Power Consumption Of Sensor Nodes Research Articles

The error rate analyze and parameter measurement on LoRa communication for health monitoring

During LoRaWAN data transmission, the Bit Rate transmitted from the transmitter to the Receiver experiences attenuation from the object being passed, so Packet Loss (Bytes) may occur due to diffraction, scattering, and reflection in the LoRa data transmission process. LoRa data that has errors is researched and further developed with a formula and method to minimize data rate errors in LoRa communication. Analysis development lies in the gateway's ability to accommodate LoRa data from end nodes. This condition requires a development method of Adaptive Data Rate, which is helpful for Battery Power Saving or power consumption of sensor nodes, especially in data communication with LoRa servers, i.e., the uplink and downlink processes that are correct, regular, and on-time. We use pulse data in the existing case examples to monitor the patient's health status. This data is applied to elderly patients and patients from victims of natural disasters. The development is the use of extra small and comfortable LoRa for all patients in the hospital. One of the mechanism developments is Blind-ADR, which is used for unpredictable Mobile LoRa data transmission, e.g., Blind-ADR is intended to monitor the movement of the patient's changing position. This research also examines the effects of increasing the number of end-nodes that cause health data collisions and the mechanisms used to avoid collisions, including the Adaptive Data Rate.

An artificial bee colony algorithm with a balance strategy for wireless sensor network

As a popular population based evolutionary computation algorithm, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithms have attracted many researchers to do further works. In this paper, by utilizing a linkage detection strategy to distinguish nonseparable and separable functions, we present new balance strategies for the updating equations of ABC on the two types of functions respectively. First, for accelerating convergence rate, we propose a historic array to preserve the best individual which the population ever achieved. Second, for the different role of employed and onlooker bees during iterations, compared with the traditional algorithm, we present two updating equations for the two types of bees on the nonseparable and separable functions respectively. Third, a new multi-dimensional updating mechanism for the worst individual and a new updating strategy for scout bees are presented respectively. At last, for verifying its effectiveness, we apply the improved algorithm to optimize the power consumption of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network. In this paper, verified by the test on the network, the basic benchmark functions and CEC2014, our algorithm shows superior performance with the compared modern algorithms.

Разработка алгоритма повышения эффективности протокола маршрутизации С-LEACH

In the process of studying wireless sensor network protocols and communication mechanisms, the extension of network service life and minimization of node power consumption have become important indicators. In order to reduce the energy consumption caused by communication in a wireless sensor network, improve network scalability and extend the network lifecycle, it is important to intelligently connect network nodes using a certain clustering algorithm. The paper proposes an improved routing protocol for wireless sensors with low power consumption LEACH, based on data aggregation (C-LEACH). The Kalman filter algorithm was used to solve the problem of data accuracy on cluster member nodes. The principle of operation of the Kalman filter is explained by the example of the noise signal of the sensor. The above data modification model can be performed continuously to achieve the optimal evaluation and filtering effect. Thus, the volume of data sent by the node is reduced. Experimental results have shown that the proposed LEACH protocol based on data fusion (C-LEACH) effectively reduces data redundancy, reduces the power consumption of sensor nodes and prolongs the life cycle of wireless sensor networks compared to the traditional LEACH algorithm, significantly improves network integrity.

Hardware Implementation of Effective Framework for the Trade-off between Security and QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

The trade-off between security and quality of service (QoS) in wireless networks has attracted great attention in recent years. This paper presents a hardware implementation of a novel framework for realizing the trade-off between security and QoS in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) regarding the hostility of the operating environment and the available resources of our objects. For evaluating the hostility of the operating environment, we developed an effective intrusion detection unit that sends an alarm signal to a control unit that also collects the data-carrying information about the available resources. As our work is concerned with WSNs, we focus on the power consumption of sensor nodes as the considered object resources. According to the collected data from the intrusion detection unit and resources status unit, the control unit can evaluate the situation of the object in the operating environment and sends control signals to a security unit to select the appropriate level of security among three levels (low, medium, and high) available in our developed framework. The three security levels consider different combinations of the cryptographic algorithms Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), with different key lengths, regarding the required security services (confidentiality, authentication and integrity) and available resources. To reinforce the QoS, we considered the advantages of hardware implementation in addition to maintaining the object resources. Our framework has been implemented using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Virtex-7 (xc7v585tffg1761–3), which helps in achieving reasonable performance with a maximum operating frequency of 206.838 MHz and throughput of 2.3 Gbps.

