Non-orthogonal lenses, in which the principal meridians of the cylinder surfaces are not perpendicular to each other, can be used to improve vision in the condition of irregular astigmatism. A procedure is developed that allows raytracing and image-quality analysis with such lenses. A non-orthogonal surface was developed as a user-defined surface in the programme Ansys Zemax OpticStudio using a bi-cubic meridional mapping function. The function consists of two third-order polynomial sub-functions, each for mapping the actual 'on surface' meridian to an effective meridian that determines the meridional curvature for the two sectors of meridians bounded by the principal meridians. Equations were derived for partial derivatives across the surface, as Zemax requires these for raytracing through a user-defined surface. Examples are shown of tangential and pupil power maps for a thin orthogonal (conventional) +5.00 DS/+2.00 DC × 180 lens and for a non-orthogonal +5.00 DS/+2.00 DC (60) × 180 lens. The orthogonal lens has principal meridians 180° and 90° while the non-orthogonal lens has principal meridians 180° and 60°. For the orthogonal lens, both maps show regular changes in power with meridional angle, and the sagittal power map is rotated by 90° relative to the tangential power map. For the non-orthogonal lens, the sagittal power pattern shows sharp changes in power. The non-orthogonal surfaces were replicated using the 'grid sag' surface of Zemax, and the user-defined surface was verified. Surface fitting using Zernike polynomials returned only a reasonable approximation to a non-orthogonal surface. A type of non-orthogonal optical surface based on two third-order polynomials is presented. Aspects of its geometrical optics properties were investigated, including confirming the non-orthogonality of its axes. This type of surface may have utility in the correction of irregular astigmatism, such as occurs in keratoconus.

ABSTRACT Roadblocks and checkpoints have become ubiquitous features of conflict‐affected borderlands, yet their political and economic significance remains unevenly theorised. While existing scholarship has documented their role in financing armed actors and shaping everyday mobility, less attention has been paid to how roadblocks relate to the underlying transport geographies within which they operate. This article advances debates on extractivism, circulation and conflict by conceptualising roadblocks as micro‐sites of extractive power embedded in broader logistical landscapes. Building on transport geography and literature on the politics of circulation, it argues that variations in transport infrastructure—ranging from informal paths to paved corridors and global logistics hubs—systematically shape who can extract rents from movement, where, and with what distributive effects. The article develops a typology of roadblock geographies based on two dimensions: the number of checkpoint‐wielding actors and the types of routes on which they operate. Drawing on comparative evidence from multiple conflict settings, it identifies five ideal‐typical configurations: gatekeeper states, intra‐route competition, green/grey divisions of power, diffuse authority, and inter‐route competition. Rather than mutually exclusive, these configurations are complementary, scalable and often coexist within the same conflict landscape. By foregrounding the interaction between transport infrastructure and extractive practices, the typology offers a heuristic for mapping patterns of authority, rent distribution and political power in conflict‐affected borderlands, and contributes to politicising transport geography as a key site of contemporary extractive governance.

Altered energy dissipation patterns and increased ground reaction force in patients with chronic ankle instability after fatiguing exercises.

The study of mechanical properties in high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) using conventional methods faces significant challenges due to their complex composition, which substantially increases experimental difficulties and costs. Moreover, data acquisition, processing, and analysis in experimental approaches are often time‐consuming, severely limiting rapid evaluation of numerous HEAs. Machine learning (ML) offers a solution by leveraging its powerful data processing and pattern recognition capabilities to mine deep relationships between composition and mechanical properties from complex datasets. This study integrates molecular dynamics simulations with ML to predict Young's modulus ( E ) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AlCoCrFeNi HEAs, analyzing their microstructural evolution and phase transformation behaviors under varying temperatures and strain rates. Six algorithms were compared, revealing the superior performance of ensemble methods: LightGBM achieved an R 2 of 0.991 for predicting E , while CatBoost attained an R 2 of 0.975 for UTS. This work provides novel approaches for HEA property prediction and valuable insights for modeling complex systems in materials science.

