Power Control Of Wind Turbine Research Articles

Power regulation of variable speed multi rotor wind systems using fuzzy cascaded control

Power quality is a crucial determinant for integrating wind energy into the electrical grid. This integration necessitates compliance with certain standards and levels. This study presents cascadedfuzzy power control (CFPC) for a variable-speed multi-rotor wind turbine (MRWT) system. Fuzzy logic is a type of smart control system already recognized for its robustness, making it highly suited and reliable for generating electrical energy from the wind. Therefore, the CFPC technique is proposed in this work to control the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based MRWT system. This proposed strategy is applied to the rotor side converter of a DFIG to improve the current/power quality. The proposed control has the advantage of being model-independent, as it relies on empirical knowledge rather than the specific characteristics of the DFIG or turbine. Moreover, the proposed control system is characterized by its simplicity, high performance, robustness, and ease of application. The implementation of CFPC management for 1.5 MW DFIG-MRWT was carried out in MATLAB environment considering a variable wind speed. The obtained results were compared with the direct power control (DPC) technique based on proportional-integral (PI) controllers (DPC-PI), highlighting that the CFPC technique reduced total harmonic distortion by high ratios in the three tests performed (25%, 30.18%, and 47.22%). The proposed CFPC technique reduced the response time of reactive power in all tests by ratios estimated at 83.76%, 65.02%, and 91.42% compared to the DPC-PI strategy. Also, the active power ripples were reduced by satisfactory proportions (37.50%, 32.20%, and 38.46%) compared to the DPC-PI strategy. The steady-state error value of reactive power in the tests was low when using the CFPC technique by 86.60%, 57.33%, and 72.26%, which indicates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed CFPC technique in improving the characteristics of the system. Thus this control can be relied upon in the future.

Research of methods power control of wind turbines

Research of methods power control of wind turbines

Active power control of wind turbine based on fuzzy pitch control

With the continuous increase in wind power penetration rate, wind turbine generators (referred to as WTGs or wind turbines) need to have the capability of active power control (APC) to respond to grid power commands. To reduce the burden of pitch control on wind turbines, existing studies have adopted a technological approach that uses variable-speed operation of the wind rotor instead of pitch control. Typically, pitch control is only initiated at the speed boundaries to limit variable-speed operation within the speed range. However, due to the influence of factors such as wind speed, rotor speed and control parameters, there is a noticeable saturation phenomenon in pitch control at the speed boundaries, which can affect the variable-speed process of the wind rotor and APC performance within the speed range. Therefore, this paper determines whether blade pitch adjustment needs to be performed in advance when the wind turbine operates within the speed range based on the rotor speed state. This avoids the pitch action at the speed boundaries and the associated pitch saturation problem. The results show that the proposed method in this paper reduces the frequency of the rotor speed reaching the speed boundaries by performing pitch actions within the speed range. This alleviates the influence of pitch saturation on the variable-speed process of the wind rotor, as well as the occurrence of overspeed and electromagnetic power drop, thereby improving the APC performance of the wind turbine.

A System-View Optimal Additional Active Power Control of Wind Turbines for Grid Frequency Support

A System-View Optimal Additional Active Power Control of Wind Turbines for Grid Frequency Support

Communication-Less Reactive Power Control of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines Connected to Cascaded LCC-DR HVDC System

Communication-Less Reactive Power Control of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines Connected to Cascaded LCC-DR HVDC System

Advanced power control of a variable speed wind turbine based on a doubly fed induction generator using field-oriented control with fuzzy and neural controllers

Advanced power control of a variable speed wind turbine based on a doubly fed induction generator using field-oriented control with fuzzy and neural controllers

The impact of supplementary active power control of wind turbine on power system low frequency oscillations

The impact of supplementary active power control of wind turbine on power system low frequency oscillations

Coordinated wind power plant and battery control for active power services

This article considers joint active power control of wind turbines and battery storage to follow a plant-level power reference signal. The joint control dynamically curtails the energy from a subset of the wind turbines and stores or withdraws energy from the battery to meet the power reference setpoint while accounting for wind plant aerodynamic interactions, such as wake losses. As a use case, we study the performance of the controller in maintaining a constant power output over hourly periods. A wind plant operating in this way would rely much less on other grid resources to meet its contractual agreements, thereby improving grid reliability, especially in grids with high penetration of wind and solar generation. We compare the operation of the wind plant under joint active power control to standard power-maximizing control with battery support. We present an analysis of the performance of the control system architecture. To study the impact of the battery size on performance, we simulate a 50-MW wind plant supported by batteries ranging from 8 to 64 MWh. We then evaluate the over and undergeneration penalties incurred by the plant during the simulation period.

