Household Poverty Levels Research Articles

IMPACTS OF RISING ANIMAL FOOD PRICES ON DEMAND AND POVERTY IN INDONESIA

Protein deficiency is one of the causes of the nutritional status of the Indonesian population, is permanent, and long-term will have an impact on the lower quality of human resources. This study analyzes the impact of price and income changes on animal food consumption patterns and demand on five poverty level in Indonesia. The demand esimation uses Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand Systems, using the National Socio Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data (March 2016) compilation data of 291,414 households. The results showed that there were different interactions between beef and the other four animal protein food sources, namely the Poor, Almost Poor and Vulnerable Poor beef substitution was mainly chicken, followed by fresh fish and eggs. Hicksian's own-price elasticity decreases following the decrease in the level of household poverty. Cases of beef, household own-price elasticity poor -11.70% and poor -1.95%. The sensitivity of the decrease in beef consumption is due to an increase in own-prices for poor households 5.5 times compared to non-poor. Beef is a very luxurious and relatively inaccessible source of animal protein food, especially for extremely poor, poor, almost poor, and vulnerable households, and this constitutes 40% of Indonesia's population. To increase beef consumption, it is necessary to increase domestic beef production so that the price of beef is affordable not only for non-poor households but also for extremely poor, poor, almost and vulnerable households in Indonesia

Poverty level of farmers based on total income and feasibility of rice farming

Poverty is a persistent problem in Indonesia, especially in rural areas. The poor population in rural areas by their livelihood as farmers, and 75% of the poor farmers are food crop farmers, especially rice farmers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the income and feasibility of farming and the poverty level of rice farmer household. This research was conducted in an area where most of the population is rice farmers. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing quantitative data through income analysis and farm feasibility and poverty rates of farm household according to Sayogyo. Research shows that rice farming produces 1,845 kg with an income of IDR. 16,605,000 based on local rice prices, IDR. 9,000/kg. While the total costs incurred by farmers are IDR. 3,596,000 so that the household income of rice farmers is IDR. 13,009,000/year with an R/C value of 1.3. Based on the value of the household income of rice farmers with an average number of family dependents of 5 people, it can be determined the poverty level criteria that are equivalent to the level of rice consumption that is equal to 289.1 kg/person/year. Thus, rice farming households according to Sayogyo are in the criteria between Very and Poor household with household income equivalent to 240-320 kg of rice/person/year. Because it has a feasibility value of more than 1, the rice farming has a comparative advantage, but the feasibility value has not been able to alleviate the rice farmer household of poverty.

Poverty Effects of Minimum Wage Increase in Nigeria

This paper examined the influence of Minimum wage (MW) increase on poverty level of households whose heads were in formal employment and the spillover effect on those in informal employment. It assessed distribution of real per capita household expenditure (PCPHE) and real monthly wage of workers in the two sectors. Fuzzy set approach was used to estimate multidimensional poverty (MDP) index of the population which served as poverty line and the poverty rate of households which was utilized as regressand in Instrumental Variable (IV) regression, with real monthly wage as key regressor. The study also estimated MW coverage and percentage of low-wage earners in poor and non-poor households. The results showed that PCPHE did not reflect wage gains observed after MW increase in the sectors but there was slight reduction in poverty level. Formal sector workers were poorer than those in informal sector and poverty worsened for public sector employees after MW increase compared to employees in private sector. The implication of the result is that MW should not be the sole redistributive policy in the formal sector and its increase should only form part of a comprehensive national economic development strategy. Keywords: Employment, fuzzy set, instrumental variable, minimum wage, multidimensional poverty. DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-11-03 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Private Transfer Payments, Inequality, and Poverty: From the Perspective of Households

