Contraceptive Practices Research Articles

A Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraception in Reproductive Age Group in Amritsar District of Punjab

A Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraception in Reproductive Age Group in Amritsar District of Punjab

Exploration of contraceptive awareness and decision making among married women of reproductive age in semi urban area of Tamil Nadu

Background: India was the first country to have launched a National Program for Family Planning in 1952, but still there is no control on population growth. The objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of contraceptives among married women in semi urban area of Tamil Nadu.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in a semi urban area of Tamil Nadu. Married women of reproductive age (15-49) were included. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects and self-administered questionnaire was used as study tool.Results: In this study about 91.80% were aware of at least one of the contraceptive methods but only 64.75% women used. The most common reason for using contraception was small family norms (75.89%) and for not using contraception was worried about side effects. The method commonly preferred was sterilisation (63.93%). The process of decision making was done mutually by both husband and wife (76.79%). There is an association existing between the education and awareness.Conclusions: On overall analysis it was found that only 49% are aware of contraception. Thus by proper motivation, counselling and improving facilities at both government and private sector, the unmet needs of contraception can be achieved.

Contraceptive counseling practices and patient experience: Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial at Planned Parenthood

ObjectivesSystematic reviews of contraceptive counseling interventions have shown inconsistent impact on patient outcomes. The current study assessed the effects of an evidence-informed contraceptive counseling staff training intervention on patient experience, contraceptive selection, and behavior over three months of follow-up. Study designWe randomly assigned 10 Planned Parenthood health centers in the Southeastern US to intervention (staff received contraceptive counseling training) and control (usual counseling) groups. From December 2016–June 2017, patients completed surveys immediately post visit (n = 756) and one and three months after. We compared differences in patients’ counseling experience (e.g., number of evidence-informed practices experienced, satisfaction with counseling), contraceptive selection, and behavior (e.g., method discontinuation, accurate pill use, condom use) between study groups using mixed effect models with health center specified as a random effect. ResultsSeven hundred and fifty-six participants completed the baseline survey; 579 (77%) completed one or both follow-up surveys. The intervention group was more likely to report experiencing all evidence-informed counseling practices (adj. Prevalence Ratio [aPR] = 2.27, 95% CI 1.27, 4.04) with less variation in the number of practices and higher satisfaction with their counseling than the control group (p < 0.01). We found no sustained differences in contraceptive behaviors at both one- and three-month follow-up. ConclusionsWe found immediate positive effects of the intervention on patients’ perceptions of their counseling experience and no differences in changes in contraceptive behavior over time between the study groups. ImplicationsEvidence-based strategies to improve the quality of contraceptive care and subsequent outcomes, while centering patients’ needs and preferences, are needed. The contraceptive counseling intervention offers a tool for increasing consistency in contraceptive counseling practices across health centers and improving patient satisfaction.

Contraceptive Practices and Reproductive Health Considerations for Adolescent and Adult Women with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature.

Whereas progress has been made on increasing access to comprehensive healthcare for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD), disparities continue in health outcomes, including those related to the reproductive health of adolescent and adult women with I/DD. This review summarizes reproductive care considerations for adolescent and adult women with I/DD and current practices regarding the delivery of contraceptive services to these women. Forty-seven (47) articles based on research conducted in the US between 1999 and 2019 were selected for inclusion in the review. Primary themes discussed include (1) common reproductive health concerns for adolescent and adult women with I/DD, other than pregnancy prevention; (2) contraceptive methods and disability-related concerns; (3) informed consent and reproductive decision-making; and (4) provider knowledge and education. The management of menses and hormonal dysregulation were identified as concerns that providers encounter among patients with I/DD and their families. Disability-related concerns with regard to use of contraception in general and considerations regarding certain methods in particular include challenges with prescription adherence, physical effects of hormonal therapies, drug interactions for individuals with additional health conditions, and legal and ethical concerns involved with decision-making and consent. The results of this review also suggest that focused efforts in partnership with health care providers may be needed to address barriers that adolescent and adult women with I/DD face when trying to obtain quality reproductive health services and contraceptive guidance.

