Poultry Rations Research Articles

Efeito da inclusão de farelo de soja de alto óleo (FSAO) sobre o rendimento de carnes nobres de frangos de corte

Researches to find new ingredients for the production of ration and food have been carried out. However, the use of corn as energy source and soy bran as protein source are definitely consolidated by both poultry raisers and ration producers. To increase the energy level of these diets nutritionists use ingredients like sebum, viscera oil and soy oil. Fats are great providers of readily available energy and essential fatty acids, being used to increase the energetic density by containing more energy than carbohydrates. The present experiment was carried out at the Aviculture Sector of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Paulista State University (UNESP), campus of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, beginning in October and lasting for 42 days. Fowls were arranged in randomized blocks design with a factorial design of 8 treatments (2 soy bran sources, with and without high oil) and 4 levels of metabolizable energy (3045, 3095, 3145 e 3195 kcal/kg) with 4 repetitions of 45 fowls, totalizing 360 fowls per treatment and 1440 fowls in the total. The parameters evaluated were breast meat and legs meat percentage. Calculations were made by dividing boneless meat weight by leg or whole breast weight. At 42 days old, 4 fowls by box were randomly removed, being 32 fowls by treatment, totalizing 128 fowls, and were submitted to fast for 8 hours. After slaughtering and cutting, boning was manually performed. We concluded that the levels of metabolizable energy and the kind of soy bran did not influence the yield of noble parts in broilers.

Grain yield performance of spring maize under different agroecological zones

Maize is an important cereal crop which ranks second in production after rice in Nepal with an increasing demand for livestock and poultry ration but declining in production. This experiment was conducted to screen top- and stable yielding maize hybrids in various agroecological zones of Nepal during the spring season. In this study, nine maize genotypes were evaluated across six environments in randomized complete block design with three replications. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) ANOVA revealed that environment, genotype, and their interaction had a substantial effect on the grain yield and all five principal components (PCs) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). AMMI stability value revealed that genotypes Rampur composite and Kanchan 101 were the most stable genotypes in all environments. The specific adaptation of genotype as explained by Which-won-where model suggest that Godavari in environment E2, Rajkumar in E4 and E5, and Bisco gold 941 in E1, E3 and E6 were the winning genotypes. Furthermore, the mean-versus-stability model revealed that genotype Kanchan 101 had above average yield with greater stability. In addition, biplot analysis revealed that 78.32% of variation is explained by PC1 and 11.41% by PC2 of the interaction effect. The genotype ranking based on revealed that genotype Kanchan 101 was close to the ideal line and Sano ghogha was at the greatest distance. Conclusively, AMMI and genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) model explicates that genotype Kanchan 101 has both the high yield and stability across all agroecological zones. In future research on multi-year trial with emphasis other agronomic traits to assess the stability and priorities for the development of package of practices for maximizing the grain yield is recommended.

Effect of hydroponic barley fodder on growth performance, carcass yield and carcass quality of cobb 500 broilers

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydroponic barley fodder supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield and carcass quality of Cobb 500 broilers. An accustomed proper feeding and brooding have been given to the chicks for up to three weeks of age. After three weeks, 144 three-week-old birds were randomly assigned to four treatments and replicated three times with 12 chicks per replication in a completely randomized design. Treatments were arranged as follows; T1: Home formulated Broiler diet (control group), T2: Home formulated Broiler diet +3.5 % hydroponic barley fodder, T3: Home formulated Broiler diet +7 % hydroponic barley fodder, and T4: Home formulated Broiler diet +10.5 % hydroponic barley fodder. The proximate analysis revealed that, hydroponic barley fodder contained 15.63 % crude protein, 10.6 crude fiber, and 4.04 ether extract. Increasing the level of hydroponic barley fodder was associated with an improvement of both growth performance and weight of carcass components of Cobb 500 broilers. Higher average daily feed intake (112.72 g/bird), daily body weight gain (56.37 g/bird), total body weight gain (1579.39 g/4 weeks) were obtained from T4 (home formulated feed +10.5 % HBF). Similarly, higher feed conversion efficiency (1.99 g of feed/g of weight gain) was recorded in T4. Hydroponic barley fodder had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the mortality rate and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Economically, the highest net return was obtained from birds fed on T4 (Home formulated Broiler diet +10.5 % hydroponic barley fodder). In conclusion, supplementing hydroponic barley fodder up to 10.5 % improves carcass characteristics and result higher net income compared to other treatments. The current study recommended that further investigation like inclusion and substitution trial should be conducted to determine whether hydroponic barley fodder can replace expensive poultry ration ingredients.