Hyperuricemia (HUA), a complex metabolic disorder, has shown a continuous increase in global prevalence and a trend toward younger age at onset. Its management strategies now face the key challenge of transitioning from a “one-size-fits-all” approach to precision care tailored to individual needs. This review systematically summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and limitations of current dietary guidelines for HUA, highlighting that genetic background, gut microbiota, and dietary patterns collectively generate marked inter-individual variability. Medicinal food homologous substances, which regulate uric acid metabolism through multiple targets—by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, modulating uric acid transporters, alleviating inflammation, and reshaping the gut microbiota—have become promising resources for precision intervention. However, their complex composition and heterogeneous responses hinder clinical translation. Artificial intelligence (AI), with its powerful multi-modal data integration and pattern recognition capabilities, offers a novel avenue for constructing a precision intervention system for HUA. We elaborate on AI-enabled risk prediction (polygenic risk scores and machine-learning models), dynamic monitoring (wearable devices coupled with LSTM networks), intelligent TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine)-syndrome identification, and the development of personalized food recommendation systems (PFRS). By integrating genomics, clinical data, behavioral information, and TCM phenotyping, AI can build an individual “metabolic profile”, realizing a closed loop of full-cycle management from early warning and syndrome discrimination to dynamic generation of personalized diets and medicinal-food recommendations. This paradigm shift from “one-size-fits-all” to “one person, one policy” lays the theoretical foundation for an intelligent, whole-cycle HUA health-management system. Future efforts should focus on multi-center data integration, model validation, and clinical translation.

ABSTRACTIntroductionMedia reporting of migrant drowning deaths can serve multiple purposes, including advocacy, improving data, and supporting inclusive policy development. However, such drownings remain underexamined in both public discourse and academic research. This study investigates how migrants are portrayed in Australian newspaper coverage of drowning between 2020 and 2025, and how these portrayals shape public understanding, reinforce or challenge systemic inequities, and align with the equity goals of the Australian Water Safety Strategy 2030.MethodsA total of 82 articles from Australia's six highest‐readership newspapers were analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis guided by Mullet's General Analytical Framework, alongside Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis to identify patterns of power, ideology, and representation. Media language was manually coded, and keyword frequencies were tallied to explore how responsibility and risk are framed.ResultsCoverage consistently portrayed migrants as at‐risk ‘newcomers’, with official voices represented by lifesaving bodies, councils, and aquatic educators, shaping responses. Drowning risk was often individualised, while structural determinants such as access to lessons or facilities were inconsistently reported. Parallel narratives positioned aquatic participation as a marker of ‘Australian’ identity, implicitly othering migrants. At the same time, some reports highlighted multilingual programs, subsidised lessons, and infrastructure investment, pointing to systemic interventions. These representations both reinforced individual responsibility and underscored structural inequities.ConclusionsAustralian news media shape public understanding of drowning risk, but coverage tends to emphasise individual adaptation over structural causes. Greater consistency in reporting systemic barriers and prevention initiatives is needed to support equity‐oriented water safety strategies.So What?Aligning media representation with the Australian Water Safety Strategy 2030 requires greater inclusion of migrant voices, consistent reporting of systemic barriers, and framing prevention in equity‐oriented terms. Collaboration between journalists and water safety agencies could help shift coverage from episodic tragedy to sustained public health communication.

Background: This systematic review critically evaluates whether machine learning (ML) identifies biologically meaningful sex-related brain architecture or merely exploits methodological artifacts and allometric scaling. While ML models achieve high classification accuracies, it remains unclear if these reflect stable, mechanistically informative dimorphism or are driven by confounds such as total intracranial volume (TIV) and site-specific noise. We examine how imaging modalities, algorithms, and population strata influence both classification outcomes and biological interpretability. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus through January 2024. Included studies [healthy humans, 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ML-based sex classification] were assessed for risk of bias, focusing on data leakage, validation strategies, and confound management. Results: Thirty-five studies (n > 110,000) were included. While reported accuracies reached 98.06% for T1-weighted MRI, 96.0% for diffusion MRI (dMRI), and 94.72% for functional MRI (fMRI), performance was highly dependent on population characterization and age. Deep learning consistently outperformed traditional ML (TML) but showed high sensitivity to methodological artifacts. Notably, studies failing to correct for TIV reported potentially inflated accuracies, suggesting that many models identify physical scale rather than intrinsic neuroanatomical dimorphism. Discussion: High classification accuracies are often bolstered by methodological confounds and a lack of cross-site validation. There is a significant discrepancy between ML-driven predictive power and biological inference validity. Current pipelines do not yet allow for robust, generalizable inference about brain sex. To move beyond statistical separation toward mechanistic understanding, the field must prioritize TIV-corrected benchmarks and diverse non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) datasets. We conclude that while ML is a powerful pattern detector, its results must be interpreted with caution regarding biological dimorphism.