Private transfer of wealth is a ubiquitous phenomenon in both urban and rural areas of China. This paper took an inflow private transfer payment as the research object and used the China Household Finance Survey data to analyze the impact of inward private transfer payment (IPTP) on social welfare and family welfare. According to the result of logit regression, we found the following: there is an age at which households are least likely to receive private transfer payments; families with living partners (including married and cohabiting couples) are more likely to receive private transfer payments; the worse the health of householders, the more likely they are to receive private transfer payments; rural households are more likely to have IPTPs than urban households. From the perspective of social welfare, the IPTP has seemingly decreased social inequality, especially in the case of rural areas. However, the counterfactual analysis finds that IPTP increases inequality. Analysis from three aspects of income, consumption, and family poverty level finds that IPTP not only subsidizes the family income directly but also promotes increases in family income indirectly. It also stimulates family consumption expenditure, with an increment of approximately 5000 yuan. Although it increased household income, as well as consumption expenditure, IPTP did not have a significant impact on the poverty level of Chinese households. On the whole, the existence of IPTP does not improve social welfare but improves family welfare. At the same time, IPTP has no significant effect on the reduction of family poverty.

Poverty distribution of different types of forest-related communities: Case study in Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park and mangrove forest in Sidodadi Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Qurniati R, Darmawan A, Utama RB, Inoue M. 2019. Poverty distribution of different types of forest-related communities: Case study in Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park and mangrove forest in Sidodadi Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3153-3163. Forest has important role in community because it can influence social characteristics as well as the quality of life of the household. In the tropics, many people living around forest are in poor conditions. Sidodadi Village of Pesawaran District, Lampung Province bordered to Wan Abdul Rachman (WAR) Forest Park in the upland and mangrove forest in the coastal area represents a good case study of communities living adjacent to forests with different ecosystem type. The research objective was to identify and analyze the characteristics and the level of household poverty of community living around two forested areas (i.e. upland forest in WAR Forest Park versus mangrove forest) in Sidodadi Village. In this village, households were interviewed by randomly selecting 215 respondents. The poverty was analyzed using five indicators, i.e. the economic characteristics, material wealth, health, infrastructure and services, and knowledge. The study found that base on the aggregated five poverty indicators there were no households categorized as poor. However, analyses in each indicator had diverse results. Based on the indicators of knowledge and economic characteristics, we found that most respondents were classified as poor while based on three other indicators there were classified as rich. The poor knowledge level was dominantly in older people who have low formal and informal education, while poverty in terms of economic characteristics due to limited opportunity to have better livelihood. Results also indicate that the poor households were located near mangrove forests while those classified as rich were located near upland forest in WAR Forest Park. The rich households had better opportunities to earn income from limited uses of forest in the upland area, yet similar opportunities were not obtained from mangrove forests. Sustainable use of mangrove forests should be considered to support the livelihood option of the surrounding community to enhance their wealth.

English

For countries where the agricultural sector supports a majority of the population as in Uganda, the link between poverty and land degradation is of great significance. Soil and water conservation technologies are a recommended means of reducing degradation rates. However, ex-ante and ex-post analyses of the impact of these technologies remain few. Using survey data collected from 338 randomly selected households in the Kabale district of South-Western Uganda, this study used a Tradeoff Analysis for Multi-Dimensional Impact Assessment (TOA-MD) model to analyze the impact of adoption on household agricultural income and poverty levels. In the survey, households in the district either had or had not adopted the soil and water conservation technologies that had been disseminated. Results indicate that the simulated range of adoption rates is between 55 and 85%, with a potential to increase to about 90% amongst households with higher non-farm income.  Households are also anticipated to benefit from adoption of soil and water conservation technologies through higher income from farming and poverty reduction; adoption is positively correlated with household non-farm income. Increased access to inputs, credit and improvement in infrastructure are recommended, especially for low income households. Dissemination of soil and water conservation technologies needs to be combined with other income generating measures in order to have a bigger impact on household welfare. Key words: Trade-off analysis, tradeoff analysis for multi-dimensional impact assessment (TOA-MD), soil and water conservation, Uganda, adoption impact, household welfare, smallholder farms. &nbsp

Socio-economic factors influencing poverty among rural households in onicha local government area, ebonyi state, Nigeria