The Effect of a Club in Making Differences in Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Family Planning Among Married Adolescent Girls in Urban Slums in Bangladesh.

Early marriage and childbearing have led to Bangladesh having the highest adolescent fertility rate in the Asia Pacific region. Adolescent pregnancy is correlated with pregnancy-related complications, preterm delivery, delivery of low-birth weight babies, and spousal violence. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in four urban slums (two intervention and two control areas) of Dhaka from July 2014 to August 2016 to assess the effectiveness of a married adolescent girls club (MAG club) in reducing the unmet need for family planning (FP) among married girls between the ages of 14 and 19 (n = 1601, 799 in intervention and 802 in control areas). The percentages of the targeted population using any modern method of contraception were significantly higher among respondents in the intervention areas than those in the control areas (72.6% versus 63.5%). The unmet need for FP was significantly lower among respondents in the intervention areas than that of the control areas (16.2% versus 20.7%). The MAG club was a well-received strategy to provide comprehensive information on FP, which in turn helped improve contraceptive method practices and reduced the unmet need for FP among married adolescent girls in urban slums in Bangladesh. The government could leverage its existing resources to expand the MAG Club model in rural parts of the country to achieve the targets outlined in its Adolescent Reproductive Health Strategy.

Determinants of contraceptive practices among married women in a tertiary care hospital in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh

Background: India ranks the second most populous nation in the world. Currently, there are about 51 births in India in a minute. Most of the population, both men and women still lack access to adequate family planning method. Objectives: To estimate the extent of contraceptive practices among women in a tertiary care hospital and to determine the factors associated with contraceptive practices among the women. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital, in the family planning unit of OBG department, for a period of three months (Jan 2019 to Mar 2019), among 432 married women. Results: About 70 (16.21%) women were not using any contraceptive, while 362 (83.79 %) women practiced any method of contraception (Prevalence). Female sterilization was the most common method practiced, 122 (33.70%), followed by IUD, 114 (31.5%). Emergency contraception and Male sterilization were the least, 7 (1.94%) and 10 (2.76%) respectively. The contraceptive use was significantly more in the age group of 40 – 49 years (X2 = 6.892, P = 0.031), among Hindus (X2 = 7.787, P = 0.0506), those living in nuclear family (X2 = 32.04, P = 0.000), among literate women (X2 = 128.9, P = 0.000), employed women (X2 = 13.17, P = 0.0002), literate spouse (X2 = 73.45, P = 0.000) and employed spouse (X2 = 70.57, P = 0.000). Marriage and fertility related factors showed that the contraceptive use was significantly more in those with 2 or more children (X2 = 79.45, P = 0.0000), preference for 2 or more male children (X2 = 16.34, P = 0.0002), those with no history of abortion (X2 = 9.748, P = 0.0017) and age of last child more than 5 years (X2 = 8.852, P = 0.0119). Conclusion: About 16.21% women were still not using any contraceptive, which is a considerable number. The factors responsible are many. Such factors should be focused and prevented.

Barrier Contraceptive Methods Practice and its Predictors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Women Attending Anti Retro Viral Therapy (ART) in Hadiya Zone Public Hospitals, South Ethiopia

Barrier Contraceptive Methods Practice and its Predictors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Women Attending Anti Retro Viral Therapy (ART) in Hadiya Zone Public Hospitals, South Ethiopia

Reproductive health counseling, attitudes, and practices: a cross-sectional survey among bariatric surgeons.

