimum biosafety standards that a farm must have to be safe, suitable and competitive, which does not allow them to obtain a certification of good livestock practices in pig production. The principal component analysis identified the aspects with the greatest impact that required improvement. The «technical component» was the most relevant, with 58% of the non-conformities, related to sanitary management, biosafety, facilities and feeding. The second component, «Comprehensive Management», with 8% of the non-conformities, with the variables waste management, planning, management, biosafety and feeding. Additionally, three types of farms were identified: Type A (12%), which showed greater biosecurity, better selection and origin of animals, and greater impact on natural resources; Type B (40%), characterized by good feeding management, better work and animal environment, less administrative management and high impact on natural resources; and Type C (48%), with lower impact on natural resources, lower administrative management and feeding problems. In conclusion, principal component analysis turned out to be a useful tool to identify key areas of improvement in backyard pig farms with up to three breeding females and 10 fattening pigs, aiming to promote good practices and achieve adequate standards in pig production.

Utilisation of Agricultural Wastes as Alternative Raw Materials in Fermented Food Production

The increasing demand for sustainable food production has led to a growing interest in the utilization of agricultural wastes as alternative raw materials in the fermentation industry. This systematic literature review examines the potential of agricultural by-products, such as fruit peels, vegetable scraps, and cereal residues, as substrates for fermented food production. By analyzing a wide range of studies, this review identifies the types of agricultural wastes successfully used, the fermentation processes involved, and the benefits derived from these practices, including waste reduction, cost savings, and nutritional enhancement. The review also highlights the challenges associated with the variability in waste composition, logistical constraints, and consumer acceptance. The findings suggest that the utilization of agricultural wastes in fermented food production not only contributes to environmental sustainability but also offers economic and nutritional benefits. However, further research is needed to optimize fermentation processes, assess economic feasibility, and enhance consumer acceptance. This review provides valuable insights for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers interested in promoting sustainable food production practices.

A taxonomy of artists’ postures to grasp the plurality of cultural production practices: Putting an end to the cicada and the ant

The rooted dichotomy between art and economy tends to simplify our understanding of the conditions under which makers of cultural products operate. The contingencies of the last decades, leading to a greater plurality of artists’ practices, urge us to create new conceptual tools to seize the effective cultural production structures. This paper aims to open this dichotomy - anchored in institutional sociology, creative economy, arts management and cultural entrepreneurship - and to reveal the relational complexity of cultural production. Building on a meta-study of a body of qualitative research published between 2012 and 2022 based on semi-directed interviews, focus groups and case studies about artists’ effective practices in music, performing arts, visual and mediatic arts from underground scenes or marginal communities, we identify 20 postures adopted by artists. We place these postures on two axes reflecting the intensity of economic and artistic logics. This taxonomy explains more accurately today's conditions of cultural production. It allows us to better understand: the multiplicity of artists’ and works’ trajectories, as well as creation networks; the coexistence and co-dependency of postures within the same practice; and the diversity of artists’ practices beyond a disciplinary logic and a linear conception of artistic career.

Predictive modeling of fatigue and rutting parameters for asphalt cement modified with pretreated oil palm clinker using artificial neural network algorithms to enhance pavement performance

Currently, the viscoelastic properties of standard asphalt cement cannot sustain the increasing demands resulting from heavier traffic loads, greater stress levels, and changing environmental conditions. Thus, the usage of modifiers is encouraged. Also, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) encourages the use of waste resources and emerging technologies in asphalt pavement technology. This study intends to harness this gap by examining the use of oil palm clinker (OPC) as an asphalt-cement modification to improve its viscoelastic properties using an innovative prediction approach. The modified asphalt-cement was produced by varying the acid-treated OPC powder (OPCP) content at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% and the rutting and fatigue performance was evaluated. This paper also presents an optimization approach and prediction comparison based on statistical modeling and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the fatigue and rutting parameters of the modified asphalt cement. Model variables for the predictive models include OPCP content and test temperatures. The AI algorithms use 70% of the data for training, 15% for testing, and 15% for validation. The results showed that the incorporation of OPCP improves the properties of pure asphalt-cement by increasing stiffness and temperature susceptibility and that the crystalline phase of Si–O formed a novel structural group Si–OH. The RSM R2 for rutting for unaged and RTFO aged responses was (99.743 and 99.893), the RMSE was (436.210 and 954.945), and the MRE was 3.269 and 2.315) for the model statistical performance index, respectively. The ANN R2 for rutting for unaged and RTFO aged responses were (99.903 and 99.970) the RMSE (106.283 and 528.500) and MRE (1.759 and 1.039). PAV fatigue RSM R2 values were (99.984), RMSE (77979.750), and MRE (12.089), while ANN R2 values were (99.997), RMSE (53933.500), and MRE (5.262). The findings demonstrated that the generated model and algorithm could predict the fatigue and rutting performance of the OPCP-modified asphalt cement accurately with the AI algorithms model outperforming the statistical model. Also, the study aligns with SDG 9 by developing advanced modeling techniques and enhancing infrastructure durability through innovative use of modified materials as well as SDG 12 by incorporating recycled materials into sustainable production practices.