Seed production technology of sunflower (Helianthus annuus): An update

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) belonging to the family Asteraceae was introduced in India in 1969 and became one of the important oilseed crops. The oil is used for culinary purpose, preparation of cosmetics etc. Seed production can be taken up in all the three seasons like kharif, rabi and summer. For rainfed conditions June – July and October – November and for irrigated conditions April – May and December – January is suitable for seed production. Sunflower oil is light yellow in colour and possesses good odour, which can be used for a variety of cooking purposes like any other edible oil. Sunflower oil is a rich source of linoleic acid (64%), which helps in washing out of cholesterol deposition in the coronary arteries of theheart, and thus it is good for heart patients. The oil is used for manufacturing hydrogenated oil.Its oil is also used in manufacture of soaps and cosmetics. The sunflower cake contains 40-44% high quality protein. It is ideally suited for poultry and livestock rations. The sunflowerkernels can be eaten raw or roasted. It can also be used for manufacturing baby foods.

Effects of Calcium, Available Phosphorus and Microbial Phytase on Ovarian FSHR and LHR Expression in Laying Hens

Folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, ovulation, and vitellogenesis are regulated by the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis and these hormones act via follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in the ovary. Poultry ration and food additives are essential in the regulation of reproductive activity. Phytase is a supplement frequently added to laying hen diets to increase phosphorus (P) utilization. The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of a newly isolated microbial phytase together with different concentrations of calcium (Ca2+) and available phosphorus (AP) on ovarian FSHR and LHR expressions. For this purpose, 90 Lohmann LSL-White layers were first divided into three main diet groups (standard Ca2+ and AP, standard Ca2+ and low AP, low Ca2+ and AP) and then into three subgroups (no-phytase, commercial phytase, and microbial phytase). At the end of the experiment, all chickens were slaughtered and ovarian tissues were fixed in formalin. Routine avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-FSHR and anti-LHR primary antibodies. Immunohistochemically, FSHR and LHR were expressed in granulosa/theca cells, oocytes, interstitial cells, and vitellus. While the expression intensity of the receptors increased in the microbial phytase-treated groups, the strongest expression was obtained in the granulosa/theca cells and oocytes in the standard Ca and low AP group. In conclusion, we suggest that the addition of newly isolated microbial phytase to diets of laying hens and feeding standard Ca and low AP may have positive effects on reproductive performance by increasing the FSHR and LHR expression in ovaries.

Partial and total replacement of soybean meal with maggot larvae meal in broiler chicken diets: Impact on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, haemotological parameters and intestinal histomorphology

Current study was carried out to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with maggot meal in broilers ration (Ross-308, n = 200) for 1–28 days. Five isocaloric and isonitrogenic broiler rations were prepared comprising of control diet-1 (Mag-0) having 100 % soybean meal and 0 % maggot meal, Diet-2 (Mag-70) having 30 % soy bean meal and 70 % maggot meal, Diet-3 (Mag-80) having 20 % soybean meal and 80 % maggot meal, Diet-4 (Mag-90) 10 % soybean meal and 90 % maggot meal and Diet-5 (Mag-100) containing 0 % soybean meal and 100 % maggot meal. The results showed that weekly as well as overall body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found similar (P>0.05) for all the chicks fed with different replacement diets. Protein efficiency ratio, dressing percentage, apparent metabolizable energy and antibody titer observed showed no significant (P>0.05) differences at the end of the experiment among the different substituted and control groups. Similarly, no significant (p>0.05) effect was observed on the digestibility of amino acids for different replacement diets of soybean meal with maggot meal. Statistically similar effects were also observed for organoleptic study, intestinal morphometry, hematological and serum parameters. It was concluded from the current study that up to 100 % soybean meal can be substituted with maggot meal in poultry ration without any adverse effects on the health and performance parameters of the broiler chicks.