The study examined the socio-economic factors influencing poverty among rural households in Onicha Local Government Area of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. The study adopted multistage random and purposive sampling techniques to select 120 household heads. Primary data used for the study were collected using structured questionnaire. The data were analysed with the aid of means, percentage and frequency count and OLS multiple regression model. The result indicated that the households spent an average of N31,250 monthly to take care of their families and other essential personal needs. The result of the socio-economic characteristics showed that majority (53.3) of the respondents were females. The mean age was 36 years with majority (64.2%) married while an average of 6 persons per household was recorded. The predominant occupations were farming (36.0%) and civil service (35.8%). The households cultivated a mean farm size of 3.8 hectares, the mean monthly income was N19,720 while their average monthly expenditure amounted to N31,250. Moreover, 73.3% of the respondents belonged to one social organization or the other with over 90.0% of them having acquired various forms of formal education. The multiple regression result showed the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.644 or 64.4%. The overall model was statistically significant (P<0.05), signifying that the selected socio-economic characteristics of the households have significant influence on their poverty level. The coefficients of age, sex, educational attainment, household size, farm size, income and membership of social groups were statistically significant. The hypothesis tested led to the conclusion that the selected socio-economic characteristics have significant influence on the poverty level of the households. The study recommended improvement of socio-economic attributes that improve the poverty level of rural households.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 9 (1): 8-13, June, 2019

WebGIS Based Poverty Level Analysis (Case Study Of Wonosari Sub-District Boalemo Regency)

Information on household poverty level in Wonosari Sub-district area is still very difficult to access by all parties. Therefore, this study aims to analyze poverty level and map of the spatial distribution of webGIS-based poor households in the site area. In determining the number of samples, descriptive statistical analysis techniques focused on assessing and describing the poverty level of each household. GIS analysis used GIS Application 2.18 to map the spatial distribution of poor households and regional poverty levels. GIS Application has been equipped with 2 web tools that are able to display webGIS-based maps. The results shows that the poverty level of households is in the poor category with a percentage of 72% of households, 14% of households are in the extremely poor category and 14% are in the fairly poor category. and 1 village is in a fairly poor category. This is a village that was built with a view that can be accessed by various PCs, laptops and android media so that the maps information from an analysis of household poverty levels and the spatial distribution of poor households can be accessed on the webGIS that has been built.

Level of Awareness about Climate Change among the Pastoral Community

The recognition by the government of Kenya of the adverse effects caused by climate change prompted the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources collaborating with other stakeholders to develop the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010 in preparation for the adversity. However, the aim of attaining Kenya's Vision 2030 has remained a problem in implementation especially due to the lack of awareness by the local communities. This has resulted to food deficit and nutritional challenges that have deepened the poverty levels of most rural and urban households. This is evident in Narok County where frequent droughts and floods have threatened the pastoral livelihoods in the recent past. Climate change awareness is critical in ensuring successful response and adaptation at local level in developing countries. This paper is a result of a study that sought to assess the level of awareness of the pastoral community on the causes and impact of climate change (ICC) in Narok County. The findings of the study were based on a detailed survey conducted through face-face interviews from a sample of 415 households that was determined through multistage cluster sampling and simple random sampling techniques. An analysis of the collected data indicated that pastoralists have observed changes in climate change related indicators such as temperature, vegetation cover, and rainfall over the past two decades from their locally acquired knowledge. While the majority (84.1%) of the respondents indicated awareness of climate change causes and impacts, and the overdependence on their locally available knowledge (88.2%) portrayed that most (37%) had a belief that climate change was a punishment from the gods and ancestral spirits for man's offences. On the contrary, only (2.2%) and (23.4%) attributed climate change to greenhouse gases and deforestation respectively, scientifically proven causes upon which mitigation could be drawn. The belief misguides and could explain why the pastoral communities are still hit hard by the effects of climate change. The level of awareness was significantly different across respondent categories (Pearson Chi Square of 19.139 and p-value of 0.001) and regions (Pearson Chi Square of 30.396 and p-value of 0.000). Therefore, to enhance resilience of pastoral communities to impacts of climate change, effective and appropriate dissemination of climate information at the local level and those that provide access to socio-economic institutions such as capital, water and information should be formulated and implemented. The study findings are aimed at benefiting the local community through creating awareness on the adoption of new livelihood technologies proposed in the study hence improving their resilience to climate change.