ABSTRACT Our research seeks to understand the forms of political participation of indigenous women from Puno (Peru), coming from an analysis that looks beyond public visibility and the occupation of liberal representative positions, but rather includes those forms that are reproduced in everyday communal spaces of socialization and care. This is within the context of the political conflict that intensified in Peru starting in December 2022, when Pedro Castillo, a rural teacher and then president of the Republic, was removed by Congress and succeeded by his vice president, Dina Boluarte. This study is qualitative, interpretive, and ethnographic, and takes as its case study the practices and perceptions of Quechua and Aymara women during the protests that occurred between December 2022 and December 2024 in Peru. For this purpose, interviews, documentary reviews, and participant observation were employed. We conclude that the indigenous women of Puno dispute margins of critical elaboration regarding the meaning and practice of politics, via strategies that resist, confront, but also negotiate with, the hegemonic patriarchal and colonial mandates structurally imposed upon them. Their position defies the colonial pattern of power embodied in individualising leadership that only accumulates politically for a few, and whose arenas of realisation are centered on electoral democracy. Two of these strategies are the political reappropriation of traditional care roles, and their vocation for building community leaderships.

Tourism development is often framed in terms of economic growth and infrastructure expansion, yet it is also shaped by communication and discourse among development actors. However, empirical research examining how communicative interactional discourses influence community participation in tourism development remains limited. This study addresses this gap by investigating how language use, communicative interactional discourses, and discourse patterns relate to community participation and tourism development outcomes in the Mandalika Tourism Special Economic Zone, Indonesia. A quantitative research design was employed involving 219 community respondents from four villages surrounding the tourism area. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that communicative interactional discourses do not significantly influence community participation. The relationship between discourse patterns and participation is weak and not significant. In contrast, community participation shows a significant but negative relationship with perceived tourism development outcomes. The structural model also demonstrates low explanatory power, with linguistic and discourse patterns explaining about 2 percent of the variation in community participation and the overall model explaining about 5 percent of tourism development outcomes. These results reveal a communication participation gap in which institutional communication remains largely top down and technocratic, limiting meaningful dialogue and collaborative learning. By framing language and discourse as measurable elements of development communication, this study demonstrates how communicative structures shape participation and power relations. The findings highlight the importance of more dialogic and culturally grounded communication strategies to support inclusive and sustainable tourism development.

Abstract This essay analyzes how material and emotional rhetorics expressed in women’s letters were assessed by men in the Venetian diplomatic community both for veracity and as a potentially new pattern of power in international diplomacy between Venice and the Ottoman Empire during the late sixteenth century. The sophisticated strategies of the epistolarity developed by Ottoman royal women and their networks have been analyzed, but the contemporary reception of missives associated with these women in the diplomatic community has been less well explored. Yet, at a time when the political influence of Ottoman women appeared uncertain, this reception, within which texts moved through multiple hands and copies, contributed to the meaning and power of these letters, and of these women, in diplomatic activity. This essay explores how Venetian readers drew on their own gender-informed conventions of maternity and filiality, and how these might be performed through letters, to make sense both of material and emotional rhetorics that the missives expressed and of their political and diplomatic status. It argues that integrating gender, emotions, and materiality in the history of Venetian–Ottoman diplomacy enables us to nuance the role, and chart the dynamic trajectory, of Ottoman women as epistolary diplomatic actors.