Women of childbearing age constitute a substantial proportion of patients who undergo weight loss procedures. However, little is known regarding family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices among bariatric surgeons. We explored the reproductive health and contraceptive practices among bariatric surgeons. A national society of bariatric surgeons. A cross-sectional study. Anonymous surveys were sent to all members of the Israeli Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. The Israeli Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery survey elicited a response rate of 96% (n = 48). Most (89.6%, n = 43) considered female reproductive health perioperative counseling very important, and the majority of respondents (66.7%, n = 32) felt comfortable discussing these issues. Nevertheless, only 54.2% (n = 25) reported routinely having family planning and pregnancy conversations with their patients. There was a general awareness that women should delay conception after surgery; however, only a minority of bariatric surgeons consistently either recommended the use of contraception after surgery (39.6%, n = 19) or referred patients for contraceptive advice (25.0%, n = 12). Most (81.3%, n = 39) practitioners reported not having accurate knowledge of contraception and felt that collaboration with other bariatric healthcare providers would provide patients with optimal reproductive-health counseling. Bariatric surgeons acknowledged the importance of reproductive healthcare and the need to delay conception among women undergoing bariatric surgery. However, they inconsistently addressed family planning and contraceptive issues and reported lack of accurate knowledge in this regard. This highlights the need for multidisciplinary collaboration between bariatric healthcare providers to improve reproductive and contraceptive care in these patients.

Less Reproduction, More Production: Birth Control in the Early People’s Republic of China, 1949–1958

In the early People’s Republic of China (PRC), Communist officials initially placed strict constraints on birth control use, encouraging high fertility rates. However, in an effort to enhance agricultural and industrial productivity, such restrictions were gradually repealed and by the 1970s, aggressive promotion of family planning had become the norm. Drawing on both archival and oral history, this article considers the lived experience of birth control use from the founding of the People’s Republic until 1958, a period that is often overlooked in studies of reproduction and contraception in modern China, but that had important implications for later trends. Despite claims that discussion of sexuality was suppressed in the PRC and an early ban on certain publications related to sexual hygiene, a considerable amount of literature on sex and birth control was published in major cities in the 1950s. Narratives on sex and birth control in women’s magazines and sex handbooks, however, varied widely and access to birth control and surgeries, such as abortions and sterilizations, differed dramatically according to location, class, and education level. This essay probes the circumstances under which women or couples practiced birth control while demonstrating the diversity of contraceptive discourses and practices in the early People’s Republic. Though underexplored, the early years of the PRC remain critical to histories of reproduction in China because many of the gender dynamics, socioeconomic pressures, and cultural preferences that informed contraceptive practices in the 1950s continued to do so for decades to come.

The ultimate gatekeepers: A qualitative exploration of pharmacists’ contraceptive service delivery practices in Albania

ObjectivesPharmacists play a key role in contraceptive service delivery in Albania. This qualitative study explores the availability and accessibility of different contraceptive methods in Tirana, Albania, as well as the knowledge, opinions, and provision practices of retail pharmacists in the county. MethodsIn 2016, we conducted 16 in-person interviews with retail pharmacists in Tirana county, Albania. We also observed practices and dynamics in the pharmacies. We analyzed our data using descriptive statistics and for content and themes using inductive and deductive techniques. ResultsOur findings suggest that although a number of contraceptive methods are available in pharmacies, there are numerous barriers to access. Pharmacists were both uninformed and misinformed about reproductive health technologies, in general, and hormonal contraceptives, in particular. Pharmacists reported that the lack of awareness, fear of judgment, and embarrassment among women are some of the biggest obstacles for women seeking contraceptives from pharmacies. Yet few pharmacists reflected on their own lack of knowledge and the role that health service provider misinformation and judgment plays in contraceptive service delivery. ConclusionSupporting continuing education efforts for pharmacists and pharmacists in training in Albania appears warranted. Improving pharmacists’ knowledge of reproductive health technologies and fostering values clarification and transformation could address current barriers to access. ImplicationsOur findings shed light on the barriers to contraceptive access in Albanian pharmacies. Developing strategies to raise awareness about contraception, training pharmacists to provide medically accurate counselling, and improving knowledge within the community through culturally and linguistically resonant education campaigns appear warranted.