Social and economic aspects of the recent fall in global oil prices

Purpose The global energy market has been facing lower prices of crude oil in recent years. Lower fuel price leads to lower transport cost and cheaper agricultural inputs (such as pesticides and chemical fertilizer), resulting in lower prices of agricultural commodities in the international markets. On the other hand, lower global oil price reduces the oil revenues of oil exporting countries, resulting in a decrease in government expenditures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of lower global oil and agricultural commodity prices and government expenditure on the entire economy and poverty level of Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach This study used a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) to investigate four simulation scenarios based on the latest Malaysia’s input-output table belonging to 2010. The first scenario is a 30 per cent fall in the export and import prices of agricultural commodity prices, while the second is a 50 per cent decline in the export and import prices of crude oil, and the third combines them. In the fourth scenario, government operating expenditure declines by 4 per cent because of the fall in government’s oil revenues as a result of the decline in global oil prices. Findings The simulation results suggest that lower international oil price decreases real gross domestic product (GDP) and investment in Malaysia and influences positively the output and employment of some agriculture sectors. However, lower agricultural commodity price increases real GDP and investment in the country and negatively influences the output, employment and exports of all agriculture sectors. The decline in government expenditures also increases the output and the employment in the economy, whereas it decreases household consumption. In conclusion, results show that the agriculture sector losses from the current decline in international agricultural commodity prices, while it benefits from lower oil and government expenditure. Originality/value The main contribution of this study is comparing the impacts of recent falls in global oil and agricultural prices on the entire economy and agriculture sector of Malaysia. Investigating the impacts of these issues on the poverty level of Malaysian households is another contribution to the study. Another contribution is analyzing the impact of a reduction in government expenditures because of the decline in global oil price on the economy and welfare of Malaysia. Therefore, this study makes a useful contribution to the small literature of the topic.

The Impact of International Remittances on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh

This article mainly explores to what extent international remittances alleviate household poverty in Bangladesh. This study uses primary data collected from 216 households and employs multi-methods. Firstly, I measure the level of household poverty through Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index. The article secondly focuses on the impact of remittances on household poverty using a binary logistic regression model. I found that the level of poverty among remittance recipient households is notably lower than households that are not receiving remittances. Similarly, the probability of a household being poor is alleviated by 28.07 per cent if the household receives remittance. It can be suggested that nursing international remittances can be useful for poverty alleviation in Bangladesh.

Food security and socio-economic aspects of agricultural input subsidies

ABSTRACTThis study is the first attempt at promoting agricultural input subsidy policies in a computable general equilibrium framework on two main dimensions of food security (i.e. food availability and access to food), poverty and income distribution in Malaysia for all ethnic groups. This study investigates the short-run impacts of two subsidy removal policy and one subsidy expansion policy using 2010 input–output table. Results show that both subsidy removal policies negatively influence agricultural sectors and economic growth of Malaysia while the expansion policy influence them positively. The removal policies also decrease food availability and access to food and, consequently, increase poverty at the national level and the poverty level of Malay household, while the expansion policy increases food availability and access to food and alleviate the poverty level of Malay household. The complete removal policy without paddy/rice subsidies increases rice production and raises food availability and access to food commodities (or food security) in the country resulting in a lesser increase in poverty compared to the complete removal policy.