Abstract The interaction between solar power and DC network increases the uncertainty of power prediction, and it is necessary to accurately analyze the variation patterns of solar power to achieve a more accurate prediction. Therefore, this article explores the power prediction algorithm for wind solar integration into DC power grids under trend analysis. We employ Savitzky-Golay filtering and linear interpolation to preprocess the data of wind solar power grid connection. The Newton-Raphson method is adopted to construct a DC grid power flow model, solving voltage and power distribution to support prediction; And establish a wind power prediction model based on BP neural network. The extracted features are used as inputs, and the power of wind solar power grid connection is used as output. Training the network to achieve accurate power prediction, experiments have shown that this method has high accuracy, small error, and fast operation (<5 seconds) in DC power grids, and has practical value.

Abstract This paper systematically investigates the power generation performance of offshore floating photovoltaic systems under wave-induced, focusing on the influence mechanisms of wave height, wave direction, and PV module tilt angle on output power fluctuations and losses. By establishing wave-float coupling and irradiance calculation models, combined with simulation analysis and experimental validation, the dynamic relationship between various sea state parameters and PV system efficiency is revealed. The results indicate that as wave height, wave direction angle, and installation tilt angle increase, the power output fluctuation of photovoltaic modules significantly intensifies, reaching a maximum fluctuation amplitude of approximately 47% under extreme conditions. This study systematically reveals and validates the variation patterns of output power in floating photovoltaic systems under wave conditions, providing crucial theoretical foundations and methodological support for their engineering design and operational optimization.

Pattern similarity-based phase identification problem formulation for medium voltage distribution networks

We broaden our understanding of community power by going beyond traditional measures of voting and voting rights. Our objectives are to (1) create county-level measures of community power that are more expansive than voting and (2) explore the descriptive and geographic patterns of community power. Six novel measures of community power were developed at the county level. Three were indicators of power-building activities that overcome historic power imbalances faced by Latino populations. These include measures on political representation, immigrant incorporation, and language accessibility for elections. We also measured three indicators related to immigration enforcement that act to exacerbate historical power disparities. Correlational and spatial analyses were conducted to better understand descriptive and geographic patterns. We found little evidence that our measures are correlated; spatial analyses largely confirmed this. There was evidence of regional spatial autocorrelation, but inferences depended largely on the measure used. We generally found that counties with more than 10% of residents who identify as Latino have higher values on our power-building measures, suggesting that these areas are especially primed to amplify the voices of Latino residents. Interestingly, our measures related to immigration enforcement were largely unrelated to recent Latino population growth (e.g., "new destination counties"). Power is a fundamental driver of the conditions that produce or mitigate health disparities, but the process by which communities influence decision making may be difficult to measure. This work provides a blueprint for future scholars studying the link between community power and health equity across different races, ethnicities, and citizenship statuses.

The sanitation infrastructure that was introduced in South Asia during the British colonial era was often viewed as an intervention in the sphere of public health to control epidemics and enhance urban hygiene. But, in addition to its professional and medical purposes, sanitation was also a tool with the help of which colonial governments could control the population of cities and restructure the social space. This paper discusses the role of colonial drainage and sewerage systems in Lahore as the tools of control and management between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. The research uses the municipal documents, colonial administrative reports, urban planning documents, and historical maps to explore the ways in which the sanitation reforms reconfigured the space and strengthened the social hierarchies that existed in the colonial city. The discussion shows that the policies of sanitation were well connected to the colonial city control policies. The drainage systems, inspection systems, and sanitation laws provided colonial administrators with the ability to patrol the neighborhoods, provide hygiene standards, and categorize urban areas based on cleanliness. Such categories often overlapped with the socio-economic and professional boundaries, so the distribution of the sanitation facilities in Lahore was uneven. Elite local neighborhoods and residential zones in Europe were given a higher priority in terms of drainage systems and waste management systems, and the crowded native quarters and working areas were not uncommon in terms of being under increased surveillance and management control. In turn, the reforms in sanitation not only have a positive effect on the social health issues but also led to the spatial isolation and governmental control of the colonial urban populations. This analysis allows the development of a concept of sanitation as a variety of surveillance, which is why it contributes to a body of literature on colonial urban governance and environmental history. It emphasizes the role of infrastructural systems in the formation of the patterns of power, social differentiation, and urban control in colonial Punjab, which provides new perspectives on the political aspects of sanitation and public health policy in South Asian colonial cities.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in knee muscle strength following open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis with varus deformity, with particular emphasis on differences between the operated and non-operated knees. Methods: This retrospective study included 78 patients who underwent OWHTO. All patients followed a standardized rehabilitation protocol consisting of protected weight-bearing for six weeks, followed by closed kinetic chain exercises and subsequent open kinetic chain exercises from three months postoperatively. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength were assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using a Biodex System IV dynamometer at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s. Absolute muscle strength values and inter-limb strength deficits were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using the Shapiro-Wilk, Friedman, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: At 60°/s, knee extensor and flexor strength deficits significantly increased after surgery, peaking at three months postoperatively, and gradually improved; however, deficits remained significantly greater than preoperative values at one year (p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed at 180°/s, although they did not reach statistical significance. These deficits were primarily attributable to reduced muscle strength in the operated knee, while strength in the non-operated knee remained unchanged throughout follow-up. Conclusions: Knee muscle strength in the operated limb markedly declined during the first three months following OWHTO, particularly in maximal power, and generally required more than six months to recover toward preoperative levels. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted postoperative rehabilitation strategies focusing on early muscle power recovery after OWHTO.