Contraceptive method choice and spousal communication: Examining the effect of family planning method using an instrumental variable approach

ObjectivesSpousal communication is an important factor in reproductive health outcomes, including family size, contraceptive use and conflict. A purported advantage of traditional contraception is that it increases communication about family planning, since both partners need to be involved in contraceptive practice. However, there is likely to be some degree of endogeneity due to selection: couples who communicate better are more likely to select methods requiring higher degrees of communication. MethodThis paper uses an instrumental variable approach to assess the causal effect of method choice on spousal communication in 7 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Religion is used as an instrument since this is correlated with method but not communication. ResultsResults indicate that both traditional and modern methods are associated with greater discussion of family planning, and this is robust to the introduction of controls. However, when using the instrumental variable to account for selection effect, many of the significant results for traditional methods disappear although they persist for modern methods. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the effect of traditional methods in improving communication is due to selection, rather than causation. While traditional methods still have a role to play in the contraceptive method mix, enthusiasm for side benefits such as family planning communication should be tempered.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraceptive methods among women seeking voluntary termination of pregnancy at Jubilee Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa

BackgroundThere is a high rate at which women in South Africa who are of childbearing age and still opt for abortions or voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTOP). Despite the availability of free contraceptive methods and health education in all health facilities across the country, to reduce and prevent unwanted pregnancies and VTOP, there is still an alarming increase in the rate of VTOP.AimThis study sought to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraceptive methods among women seeking VTOP.SettingThe study was conducted at Jubilee Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was taken using a piloted, structured and self-administered questionnaire. Convenience sampling was applied and the sample size was 126.ResultsThe mean age of the 126 participants was 26.1 years. Findings obtained after analysis of participants’ data were grouped following the university categorisation. A score below 50% was referred to as a ‘poor’ outcome that from 50% to 74% was referred to as a ‘satisfactory’ outcome and that beyond 74% was considered as an ‘excellent’ outcome. Knowledge was poor for 28 (22.2%) women. It was satisfactory for 91 (72.2%) women and excellent for 7 (5.5%) women. Looking at the attitude: 124 (98.4%) approved the use of contraception, 1 (0.79%) disapproved and 1 (0.79%) abstained because of religious beliefs. Regarding the practice of contraception: 92 (73.0%) have already used contraceptive methods, while 34 (27.0%) have not.ConclusionIn summary, the study showed a satisfactory knowledge of contraceptive methods, a positive attitude towards contraception and a huge number of participants who had already used contraceptive methods, among women seeking VTOP at Jubilee Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.

Family planning and Afghan refugee women and men living in Melbourne, Australia: new opportunities and transcultural tensions

This research aimed to explore the family planning perspectives and experiences of Afghan women and men living in Melbourne. A total of 57 Afghan women and men participated in six focus groups and 20 semi-structured interviews. The majority of participants indicated a preference for two or three children and were open to using modern contraception. However, many women described experiencing negative side effects when using hormone-based contraception and expressed difficulty negotiating condom use with their husbands as an alternative. Some women described how these difficulties resulted in inconsistent contraceptive practices and, at times, unintended pregnancy. Participants recognised that health professionals have an important role in addressing their family planning needs. This study highlights the ways in which Afghan women and men are changing in relation to their family planning beliefs and practices, and the opportunities, challenges and transcultural tensions they experience as they navigate these issues in Australia.