A Re-Examination of the Determinants of Child Labour in Côte d’Ivoire

This last year, the extent of poverty and socio-economic crises in some African countries, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire have favoured child labour. Thus, despite the political fight against this phenomenon, it’s remains a concern. This research therefore aims to identify the determinants of child labour in Côte d’Ivoire, using 2005 data from the national survey on child labour with 5,571 children. The descriptive statistic showed that 1,509 (27.09%) were in child labour category: 743 boys (27.04%) and 766 girls (27.14%). The estimated multinomial logit presented that household poverty and low level of parent’s education remains a determinant of child labour. In addition, the permanent employment of the household in agriculture reduces child labour. Thus, policy makers can modernize agriculture. This strategy will allow the use of modern technology inaccessible to children and improve agricultural productivity. With a guaranteed minimum price for agricultural production poor households will earn higher incomes. In addition, targeted free schooling is required.

Association of Maternal Social Relationships With Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

This study examines how different types of social network structures are associated with early cognitive development in children. To assess how social relationships and structures are associated with early cognitive development and to elucidate whether variations in the mother's social networks alter a child's early cognitive development patterns. This cohort study used data from 1082 mother-child pairs in the University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning and Early Childhood project to examine the association between networks of different levels of complexity (triad, family, and neighborhood) and child cognitive performance after adjustment for the mother's IQ, birth weight, and age, and the father's educational level. The final model was adjusted for the household poverty level. Data were collected from December 2006 through January 2014 and analyzed from October through November 2018. The child-mother relationship, child-mother-father triad, family setting, child's dwelling network, mother's social support network, and neighborhood networks. Measure of cognitive development of the child using Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at 2 years of age. Of 1082 participants, 544 (50.3%) were males and 703 (65.1%) were African American; the mean (SD) age was 2.08 (0.12) years. Large family size had a negative association with early cognitive development, with a mean 2.21-point decrease in BSID coefficient score (95% CI, 0.40 to 4.02; P = .01). Mother's social support network size was positively associated early cognitive development, with a mean 0.40-point increase in BSID coefficient score (95% CI, 0.001 to 0.80; P = .05). Knowing many neighbors was not statistically significantly associated with early cognitive development, with a mean 1.39-point increase in BSID coefficient score (95% CI, -0.04 to 2.83; P = .06). The findings suggest that maternal social relationships are associated with cognitive development in children and that social relationships beyond the mother-child-father triad are significantly associated with children's cognitive development. This study investigates the environmental influences on child health outcomes and, specifically, how early cognitive development is associated with social networks for the primary caregiver.

Health and Socio-economic Implications of Poverty in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to explore the influences of the health and socio-economic factors associated with the poverty level of households in Bangladesh, through an analysis of data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 conducted by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). A total of all 12,240 households was considered in this study. CBN method was applied for estimating poverty of the household. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the main factors that influence the household’s poverty. The results showed that the probability of the household being poor was higher when the household’s head suffered from various chronic diseases like chronic fever, injuries/disability, eczema, leprosy, and asthma/breathing trouble as compared to the household whose head didn’t suffer from any chronic diseases. From the analysis, it was also found that when a large number within household suffered from any chronic disease, the probability of the household being poor was increased. The household that had no access to health care was poorer than the household that had access to health care. The results also showed that with increased investment in health, the probability of the household being poor was decreased. The results showed that rural households were poorer than urban households. Monthly income, land ownership, construction materials of walls and roofs, types of the latrine, source of drinking water, household size; age, sex, and employment status of the household’s head all had a significant impact on the poverty level of the household.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KAKAO DI KECAMATAN GEDONG TATAAN KABUPATEN PESAWARAN