Algorithm for energy-efficient interaction of wireless sensor network nodes

The actual problem of developing methods of interaction in wireless sensor networks focused on energy saving is discussed. It is shown that the operation of a wireless sensor network is built taking into account compromise mechanisms that make it possible to extend the life of the network in the presence of low-power sensor nodes on which the network is built. It is concluded that it is necessary to introduce new algorithms into the operation of wireless sensor networks, which make it possible to reduce the number of operations when calculating a route, transmitting data, or other operations without losing functionality, but contributing to a reduction in energy consumption. The paper proposes one of such algorithms that develops the idea of clustering wireless sensor networks in order to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes by transferring some of the functions to the head nodes of the clusters. Unlike the well-known adaptive clustering algorithm with low energy consumption LEACH, the proposed algorithm is based on swarm intelligence and allows choosing not only the head nodes of clusters in the current round of functioning of the wireless sensor network, but also promising nodes that become heads of clusters in subsequent rounds. If we consider that one cycle of the wireless sensor network consists of a certain predetermined number of rounds, then the procedure for searching for cluster heads can be performed not at the beginning of each round, but only at the beginning of each cycle of the wireless sensor network. It is shown that the determination of the heads of wireless sensor network clusters in the future allows to reduce the total energy consumption and thereby increase the duration of the network life cycle. The advantage of adding the bee swarm algorithm to the wireless sensor network clustering procedure is demonstrated in terms of such indicators as the time of death of the first sensor node, the dependence of the number of functioning nodes on the network operation time and the data packet delivery coefficient. The wireless sensor network clustering procedure with the addition of the bee swarm algorithm to select cluster heads for the future can be useful when deploying a wireless sensor network in real applications.

Improved EPOA clustering protocol for lifetime longevity in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are determined to be the hottest domain that gained more attention due to their suitability and applicability in modern applications that include environment monitoring, disaster management, and medical care observation. These WSNs possess a shorter lifetime due to the restricted energy in the non-rechargeable battery present in the sensor nodes. Moreover, bandwidth is the herculean challenge in WSNs due to the significant influence on the communication cost introduced due to the power consumption of sensor nodes. At this juncture, clustering is proven to be the best strategy that could be optimally utilized to conserve energy in WSNs. In this paper, Improved Emperor Penguin Optimization Algorithm-based Clustering Protocol (IEPOACP) is propounded for extending network lifespan with maximized energy stability. This IEPOACP is designed to select optimal sensor nodes as CHs through the exploration and exploitation phases that mimic the huddling characteristics of emperor penguins. It adopted the process of generating and estimating the huddle boundary, huddle temperature profile, distance estimation between search agents, and effective mover relocation process for the CHs selection process. The performance of the proposed IEPOACP attained better energy efficiency and network lifetime of 35%, 58%, and 67% compared to the competitive CH selection approaches used for comparison.

Low-Power Wireless Sensor Network Using Fine-Grain Control of Sensor Module Power Mode.

Wireless sensor nodes are heavily resource-constrained due to their edge form factor, which has motivated increasing battery life through low-power techniques. This paper proposes a power management method that leads to less energy consumption in an idle state than conventional power management systems used in wireless sensor nodes. We analyze and benchmark the power consumption between Sleep, Idle, and Run modes. To reduce sensor node power consumption, we develop fine-grained power modes (FGPM) with five states which modulate energy consumption according to the sensor node’s communication status. We evaluate the proposed method on a test bench Mica2. As a result, the power consumed is 74.2% lower than that of conventional approaches. The proposed method targets the reduction of power consumption in IoT sensor modules with long sleep mode or short packet data in which most networks operate.