Practices of contraception among rural people in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh: a cross-sectional study

Background: As per the census 2011, the provisional population of India is about population of 1.21 billion. It is now estimated that by 2030, India will most likely overtake China to become the most populous country on the earth. India was the first country in the world to officially launch a national family planning programme (NFPP) in 1952 to reduce birth rate and to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the requirement of national economy. Protecting the young couple from unwanted fertility and educating them to adopt their desired family through informed choice, are among the prerequisites to achieve a TFR of 2.1. To study the prevalence of contraceptive methods among rural population and to study the reasons for not using family planning methods among eligible couples.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was done among 600 married women in reproductive age, in the three randomly selected Primary health centre areas, one each from the three revenue divisions of Nellore, dated from June 2011 to May 2012.Results: The contraception prevalence rate was 56.3% among whom 91.4% adopted permanent family planning methods.Conclusions: The contraceptive prevalence rate in the study subjects was 56% which was lower than that reported in NFHS-III (67%). Majority of the women opted for permanent sterilization when compared to spacing methods.

A study on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards contraceptive use among married women attending a tertiary care centre

In the Indian society, various factors other than mere knowledge have shown to have a more significant impact over contraceptive usage and choice such as educational levels of women, marital duration, cultural and social factors, and exposure to mass media. This study focuses on assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of contraceptive use among married women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among married women aged between 18 to 49 years attending a tertiary care hospital in the city of Chennai from June to September 2018. A total of 146 women were interviewed, and the KAP parameters were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Though 97.9% (n=143) of the women in this study had knowledge about some form of contraception, only 24.7% (n=36) practiced them. Among the users (n=36), the decision to adopt contraception was made by the husband in 69.4% (n=25).Among the non-users (n=110), the major reasons for not practicing contraception were lack of interest in 37.2%(n=41) and fear of side effects in 35.5% (n=39).This study demonstrates a significant gap between the knowledge and practice of contraceptives in our population. Improving doctor-patient relationship and encouraging a positive attitude of the husband towards contraception are the key factors in promoting adoption of the contraceptive practices.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Contraception among Women with Schizophrenia: An Observational Study from South India.

Background:Women with schizophrenia have needs beyond their mental health needs, such as those arising out of their gender, sexual, and reproductive functions. Very little is known about the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding contraception among women with schizophrenia from India.Materials and Methods:Study among women with schizophrenia (in reproductive age group, having at least one living child, and currently staying with husband) from south India explored their knowledge, attitude, and practice of contraception. Adhering to observational design and ethical principles, data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Modified National Family Health Survey-3 questionnaire and Positive and Negative Symptom Scale of Schizophrenia were also used.Results:Ninety-six women with schizophrenia participated. The mean age was 33.5 years [standard deviation (SD): 6.8 years], and the mean age of onset of schizophrenia was 29.2 years (SD: 6.2 years). Although nearly 90% had knowledge on at least one method of contraception, the mean total number of methods known was mere two. Out of 65 women who were practising contraception, 86.2% adopted female sterilization. The common reasons for not using contraception were wish for another child/son, lack of awareness, and fear of side effects. Unmet need for family planning was 14%. Informed choice of contraception was below 3%. There was statistically significant association between those who were currently using contraception and variables such as age 31 years and above, undifferentiated subtype of schizophrenia, and greater severity of schizophrenia.Conclusion:Although the majority had some knowledge about contraception, decision-making largely rested with others, and informed choice regarding contraception was poor. These could pose an obstetric risk on women with schizophrenia. Sociocultural and illness-related factors influencing contraception need to be explored.

Healthcare Access, Pregnancy Intention, and Contraceptive Practices Among Reproductive-Aged Women Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy in Northeast Tennessee.

Women with substance use disorders often experience unique challenges to obtaining contraception and adhering to user-dependent methods. As a result, this at-risk population of women tends to have higher than average rates of unintended pregnancy. The objective of this study was to describe contraceptive use, pregnancy intentions, and adequacy of access to reproductive healthcare among women receiving opioid agonist therapy in northeast Tennessee. A cross-sectional survey was piloted among female patients aged 18 to 55 years from two opioid agonist therapy clinics. Descriptive analyses were conducted using logistic regression to evaluate the statistical significance of bivariate associations. Of 91 participants, 84% reported having health insurance, with 70% perceiving having adequate access to health care. More than half had a history of unwanted pregnancy (53%), among whom few (23.1%) reported the consistent use of contraception at time of conception. Although most desired to avoid pregnancy (90%), only 59% of women reported the current use of regular contraception. Most of those not using regular contraception believed that they were not at risk for pregnancy (54.3%). Although most participants reported adequate access to health care and a desire to avoid pregnancy, few reported the consistent use of regular contraception. Furthermore, misperceptions regarding pregnancy risk were common among participants. Research is needed to identify barriers to contraceptive acceptance and causes of pregnancy risk misperceptions in this population of women at increased risk of unintended pregnancy.