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of electromagnetic exposure in operational French fourth generation (4 G)/long term evolution (LTE) networks, combining field measurements with computational modeling to assess both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) contributions. We introduce the novel Radiated Energy per Bit Transmitted (REBT) metric to quantify network radiated energy efficiency, while characterizing TX power patterns across different services, revealing higher mean-to-maximum power ratios for data services compared to voice calls. Through analysis of a representative 2600 MHz user, we demonstrate field-strength-dependent exposure dynamics: with DL field strength of 1 V/m, UL contributes 30% (head) and 12.8% (whole body) of total exposure, while at 0.38 V/m, UL becomes predominant (75% head, 50.4% whole body). Notably, the relative contribution of UL exposure to the total head exposure is consistently higher than that of DL exposure across all scenarios. All measured exposure levels remain well below ICNIRP safety limits, validating safety compliance of LTE. The study establishes an important methodological framework, combining the global exposure index with detailed transfer function analysis, providing critical insights for both current 4 G and emerging fifth generation (5 G) exposure assessments.

Practical array systems frequently face multidimensional and large-scale element position uncertainties. To address this challenge, we propose a novel Chebyshev inclusion function-based method (CIFBM) for precise and rapid tolerance analysis of phased array power patterns. CIFBM constructs a surrogate analysis model for multi-dimensional errors, forming more concise computation formulas while effectively alleviating interval dependence. Within the proposed framework, the Chebyshev polynomials are utilized to approximate the perturbed array factor (AF), where the polynomial coefficients are derived as the solutions of first-kind Bessel function. The constructed inclusion function subsequently yields power pattern bounds in analytical form. Representative tests on three classic array configurations show that CIFBM achieves better numerical stability and global accuracy than existing methods in evaluating pattern bounds and their features. In addition, CIFBM is very beneficial for large-scale array error analysis due to its higher computing efficiency.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and may stem from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) signaling in neural circuits. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons are crucial for maintaining E/I balance and regulating network oscillations. Alterations in the number of PV+ interneurons or reductions in PV expression have been observed in both the postmortem brains of individuals with ASD and in animal models, including those induced by in utero exposure to maternal brain-reactive antibodies. In this study, we investigate the impact of in utero exposure to maternal anti-Caspr2 IgG on PV+ interneuron development and function in the hippocampus. Our results demonstrate a selective reduction in PV+ interneurons and perisomatic inhibitory synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region of juvenile and adult male offspring exposed in utero to anti-Caspr2 antibodies compared to controls. Additionally, local field potential (LFP) recordings from these mice show increased gamma power and altered neuronal firing patterns during social interactions, indicating functional impairments in inhibitory circuitry. These findings highlight the consequences of exposure to maternal anti-Caspr2 antibodies on PV+ interneuron development and function, providing insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ASD associated behavioral phenotypes.

Spectral and network investigation reveals distinct power and connectivity patterns between phasic and tonic REM sleep