RSS-Based Selective Clustering Technique Using Master Node for WSN

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are designed to monitor the physical properties of the target area. The received signal strength (RSS) plays a significant role in reducing sensor node power consumption during data transmission... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Energy-Efficient Optimal Admission Control for Body Area Networks

This paper proposes an optimal Admission Control (AC) scheme for Body Area Networks (BANs). The scheme captures BAN characteristics, such as limited buffer size and power consumption of sensor nodes, and QoS-sensitive heterogeneous traffic types. Unable to admit a new flow, the Hub initially considers a novel mechanism of adjusting some of the already admitted (or new) flows' connection parameters to free up enough bandwidth. Adjustment does not violate a flow's QoS requirements but comes at the cost of extra energy consumption. An efficient scheme is proposed that traverses viable adjustment options until the least costly is found. When adjustment does not suffice, a combination of adjusting a set of flows and terminating some existing ones is considered. For the flow termination scheme, a bandwidth-efficient algorithm is proposed that terminates the least number of flows that have lower priory than the one requesting to join. The optimality of the proposed AC scheme for BANs is also studied. Compared to conventional schemes, our results show on average an increase of up to 33% in the number -and considerable improvement in terms of the priority- of admitted flows, at a diminutive cost of less than 1.5% on the nodes' energy consumption.

Dynamic Clustering-Genetic Secure Energy Awareness Routing To Improve the Performance of Energy Efficient In IoT Cloud

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the emerging technologies that has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of education and industry. The idea behind the Internet of Things is that things and devices are operated on the Internet to achieve some common goals with humans. It serves as a platform for monitoring the collection process, controlling the cyber-global fire world, and collecting data and analyzing data using IoT sensor nodes. Power saving is important for battery-powered devices. The amount of previous work is small, although it has a large tip capacity, especially in terms of battery life and energy efficiency. This regulates the development of IoT a simple and energy efficient routing scheme for war sensor networks. The nodes require an increased lifespan of intelligently transmitted data communications. To conserve the energy of IoT nodes, the Dynamic Clustering-Genetic Secure Energy Awareness Routing Protocol (DC-GSEARP) utilizes clustering, cluster head selection and energy and efficient path calculation for efficient and real-time routing. To accomplish the efficient cluster head selection, to have used Dynamic Clustering algorithm. The proposed DC-GSEARP protocol achieve an improved that can be used to construct an optimal path for energy efficient data transmission for IoT sensor nodes. DC-GSEARP, which uses the integration of clustering supported by short path resolution to provide energy efficient and advanced routing capabilities for IoT, ensures entering a path with lower power consumption and enhanced QoS measurements. The results of the simulations show that the proposed approach can reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes, data packet losses and extend network life.

Multimetric Event-Driven System for Long-Term Wireless Sensor Operation for SHM Applications

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are promising solutions for large infrastructure monitoring because of their ease of installation, computing and communication capability, and cost-effectiveness. Long-term Civil structural health monitoring (SHM), however, is still a challenge because it requires continuous data acquisition for the detection of random events such as earthquakes and structural collapse. To achieve long-term operation, it is necessary to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes designed to capture random events and, thus, enhance structural safety. In this paper, we present an event-based sensing system design based on an ultra-low-power microcontroller with programmable event-detection mechanism to allow continuous monitoring; the device is triggered by vibration, strain, or a timer and has a programmed threshold, resulting in ultra-low-power consumption of the sensor node. Furthermore, the proposed system can be easily reconfigured to any existing wireless sensor platform to enable ultra-low power operation. For validation, the proposed system was integrated with a commercial wireless platform to allow strain, acceleration, and time-based triggering with programmed thresholds and current consumptions of 7.43 and 0.85 mA in active and inactive modes, respectively.

Design, Characterization, and Test of a Versatile Single-Mode Power-Over-Fiber and Communication System for Seafloor Observatories

A power-over-fiber (PoF) and communication system for extending a cabled seafloor observatory is demonstrated in this contribution. The system allows the cabled seafloor observatory to be linked, through a single optical fiber, to a sensor node located 8 km away. The PoF system is based on an optical architecture in which power and data propagate simultaneously on the same single-mode fiber. The Raman scattering effect is exploited to amplify the optical data signals and leads to the minimization of the sensor node power consumption. Versatile low power electronic interfaces have been developed to ensure compatibility with a wide range of marine sensors. A low-consumption field-programmable gate array and an energy-efficient microcontroller are used to develop the electronic interfaces. For an electrical input power of 31 W, up to 190 mW is recovered at the sensor node while a data bitrate of up to 3.6 Mb/s is achieved. The PoF system has been tested and validated for turbidity and acoustic measurement applications. The current study focuses on the electronic development and the validation of the PoF system.