Knowledge, source and practice of spacing methods of contraception among eligible women of Varanasi slums

Background: Still many Indian states observe low spaced births and high fertility above replacement level; mostly contributed by disadvantaged society. Factors influencing are entrenched in ignorance, male child desire and traditional culture to some extent. &#x0D; &#x0D; Aim and Objectives: To determine knowledge and practice of spacing methods of contraception and the associated socio-demographic variables.&#x0D; &#x0D; Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study&#x0D; Methods and Material: A community based cross-sectional study; conducted among 590 eligible couples of slum community of Varanasi selected following two stage stratified random sampling. First stage stratification was based on slum size and second stage was caste class group size. .&#x0D; Statistical analysis used: Knowledge and practice were described in percent and the associated factors were identified by logistic regression. Statistical significance was judged at ? = 0.05.&#x0D; Results: Overall knowledge of any spacing methods was in only 61.2% women and practice ever in married life was 44.4%, even those who knew the methods ever practice was only 66.2%. Knowledge gained was mostly through husband for condom, health professional for Cu-T and oral pills. In recent years (last 7 years), overall practice of spacing methods was only 30%. Contraception practice was association survival of child (lesser, if child surviving), number of births (higher, if more living born), religion (lesser, if Muslim), type of house (lesser, if living in hut/kachcha houses) and wife educational attainment (lesser, if low education level)&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Eligible couples of slum community need knowledge of contraception as well as motivation to practice spacing methods to reduce higher level of fertility.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Contraception, spacing methods, fertility&#x0D;

Awareness and contraceptive practices among reproductive women in an urban area, Telangana, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Current world population is 7.6 billions and India accounts 1.3 billions, India is the second most populous country in the world, by 2050 the world’s population is expected to reach 9 billion. Family Planning can have a positive impact on population growth, maternal mortality, and infant and new-born outcomes. Hence there is a need for considerable improvement in coverage and quality of family planning services. The objective of the study is to assess the awareness and contraceptive practices among womens.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban health-training center area of Rangareddy district, Telangana state. The study participants involved were women of reproductive age group 15–45 years. 200 women were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data entry was done in Microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: In this study 50% women belong to 26-35 year age group. 64% were literate, 41.4% belong to upper middle class, 74% women’s source of information regarding contraceptives is from medical professionals. 61% women are aware of contraception and 34% practice it.Conclusions: Based on our observation, 60% women were aware of contraception but only 34% practice at least one method. The common reasons for not practicing contraception are lack of knowledge, the desire for male child, pressure from husband. This study concludes that factors like age, education, socio-economic status have significant impact on awareness and practice of contraception.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP FEMALES

Background: Aim of current study was to assess the knowledge, attitude &amp; practices of contraceptives among married women of reproductive age group.&#x0D; Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on females between 18-49 years served as inclusion criteria, while unmarried females were excluded. The women interviewed were informed of the study and consent was taken. The participation was on voluntary basis. Questions regarding factors responsible for non use of contraception were also asked.&#x0D; Results: Out of 1000 women, 690 (69.00%) had knowledge about family planning. 61.00% knew about condom, followed by OCPs &amp; other methods.&#x0D; Conclusions: Effort should be made to educate the public about the safety and convenience of modern, long term, reversible methods of contraception among both in health care professional and public.&#x0D; Keyword: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Contraception