Error-Based Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Wind Turbine Output Power Regulation

The intermittence and randomness of wind speed often lead to the fluctuation of wind turbine output power especially when operating in high wind speed areas. In this paper, a holistic framework of error-based ADRC for wind turbine is proposed to achieve the output power regulation, by designing an extended state observer and parameter optimization to estimate and compensate the total disturbances. A stability theorem of closed-loop system with error-based ADRC is proposed by the Lyapunov function, and the feasible region of the controller parameters is deduced accordingly. To achieve the best performance of error-based ADRC, the optimal solution of the controller parameters is determined by the proposed Aquila Optimizer fused Golden Sine Algorithm. Finally, the superiority of proposed control strategy is verified by simulation tests on a 5MW OpenFAST wind turbine. Compared with the traditional control methods adopted in the industry, the error-based ADRC has excellent regulation rapidity and power stability for constant power control of wind turbine.

Optimal active power control of wind turbines in grid-forming mode

Together with the daily variation of load demand in power grids, the continuous integration of offshore and onshore wind farms to feed the grid with green energy has recently led to a severe frequency stability issue due to the extra variation in the generation side. Hence, wind turbines (WTs), among other renewable energy units are required to regulate their output power to mitigate the fluctuation in generated power and support frequency stability. In this paper, model predictive control (MPC) is implemented in an adaptive way to operate WT in de-loading mode under wind disturbances. In addition, to get comprehensive operation of WTs and meet grid code requirements; we present a new grid-forming controller in the WT rotor side converter to emulate the inherent synchronizing and load sharing property of conventional generators. The limitations of rotor speed and rotor side converter are considered in the proposed control approach.

Analysis of systems and methods of emergency braking of wind turbines

Increased wind loads in the world and the lack of human control over the operation of wind turbines create high risks of their operation. The most common accidents in the operation of wind turbines are: the destruction of the blades due to the excess of the rotor speed, overheating of the generator windings, the destruction of the structure due to increased vibrational vibrations. As a rule, braking systems are used in wind turbines to prevent the listed negative factors. This article discusses wind turbine power control systems, control systems and braking systems, since each type of these systems has its own specific and narrowly focused task. The article also presents the results of the search and analysis of existing systems and methods of emergency braking of WEI.

LQ Optimal Control for Power Tracking Operation of Wind Turbines

In this paper, an approach for active power control of individual wind turbines is presented. State-of-the-art controllers typically employ separate control loops for torque and pitch control. In contrast, we use a multivariable control approach. In detail, active power control is achieved by using reference trajectories for generator speed, generator torque, and pitch angle such that a desired power demand is met if weather conditions allow. Then, a linear quadratic (LQ) optimal controller is used for reference tracking. In an OpenFAST simulation environment, the controller is compared to a state-of-the-art approach. The simulations show a similar active power tracking performance, while the LQ optimal controller results in lower mechanical wear. Moreover, the presented approach exhibits good reference tracking and by improving the reference trajectory generation further performance increases can be expected.

Wind Turbine Power Control According to EU Legislation

Due to high electricity prices and possible shortages of gas and other energy commodities, various fluctuations in electricity generation will need to be regulated. Given the increasing expansion of wind power plants in Europe and worldwide. It is necessary and essential to put power regulation into practice, as mandated by regulation 2016/631 EU. A significant power balance problem may arise on the grid, which may lead to cyclical and recurring blackouts in the future. The motivation for this paper is to raise awareness of the controllability of wind turbines and to highlight the gentle pace of research in this area for pitch angle control. Therefore, the chief idea of the paper is to develop a proposal for wind power plant power control by changing the rotor blade rotation, following previous research in this area, and determining the shortcomings and possibilities. The paper provides a numerical method for controlling the power output of a wind power plant, for which an algorithm has been proposed. This control is intended to provide a framework for the design and implementation of a wind power plant control program. Coordination between the multiple sources will fulfil a leading role in smooth power management.

Impact of hydrodynamic drag coefficient uncertainty on 15 MW floating offshore wind turbine power and speed control

The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of the drag coefficient uncertainty on large floating offshore wind turbines with respect to the power performance and generator speed control. In order to do so, the recently published IEA 15 MW reference wind turbine mounted on two different floating platform types (semi-submersible UMaine VolturnUS-S and spar WindCrete) has been selected. The platforms have been divided by components (columns, heave plates and pontoons) and the drag coefficient uncertainty has been quantified for each component, using a range of values from the literature that is representative for normal sea state conditions. Dynamic simulations have been performed for both floating platforms operating in a variety of environmental conditions (wind and waves), with a range of drag coefficients to account for the variability. Then, operating variables (generated power, generator speed, blade pitch angle.), platform motions and hydrodynamic forces have been analysed, to determine how large the impact due to the variations of the drag coefficient is. Results have shown that the considered range of drag coefficient uncertainty, although being quite large, has negligible impact on the performance of the wind turbine control response, irrespective of the floating platform type.