A wireless sensor network for high-tech agriculture

This paper presents the design of wireless sensor network (WSN) based on low-power wide area network technology for high-tech agriculture. This WSN allows the farmer to collect data such as air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture. The WSN system consists of components: 02 wireless sensor nodes, 01 gateway, 01 cloud server and smartphone app. This WSN tested for data transmission in two zones: zone 1 (dense urban environments) at a distance of 500m and zone 2 (urban environments - less obstacles) at a distance of 1,500m and 1,700m. The data collected at different times of the day and updated every 15 minutes. The results show that the wireless sensor network system operates stably, data constantly updated to LoRa Server and there was not data packet loss. The power consumption of sensor node and gateway determined in three operating modes: transmitting, receiving, turn-off. This shows the advantages of LoRa technology in the development of wireless sensor network which is the distance of data transmission distance and low power consumption. Besides this WSN also tested in the net house of aquaponics of the Research Center for High-tech Application in Agriculture (RCHAA), University of Science, Vietnam National University-HCM. The results show that the WSN system is working reliably and promising which brings significantly benefits to smart agriculture as aquaponics, clean vegetable farms, aquaculture farms…

Extending the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks using an Improved Clustering Protocol

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the underlying mechanics of IoT (Internet-of-Things) which has recently seen a worldwide interest by its use in several domains as military, automation, agriculture, environment, underwater and etc. Energy efficiency and reliability of transmitted messages are two of the major requirements for the surveillance and wireless detection applications in WSN. For this reason, a growing number of research studies are carried out. Several routing protocols have been developed to furnish better performance for optimizing the network's energy consumption in WSN; most of them are based in clustering and hierarchical topology. However, most of these routing protocols cannot consider all required and important metrics to increase the lifespan of the network. This work introduces an enhanced algorithm of the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol called Balanced Current Energy-LEACH (BCE-LEACH) which aims to equity the power consumption of sensor nodes of the network due to extend the lifetime of the network. The proposed protocol is based on the residual energy of sensor nodes to pick out cluster heads (CHs) that means only nodes with sufficient current energy can participate in CH selection, and then it is focused on both current energy and the distance toward the base station (BS) to select a parent CH which has current energy greater than the mean energy of CHs and the distance to the BS is fewer than the average. This parent CH groups all data from other CHs. The root CH after doing data aggregation sends compressed information to the BS using the multi-hop process between CHs. The improved algorithm is simulated in MATLAB R2016b simulation tool. Simulation results in this paper indicate that the introduced protocol works better than LEACH through extending the lifetime of the WSN.

Wide Field of View Retrodirective Millimeter Wave Antenna Array With Pulse Modulation and Orthogonal Polarization States

This work presents novel techniques to realize a retrodirective millimeter wave antenna array with wide field of view. High gain arrays in phase conjugate configuration are used in combination with orthogonal polarization states and a novel pulse modulation technique to improve backscattering which finds its application in localization and enabling data transmission from sensor nodes. The proposed approach avoids the use of amplifiers thereby reducing the cost, complexity and power consumption of sensor nodes while providing a wide field of view. The basic building blocks of the proposed antenna array are compact one-dimensional (1D) slot arrays that can be designed with orthogonal linear polarizations. Their compact size limits the grating lobes under −10 dB level with respect to the main beam to enable 120° retroreflective field of view, thus, eliminating the reflections in undesired directions while providing 90° rotated linear polarization for the reflected signal with respect to the incident signal polarization. The orthogonal polarization states and compact size are achieved by using a two-layer structure and exploiting the characteristics of substrate integrated waveguide and rectangular cavities. Arrays are designed, prototyped and characterized to validate the proposed concepts. −6pt

NEMS Electrostatic RF Wakeup Switch with Pt FIB Contact

Recent pushes to reduce wireless sensor node power consumption have targeted sensors detecting the signal of interest, e.g. acoustic, acceleration, rotation, and use the energy in the signal to trigger switches. Regardless of the sensing modality however, all wireless sensors include some form of data communication radio, which in many cases is constantly consuming power. We take inspiration from a very low sub-threshold current and low switching-energy NEMS switch to implement a near zero-power laterally actuated NEMS electrostatic RF wake-up switch to reduce passive power draw by the RF electronics [1]. The switch is operated by holding a mechanical contact gap just outside of thermal fluctuations and an RF signal acts to physically close the switch. Focused ion beam is utilized to achieve sub-100 nm platinum contact gaps, allowing for below 3V operation and improved reliability. Preliminary results are presented from a custom vacuum probe station utilizing a switch position control loop for the contact-based switch operating off resonance.