Proximate Analysis of Unconventional Feed Available in Boalkhali Upazila, Chattogram

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of unconventional feed resources (UCFR) available in the Chattogram district. Unconventional feed resources refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in another feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock and poultry. A total of four tree leaves namely Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Banyan (Ficus benghalensis), and Mandar (Erythrina fusca) were considered for proximate analysis in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh. The laboratory analysis was performed according to the standard analytical procedure of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results indicated that the highest Dry mater (DM %) was in Jackfruits leaves whereas the lowest Dry matter (DM %) was in Mandar leaves. The highest Moisture % was in Mandar leaves whereas the lowest Moisture % was in Jackfruits leaves. The highest Crude protein (CP %) was in Mandar leaves whereas the lowest Crude protein (CP %) was in Mango leaves. The highest Crude fiber (CF %) was in Mandar leaves whereas the lowest Crude fiber (CF %) was in Banyan leaves. The highest Ether extract (EE%) was in Mango leaves whereas the lowest Ether extract (EE%) was in Jackfruit leaves and the highest Total Ash (TA%) was in Banyan leaves whereas the lowest Total Ash (TA%) was in Mandar leaves. In conclusion, the nutritional status of all tree leaves showed a higher Crude protein, Crude fiber, Ether extract, and Total Ash content. Therefore, these tree leaves can be used as a potential source of nutrients in livestock and poultry feed as well.

Incidence of aflatoxin and ochratoxin in some poultry ration with trial for control in Beni-Suef Governorate.

Incidence of aflatoxin and ochratoxin in some poultry ration with trial for control in Beni-Suef Governorate.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF ANIMAL BLOOD PLASMA POWDER ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE, DRESSED WEIGHT AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BROILER

Enhancing economical poultry production using low-cost animal blood plasma powder incorporated in poultry rations is a good step toward sustainable poultry production. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of animal blood plasma powder on production performance, dressed weight, and immune response of broilers. Bovine plasma was separated from the whole blood through centrifugation. A total of 240 day-old broiler chicks having uniform body weights were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups (AP0, AP1, AP2, and AP3). Each group had three replicates of 20 chicks (n=3; 20 birds/replicate). Ross broiler management guidelines were followed for feeding, watering, and vaccination. broiler starter ration (23.2% CP and 2990kcalME/kg) was provided during the brooding stage and switched to the grower diet (20.08% CP and 3112 kcal/kg ME) up to 28 days and finisher (18.86% CP and 3208 kcal/kg ME). Animal blood plasma powder supplemented into the diet at different levels AP1 (0.5g/kg), AP2 (1g g/kg), AP3 (1.5g g/kg), and AP0 (Control 0g/kg) for different groups. The treatment was continued for seven weeks. Significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) feed intake (2809.3g±5.36) and high body weight gain (1513.3g±9.83) were found for the higher supplemented group compared to the non-supplemented group (1441.0g ±4.04). Overall FCR was significantly (p&lt; 0.05) lower for supplemented groups compared with the control group. The decreasing (p&lt; 0.05) trend in FCR in supplemented groups was increasing the level of bovine animal blood plasma supplementation in the diet. The dressing percentage was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher for supplemented groups as compared to the control. Non-significant differences were observed in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer against Newcastle disease and mortality among groups. It was concluded that animal blood plasma could be safely used in broiler ration for better performance without any loss to antibodies titer and mortality. Animal blood plasma has more capability to be used as an alternative and cheap source of protein in poultry ration.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the energy value of maize grain in non-ruminants