The purposes of this research are to analyze the income of cocoa farming, the income of cocoa farmer households, the poverty level of cocoa farmer households, the factors affecting the poverty rate of cocoa farmer households. This research was conducted in Sungai Langka Village, Gedong Tataan Subdistrict Pesawaran Regency. Respondents were 51 cocoa farmers taken using stratified random sampling method based on land area. The analytical methods used were farm income analysis, household income analysis, household poverty level analysis, logistic analysis of farming household poverty level. The results showed that cash income of cocoa farming is Rp8,027,576.78 per ha per year and revenue at total cost Rp Rp4,335,373.38 per ha per year. The household income of cocoa farmers is Rp21,277,833.33 per year. Based on the World Bank indicator, the number of nonpoor farmers is 52.94 percent and poor farmers is 47.05 percent. And based on indicator BPS (2016) there are no poor farmers in food poverty, whereas the number of poor farmers in nonfood poverty is 31.37 percent and nonpoor farmers of 68.63 percent. The common poverty line is 21.57 percent of poor farmers and 78.43 percent of non-poor farmers. The percentage of the poor is 0.21, the poverty intencity index is 0.042, the poverty severity index is 0.00034. Factors that affect the poverty level is household income.Key words: cocoa, farming income, household income, poverty rate

Evaluating the effect of income support policies on social health inequalities (SHIs) at birth in Montreal and Brussels using a contextualised comparative approach and model family method: a study protocol

IntroductionAssessing the effects of social policies on social health inequalities (SHIs) is a complex issue. Variations in social policy between countries or regions provide natural experiments in policy implementation to...

ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD POVERTY AT SOI VILLAGE, WEST MARAWOLA DISTRICT, SIGI REGENCY

This research aims at finding out the level of household poverty and analyzing the factors influencing the household poverty. The data were analyzed by using headcount index analysis, poverty gap analysis, distribution revenue analysis, total revenue of household analysis, and regression analysis. The poverty level can be seen from the seriousness of poverty index, namely 1.72 which means the poor household expenses various with the acerage value 1.72. the distribution revenue at Soi village, west Marawola district, Sigi regency showed that the average value of household income in 2017 was 246.000, with the coefficient Gini Ratio 0.22 or in the low inequality category. The results of regression analysis showed that the coefficient of terminated (R2) was 0.472. the total of household income variable gave negative significant influence with the coefficient of elasticity -2.341 (p < 0,05), the number of elasticity 3.325 (p<0.05), the age of head of household variable gave negative variable of land ownership gave positive insignificant influence with the value 0.726 and dummy variable of educational status of household gave positive significant influence with the value 0.633.

Poverty Occurrency Probability on Oil Palm Farmer Households

The research was aimed at analyzing poverty level of non-plasma oil palm farmer households and determining factors that influence their poverty occurrence probability. This research was conducted by surveying ninety non-plasma oil palm farmer households in Mukomuko District. The poverty level was quantified method by comparing household income with the World Bank poverty line, i.e. US $ 2/capita/day. Households were categorized into poor if their income is less than US $ 2/capita/day or Rp 26,908.00/capita/day (with an exchange rate of Rp 13,454.00 per US $), vice versa. To determine factors affecting the probability of poverty occurrence, the binary logistic model was applied. The results showed that the average non-plasma farmer household income was Rp 39,484.00/capita/day. With the level of exchange rate applied in this research, it was found that forty percent households were below the poverty line. Land variable negative and significantly affects the probability of poverty occurrence while the family size was positive significant. Other factors including education, age, and the existence of other jobs had an insignificant effect.Keywords: probability, poverty, oil palm, household

Poverty Occurrency Probability on Oil Palm Farmer Households

The research was aimed at analyzing poverty level of non-plasma oil palm farmer households and determining factors that influence their poverty occurrence probability. This research was conducted by surveying ninety non-plasma oil palm farmer households in Mukomuko District. The poverty level was quantified method by comparing household income with the World Bank poverty line, i.e. US $ 2/capita/day. Households were categorized into poor if their income is less than US $ 2/capita/day or Rp 26,908.00/capita/day (with an exchange rate of Rp 13,454.00 per US $), vice versa. To determine factors affecting the probability of poverty occurrence, the binary logistic model was applied. The results showed that the average non-plasma farmer household income was Rp 39,484.00/capita/day. With the level of exchange rate applied in this research, it was found that forty percent households were below the poverty line. Land variable negative and significantly affects the probability of poverty occurrence while the family size was positive significant. Other factors including education, age, and the existence of other jobs had an insignificant effect.Keywords: probability, poverty, oil palm, household