A mechanically tunable GHz passive voltage element using microstrip resonator

The ability to detect very low RF signals can be used to wake-up a sensor node only when needed to sense or transmit data, reducing the sensor node power consumption. A passive voltage transforming stage from the antenna to a nano-watt receiver can be useful to reduce the minimum detectable RF signal. At high RF frequencies, the transformer is harder to implement owing to the low impedance of load capacitive loads. We demonstrate a gigahertz frequency range passive voltage transformer, using a mechanically tunable strip-line resonator at 1-2 GHz. The transformer exhibited a 19.5dB gain at 1.007 GHz and achieved gains over 19dB with load capacitances of 0.8-2.4pF. A piezoelectric AlN GHz transducer was also used to measure the gain of the resonator. An RF waveguide model has been developed which matches experiments well for both frequency and gain responses.

An Energy-Efficient Transmission in WSNs for Different Climatic Conditions

Applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasing tremendously to facilitate and establish a link between the physical world and information system. The major issues to design such type of WSNs are to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes and enhance the life-time of nodes having limited battery capacity. In this paper, an energy-efficient transmission scheme in dynamic climatic conditions in WSNs has been proposed. This scheme is IEEE 802.15.4 standard adaptable. It considers two processes one is with feedback and another is without feedback. Process without feedback is used to evaluate and compensate the link quality due to effects of different climatic conditions such as temperature, rain, and snow (dry and wet), albeit process with feedback is used to divide the network into two logical regions to decrease the overhead of control packets. The current number of nodes $$[n_c(t)]$$ and power loss in each region are used to adjust the transmit power level $$(P_{level})$$ of node according to variations in link quality and climatic conditions. Simulation results show that proposed scheme adjusts transmission $$P_{level}$$ to compensate link quality with less packets overhead resulting less energy consumption.

Development of an Energy-Aware Algorithm for Low Power Wireless Sensor Node Powered by Dual Energy Harvesting Sources

A novel self-powered wireless sensor node is proposed and prototyped to overcome the ambient energy lacking in the dual energy harvesting sources by including a secondary energy storage. Moreover, an energy-aware Event-Priority-Driven Dissemination (EPDD) management algorithm has been developed and implemented to control the WSN integrity and reducing the sensor node power consumption as well. EPDD was developed to manage the sensor node operation and to make the sink station able to detect a missing wireless node within the network, which will guarantee the nodes integrity detection. The evaluations revealed that the EPDD shows a good performance in reducing the node power consumption compared to the data push algorithm, whereby, EPDD node was operating 4 hours more than the data push node on the same power source. Regarding the WSN integrity, the EPDD algorithm outpaced the event trigger algorithm, whereby, the EPDD was easily able to detect a node down within the WSN at the contrary of the event trigger.

A Fe–Ga alloy cantilever film vibration harvester with a double-stage signal processing circuit and its main performance testing

With the power consumption of sensor nodes and wireless communication system have been significantly reduced from mW to μW, a new and interesting research field emerges, which is, the power generation technology through harvesting vibration energy from ambient vibration. It might represent a new way to overcome the unsatisfactory battery issue in low-power electronic devices. The aim of this study is on outlining, the basic behavior of a Fe87Ga13 based cantilever harvesting systems. Based on the previous research results in this field, we proposed a cantilever film vibration harvester using Fe–Ga alloy and a double-stage signal processing interface circuit. It was a composite beam structure as a whole in which the Fe–Ga alloy layer and basal layer were closely wound with a pickup coil of wire. The coupling correlation relationship of multi-fields, including mechanical, magnetic and electrical, occurring in the harvester, were analyzed utilizing a distributed-parameter model. Experimental testing were conducted to thoroughly research the main working performance of the harvester which was under the base excitation or transient free excitation, and the main working performances of Fe–Ga alloy based cantilever harvester were obtained clearly. The DC output from the double-stage interface circuit reached to 17.7 V which was far greater than 1.6 V only amplified through a voltage quadrupler rectifier circuit. The prototype succeeded to keep lighting up multi-LEDs, which validated the power generation capability of the prototype and the feasibility of the interface circuit and allowed us to imagine such harvester to supply LED indicators, wireless sensor nodes and other devices with low power consumption.