Abstract. Maize is the most widely spread energy source used in rations for farm animals and poultry, especially in countries in America, Southern Europe and Asia, where maize grain is the main cereal used for feed. The quality of maize grain is formed under the influence of several interrelated factors. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and energy value of maize grain grown under irrigation conditions in non-ruminants. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora under irrigation conditions on cinnamon-meadow soil with maize for grain, medium late hybrid LG 35.36 with density of crops – 70000 plants per hectare. The study includes the following four treatments of fertilization: 1 experimental variant N0P80K60 – non-fertilizer control, 2 experimental variant N100P80K60 – fertilization with 100 kg N.ha-1, 3 experimental variant N150P80K60 – fertilization with 150 kg N.ha-1 and 4 experimental variant N200P80K60 – fertilization with 200 kg N.ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the vegetation of the crop in phase 3-5 leaf, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in rates 80 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 60 kg K2O.ha-1 in the main tillage. During the vegetation of the maize, pre-irrigation humidity of 80-85% of field capacity (FC) was maintained by 3 waterings. As the fertilization rate increases, the crude protein content in the maize grain also grows up. During the treatment with the highest fertilizer rate of 200 kg N.ha-1, 9.5% per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) was obtained, followed by the treatment with 150 kg N.ha-1 – with a value of 9.1% per 1 kg of dry matter. The content of crude fiber in the grain of maize with increasing fertilization rate decreases, being the smallest in the treatment with rate 100 kg N.ha-1 – 0.8% per 1 kg of dry matter. The fertilization rate does not have a significant effect on the content of digestible and metabolite energy in corn grain grown under irrigated conditions in pigs and poultry.

TEKNOLOGI PEMBUATAN RANSUM DAN INTRODUKSI AYAM KUB BAGI MASYARAKAT DI KELURAHAN KOTO LUA KECAMATAN PAUH KOTA PADANG

Balitbangtan Superior Kampung Chicken (KUB) is a superior native chicken due to selection from native chicken families for six generations conducted by the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development. KUB chickens have faster growth compared to ordinary native chickens. This training program was conducted for the Koto Lua community, Pauh District, Padang City, West Sumatra. This activity aims to help the community by conducting training on making poultry rations using conventional feed ingredients. In addition, this activity also aims to introduce one of the potential local chickens producing meat and eggs, namely: KUB chicken. The methods used in this activity were counseling and discussion (conventional feed and KUB chickens), training (traditional preparation of ration), mentoring (KUB chicken rearing), and evaluation at the end of the activity. 100 KUB chickens are raised by the service team from 1-28 days (4 weeks); after that, the KUB chickens are given to 10 heads of families (10 chickens per head of family), provided they have raised chickens and have a chicken coop. This activity results in the community gaining knowledge about feed ingredients that can be used as poultry rations. Community-rearing chickens until 16 weeks of age achieve an average body weight of 1000–150 g/head. The conclusion from this activity is that the community is skilled in making rations and raising KUB chickens, with a survival rate of around 90%.

Assessment of the Nutritional Quality and Fungal Contamination of Commercial Poultry Feed and Raw Materials Available in Gazipur and Mymensingh District of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient content and fungal contamination of commercial poultry feeds and raw materials available in Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. A total of 67 commercial poultry feed (broiler and layer) and raw materials were collected from different poultry farms, dealers and shops. They feed samples and raw materials were then analyzed in terms of DM (Dry matter), CP (crude protein), EE (ether extract), ash and calcium concentration. Crude protein is the main constituent and is found in the range of 20-22.5% and 15.3-19.5% for broiler and layer feeds, respectively. Moisture content ranged between 9.7-11.2% in both broiler and layer feed indicating good storage condition. Other nutrients such as crude fat and crude fiber content in broiler and layer feed were 3.6-6.9% and 3.0-5.8%, respectively. Layer feed contains a higher amount of calcium (3.1-4.6%) and total ash (8.3-13.3%) than the broiler feed. The moisture percentage of raw materials was below the recommended value. About 40-60% crude protein was found in protein-rich feed ingredients and other nutrients such as crude fat (17.2-19.1%) and crude fiber (9.9-13.1%) were higher in energy-rich ingredients. On the other hand, fungal contamination in broiler and layer feed, and raw materials was found in about 28.5%, 30.0% and 46.0%, respectively. The proximate composition and fungal contamination of poultry feed and raw materials were varied due to environment, processing method, storage condition and adulteration, etc. In conclusion, findings of the nutrient content and fungal contamination of commercial poultry feed and raw materials will help the feed mill owners and commercial poultry farmers to prepare quality feed and to formulate quality poultry ration.