Bivariate active power control of energy storage hydraulic wind turbine

With the increasing proportion of wind turbines in power system, high-precision control of power generation directly affects the proportion of wind turbines connected to the grid. This paper takes the energy storage hydraulic wind turbines (ESHWTs) as the research object, the mathematical model of the hydraulic main transmission system and the hydraulic energy storage subsystem are established, and the energy transmission and control mechanism is obtained. The corresponding relationship between the output power of the hydraulic main drive system and the hydraulic energy storage subsystem and the variable motor speed is analyzed, based on the small signal linearization method, and the power transmission state is obtained with the variable motor speed fluctuation, and a double closed-loop power control strategy is proposed under the motor speed fluctuation, with the power control requirements after grid connection, Based on MATLAB software and 24 kW semi-physical simulation test platform of energy storage hydraulic wind turbine, the output power is accurately controlled and the power output problem is solved under the fluctuation of motor speed with the proposed control strategy.

Output Power Control and Load Mitigation of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with a Fully Coupled Aeroelastic Model: Novel Sliding Mode Perspective

The power control of horizontal axis wind turbines can affect significantly the vibration loads and fatigue life of the tower and the blades. In this paper, we both consider the power control and vibration load mitigation of the tower fore-aft vibration. For this purpose, at first, we developed a fully coupled model of the NREL 5MW turbine. This model considers the full aeroelastic behaviour of the blades and tower and is validated by experiment results, comparing the time history data with the FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) code which is developed by NREL (National Renewable Energy Lab in the United States). In the next, novel sensorless control algorithms are developed based on the supper twisting sliding mode control theory and sliding mode observer for disturbance rejection. In region II (the wind speed is between the cut-in and rated wind velocity), the novel sensorless control algorithm increased the power coefficient in comparison to the conventional indirect speed control (ISC) method (the conventional method in the industry). In region III (the wind speed is between the rated and cut-out speed), an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is developed to estimate pitch sensitivity. The rotor speed, pitch angle, and effective wind velocity are inputs, and pitch sensitivity is the output. The designed novel pitch control performance is compared with the gain scheduled PI (GPI) method (the conventional approach in this region). The simulation results demonstrate that the flapwise blade displacement is reduced significantly. Finally, to reduce the fore-aft vibration of the tower, a tuned mass damper (TMD) was designed by using the genetic algorithm and the fully coupled model. In comparison to the literature body, we demonstrate that the fully coupled model provides much better accuracy in comparison to the uncoupled model to estimate the vibration loads.

A non-cooperative game-based power control for wind turbines with wake effects

A non-cooperative game-based power control for wind turbines with wake effects

Simultaneous active control of tower lateral vibration and power control of wind turbine: A novel multivariable approach

Lateral vibrations of the tower of a horizontal axis wind turbine is lightly damped and is vulnerable to induced vibration loads from wind. Such induced vibration load can decrease the fatigue life and increase the maintenance costs. Active vibration control using generator torque has been studied in previous research works but, there is a trade-off between reducing the lateral oscillations of the tower and fluctuations of output power, since any fluctuations in generator torque, in turn, causes fluctuations in the output power In this research, we illustrate a way that actively controls the lateral vibrations of the tower by using the generator torque but also simultaneously reduces fluctuations in the output power. We first, introduced a novel intelligent fuzzy torque control by measuring the lateral displacements of the tower and would receive feedback in the form of rotor speed error and its time derivative. On the basis of using this intelligence torque controller, we then introduced three-pitch control strategies to reduce output power fluctuations by considering the sliding mode theory. The simulation results demonstrate that the second strategy is extremely effective for reducing both lateral tower displacement and output power fluctuation.

Active and Reactive Power Control for Wind Turbines Based DFIG Using LQR Controller with Optimal Gain-Scheduling

This paper proposes an optimal gain-scheduling for linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control framework to improve the performance of wind turbines based Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Active and reactive power decoupling is performed using the field-oriented vector control which is used to simplify DFIG’s nonlinearity and derive a compact linearized state-space model. The performance of the optimal controller represented by a linear quadratic regulator is further enhanced using the whale optimization algorithm in a multiobjective optimization environment. Adaptiveness against wind speed variation is achieved in an offline training process at a discretized wind speed domain. Lookup tables are used to store the optimal controller parameter and called upon during the online implementation. The control framework further integrates the effects of pitch angle control mechanism for active power ancillary services and possible improvements on reactive power support. The results of the proposed control framework improve the overall performance of the system compared to the conventional PI controller. Comparison is performed using the MATLAB Simulink platform.

Power line communication technology based on morphological filtering for machine-to-machine applications

This work proposes a communication system based on G3-PLC (G3 - Power Line Communication) technology and a Morphological Filter (MF) for the transmission of analogue Generic Reference Waveforms (GRW) in Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications (e.g., power control of wind turbines). The presented proposal allows to reduce the system latency without compromising the integrity of the GRW, even in very severe operating conditions, through the use of a MF and the deactivation of the G3-PLC retransmission protocol. Computer simulations were performed considering a very accurate and representative model of the physical layer of the G3-PLC and the communication channel and the results obtained demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed system in recovering the transmitted GRW without the need for retransmissions, reducing considerably the system latency, and making possible real-time M2M communications.