Effect of dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium on productivity, immune status, intestinal morphometry and carcass traits of broiler chicken

Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p&lt;0.05). Carcass traits and weight of internal organs increased in the groups fed 7 and 10 mg/kg NTS. High NTS doses significantly increased immune vaccine titers against Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease, and infectious bronchitis. Moreover, dietary addition of NTS improved intestinal morphometry. Conclusion: Thus, NTS (7 and 10 mg/kg) can be added to poultry rations to improve production, carcass characteristics, and immune status of broilers. Further studies are needed to evaluate NTS residues in meat.

GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME PATHOGENIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM POULTRY AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

Regarding high morbidity, mortality, and production losses, fungi infections have their importance among infectious illnesses and seem to be one of the main challenges facing poultry producers. This study aims to identify the genotypic characteristics of some fungi isolated from poultry. To reach this end, in El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, a total of 210 birds with a history of respiratory distress were randomly selected from a variety of private farms and hatcheries. The birds were sacrificed; tissue pieces were collected. In addition, a total of 87 samples of the poultry surroundings including 40 samples of poultry ration, 14 bedding materials, 4 air samples, and 29 water samples were collected. Using traditional fungal isolation, four fungal species were recovered, namely, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium perangustum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. PCR was performed by fungus-specific universal primer pairs (ITS1 and ITS4) to identify and describe the genotype of isolated fungi. All examined isolates' ITS1-5.8SrDNA regions could be amplified. A purified PCR product was sequenced according to the Emerald Amp GT PCR master mix. This was initially performed to establish sequence identity to GenBank accession numbers. The rRNA gene for 5.8 sRNA divides the two ITS sections, which are situated between the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. ITS-1 gene sequence of the isolated Cladosporium perangustum (GeneBank accession number was OM 407392). The Sequence of the ITS-1 of isolated Penicillium chrysogenum (GeneBank accession numbers for studied nucleotide sequences were OM407401; OM407402; OM403685, and OM403686). For the examined nucleotide sequences, the GeneBank accession number for the ITS-1 internal transcribed spacer region of single Aspergillus niger was OM407391. GeneBank accession numbers for the isolated Aspergillus flavus ITS-1 sequence examined nucleotide sequences were OM403676, OM403677, and OM403678. In conclusion, genotypic characterization confirmed the phenotypic traditional fungal identification in the present study. Aspergillus species are the major fungi associated with birds in Egypt farms. The predominantly identified species were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum.

PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME PATHOGENIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM POULTRY AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS IN EL–GHARBIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

Poultry production is affected by several fungal diseases. Such fungal infection occurs in poultry farms via using a moldy litter, or ingestion of contaminated drinking water or moldy ration. In this study, a total of 210 birds with a history of respiratory distress of different breeds were collected randomly from sporadic different private farms and hatcheries in El–Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. The birds were sacrificed, then a total of 1050 tissue specimens from lung, air sacs, liver, crop and trachea were collected. In addition, 40 samples of poultry ration, 14 bedding materials, 4 air samples and 29 water samples were also collected. The collected samples were cultured on Sabouraud’s agar plates. Macromorphological and micromorphological fungal examinations were performed for phenotypic characterization. Histopathological examinations were also performed using with hematoxylin and eosin stains. Antifungal sensitivity testing was screened using Mueller’s Hinton Agar for studying the susceptibility of the recovered fungal isolates to the most commonly used antifungal drugs in Egypt, namely amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The obtained results demonstrated that mold isolation was the highest in the collected samples from birds at 36.84%, followed by drinking water (31.57%). The highest incidence of mold isolation was recorded at the lungs of broilers and baladi birds followed by the air sacs. While in saso birds, the highest incidence was at the air sac. Collectively, 97 mold strains were identified from the lung, 74 from the air sacs, 30 from the liver, 61 from the trachea, and 44 from the crop. In addition, 19 mold isolates were recovered from the bird surroundings. Aspergillus niger as well as Penicillium chrysogenum were recovered and showed resistance to ketoconazole, while Cladosporium perangustum was resistant to fluconazole. All of the isolated molds were sensitive to itraconazole and nystatin except A. flavus that was resistant to nystatin. All Aspergillus spp. were resistant to fluconazole except A. niger. In conclusion, Aspergillus spp. was the most associated mold with poultry species and their surroundings in Egypt farms. Itraconazole and nystatin could be applied as proper antifungal drugs the control of for Aspergillus infection in birds.

PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING E. coli IN THE MILK OF CATTLE, BUFFALOES, AND CAMEL

Regarding high morbidity, mortality, and production losses, fungi infections have their importance among infectious illnesses and seem to be one of the main challenges facing poultry producers. This study aims to identify the genotypic characteristics of some fungi isolated from poultry. To reach this end, in El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, a total of 210 birds with a history of respiratory distress were randomly selected from a variety of private farms and hatcheries. The birds were sacrificed; tissue pieces were collected. In addition, a total of 87 samples of the poultry surroundings including 40 samples of poultry ration, 14 bedding materials, 4 air samples, and 29 water samples were collected. Using traditional fungal isolation, four fungal species were recovered, namely, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium perangustum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. PCR was performed by fungus-specific universal primer pairs (ITS1 and ITS4) to identify and describe the genotype of isolated fungi. All examined isolates' ITS1-5.8SrDNA regions could be amplified. A purified PCR product was sequenced according to the Emerald Amp GT PCR master mix. This was initially performed to establish sequence identity to GenBank accession numbers. The rRNA gene for 5.8 sRNA divides the two ITS sections, which are situated between the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. ITS-1 gene sequence of the isolated Cladosporium perangustum (GeneBank accession number was OM 407392). The Sequence of the ITS-1 of isolated Penicillium chrysogenum (GeneBank accession numbers for studied nucleotide sequences were OM407401; OM407402; OM403685, and OM403686). For the examined nucleotide sequences, the GeneBank accession number for the ITS-1 internal transcribed spacer region of single Aspergillus niger was OM407391. GeneBank accession numbers for the isolated Aspergillus flavus ITS-1 sequence examined nucleotide sequences were OM403676, OM403677, and OM403678. In conclusion, genotypic characterization confirmed the phenotypic traditional fungal identification in the present study. Aspergillus species are the major fungi associated with birds in Egypt farms. The predominantly identified species were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. Key words: phenotypic; genotypic; molecular; fungi; poultry

Proximate, mineral and pytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extract ofSenna occidentalisas phytobiotic additive in poultry rations.

Proximate, mineral and pytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extract ofSenna occidentalisas phytobiotic additive in poultry rations.

Edukasi Peternak Budidaya Maggot Sebagai Bahan Pakan Sumber Protein di Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang (Program Bina Desa Mahasiswa Fakultas Vokasi Univeristas Hasanuddin)

The implementation of community service through the Students Village Empowerment Program aims to disseminate and educate on the cultivation and processing of maggot as a protein source for poultry and increase the knowledge of farmers in using maggot as an alternative feed in poultry rations. The benefits of community service activities were to provide skills and knowledge about maggot utilization as a source of poultry feed so that it can be applied in poultry feed by the target audience or farmers. The village empowerment activity of the students was carried out in Kanie Village, Maritengngae District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The object of farmer groups were native chicken farmers, domestic chicken traders, and layer chicken farmers who were the part of Prima Karya Sentosa Livestock Farmer Group (35 people). The stages of implementing the activity are preparation including coordination, team and participants preparation including the 25-student engagement of the Animal Production Technology study program (DIV), and preparation of extension materials. The extension method was carried out in the form of a lecture and discussion with all members of the group. Training infrastructure and other facilities were provided by the farmer group partner. All the participants were expected to have knowledge and skills in cultivating maggots including the BSF maggot life cycle, maggot nutrient content, and maggot application in the feed after attending the training. Therefore, assistance should be conducted for the sustainable program of poultry management, especially applying maggots as poultry feed ingredients.

Türkiye’de Karadeniz’in Farklı Bölgelerinde Üretilen Balık Unlarının Hayvan Besleme Açısından Değeri

Balık unu gerek insan tüketimine uygun olmayan balıkların, gerekse balıkçılık endüstrisinde arta kalan atıkların işlenip &#x0D; kurutulması veya çeşitli teknolojik işlemlerden geçirilmesi sonucu elde edilmektedir. Balıkçılık endüstrisinin iki ana temel &#x0D; ürünlerinden biri olan balık unu, yüksek aminoasit, vitamin ve mineral madde içeriğiyle yüksek sindirilebilirliğe sahip bir protein &#x0D; kaynağı olarak yemlerde kullanılmaktadır. Balık ununu diğer yem hammaddelerinden üstün kılan en önemli özelliklerden biri de &#x0D; içerdiği esansiyel aminoasitler ve uzun zincirli çoklu doymamış yağ asitleridir. Balık ununun rasyona katılması ile genç &#x0D; hayvanlarda performans ve bağışıklık sistemi olumlu etkilenmektedir. Balık ununun kanatlı rasyonlarına %3-10, sığır ve koyun &#x0D; rasyonlarına %5, domuz rasyonlarına da %10 katılabileceği ifade edilmektedir. Türkiye’de balık unu ve yağı üretiminin önemli &#x0D; kısmı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan dört farklı balık unu fabrikasında alınan &#x0D; balık unlarının besin madde içeriği değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre en yüksek değerler; kuru madde (KM) %95.90 (p&amp;lt;0.0001) ve &#x0D; ham kül (HK) %17.20 (p&amp;lt;0.0001) ile D, ham protein (HP) %73.40 (p&amp;lt;0.0001) ile A, ham yağ (HY) %11.33 (p&amp;lt;0.01) ile B, &#x0D; metabolik enerji (ME, kanatlı) 3537.5 Kcal kg-1&#x0D; (p&amp;lt;0.001) ile B fabrikasında tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada genel olarak bütün &#x0D; amino asitler bakımından en yüksek değerler A fabrikasında, en düşük değerler D fabrikasında elde edilmiştir (p&amp;lt;0.0001). &#x0D; Esansiyel yağ asitlerinden linoleik ve linolenik asit miktarları bakımından fabrikalar arasında istatistiksel bir farkın olmadığı &#x0D; (p˃0.01), palmitik asit, palmitoleik asit ve oleik asit düzeylerinin ise önemli düzeyde (p˃0.001) B fabrikasında görüldüğü tespit &#x0D; edilmiştir. Ülkemizde yaygın olarak Karadeniz Bölgesinde üretilen balık unları arasında besin madde bileşenleri açısından &#x0D; farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir

Meat Fatty Acid Composition and Malondialdehyde Concentration of Dried Star Gooseberry Leaf Extract for Duck Feed

Local ducks have good potential to be developed as a producer of meat and eggs as a source of animal protein. However, compared to other poultry, duck meat has relatively high fat and cholesterol contents, which are not preferred as they may have harmful effects on health. Additionally, excessive meat fat content can also cause a rotten smell to the meat. Containing carotene, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidants, star gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus) leaves are potential to be used a feed additive in poultry ration. This study aimed to assess the effects of the inclusion of dried star gooseberry leaf extract (DSGLE) meal in rations on the composition of fatty acids, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cholesterol of local duck meat. One-hundred local ducks were randomly allocated into 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of rations containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% DSGLE. Measurements were taken on meat fat content, MDA contents, cholesterol level, and fatty acid composition. Results showed that treatments significantly affected meat fat content, fatty acid composition, cholesterol level, and MDA content. It was concluded that feeding ducks with DSGLE meal reduced meat fat and cholesterol levels, improved meat fatty acid composition and protected the meat from oxidative damage. This study reinforced the benefits of using phytochemicals in diets in improving the production performance and product quality of poultry animals. Results of this study uncovered another way to produce healthier duck meat containing less fat and having less off-odor.