Poultry Excreta Research Articles

Evaluating poultry excreta leachate for algal biomass and biodiesel production for resource recovery and circular economy

Evaluating poultry excreta leachate for algal biomass and biodiesel production for resource recovery and circular economy

Study of the Prevalence of E. Coli in Poultry and Selection of Specific Bacteriophages

Avian colibacillosis is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity associated with economic losses in the industry throughout the world. The problem is enhanced by the growing resistance of pathogenic pathogens towards antibiotics. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists’ interest in bacteriophages (phages), viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. The aim of our work was to study the prevalence of pathogenic E-coli in poultry, isolate, characterize, and evaluate the potential use of isolated bacteriophages to control E. coli infections in poultry. 35 pathogenic E. coli strains were isolated from 90 sample of poultry excreta. The most common phylogenetic groups were A1 (25%), A2 (15%), B1 (35%), and B2 (25%). E. coli was 100% resistant to five antibiotics (Bacitracin, Clindamycin, Carbapenem, Cephalexin, Clarithromycin). E. coli was least resistant to oxacillin (40%), followed by tetracycline (48.6%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance was 91.4%. Such high levels of resistance in E. coli isolated from poultry excreta could pose a serious threat to humans. Five novel phages against pathogenic E. coli were isolated from sewage water and characterized in vitro. The electron microscopic analysis showed that two phages belonged to the Myoviridae family and three bacteriophages belonged to the Siphoviridae family, in the order Caudovirales

Screening and Identification of Chromium Resistant Bacteria from Poultry Excreta

The occurrence of heavy metal-resistant bacteria in the environment acts as an indicator of heavy metal pollution. The impact of heavy metal contamination in co-selection and proliferation of antimicrobial[1]resistant bacteria is well-documented in existing literature. The present study aims to determine the occurrence of chromium-resistant bacteria (CRB) in poultry feces and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation ability. 28 CRBs were isolated by inoculating samples on chromium-amended media. 6 of 28 isolates were resistant to a maximum of 1000 ppm chromium. Isolated CRBs also showed varying degrees of resistance to other heavy metals, including Cd, Ni, and Hg. Biofilm formation was observed in 67.8% isolates, of which 60.7% and 7.1% were weak and moderate biofilm former, respectively. All the isolates exhibited sensitivity to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Imipenem, and Amikacin. Only one isolate was multi-drug resistant. In addition, all the isolates possessed chromate reductase gene that confirmed their chromium-reducing activity. Two isolates were identified as Bacillus altituidinis and Brevibcillus parabrevis on the basis of 16s rRNA analysis. Further estimation of chromium-reduction capacity and whole genome analysis will reveal their bioremediation potential.
 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 40, Number 1, June 2023, pp 1-6

Isolation and in-vitro characterization of extracellular phytase producing bacterial isolates for potential application in poultry feed

BackgroundPhytase catalyses the breakdown of complex organic forms of phosphorous into simpler forms by sequential hydrolysis of phosphate ester bonds to liberate the inorganic phosphate. Supplementation of feeds with bacterial phytase therefore could enhance the bioavailability of phosphorus and micronutrients. Hence, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phytase producing bacteria from rhizosphere soil, fresh poultry excreta, and cattle shed to evaluate their potential in improving poultry feeds. Phytase producing bacteria were isolated using wheat bran extract medium.ResultsA total of 169 bacterial isolates were purified and screened for phytase activity. Out of these, 36 were confirmed as positive for phytase enzyme activity. The bacterial isolates were identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical features. The isolates were also identified by using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacterial isolates (RS1, RS8, RS10 and RS15) were provided with gene bank database accession numbers of MZ407562, MZ407563, MZ407564 and MZ407565 respectively. All isolates increased phytase production when cultured in wheat bran extract medium (pH 6) supplemented with 1% (wt/v) galactose and 1% (wt/v) ammonium sulphate incubated at 50oC for 72 h. Proximate composition analysis after supplementation of phytase showed that phytase supplementation improved bioavailability of phosphorus, calcium, potassium and sodium in poultry feed.ConclusionsOverall, this study showed that the nutritional value of poultry feed can be improved using microbial phytase enzyme which reduces the cost of supplementation with inorganic phosphate.

Influence of Different Angles in the Photobioreactor on Algal Biomass Growth with Optimized Poultry Excreta Leachate: A Batch-Scale Study

In this study, the influence of solar inclination angles on biomass growth and the biomolecule profile of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) were analyzed in the vertical flat–panel photobioreactor (FPPBR). The growth of C. pyrenoidosa was analyzed at three different solar inclination angles (32.9°, 47.9°, and 90°) in a natural open environment with BG-11 medium and poultry excreta leachate (PEL). The maximum yield of biomass was obtained at 2.40 g/L with PEL and 1.45 g/L with BG-11 medium at a solar inclination angle of 47.9°. The biomass yield with PEL and BG-11 was 5.09–10.26%, 3.94–5.72%, respectively, while biomass productivity with PEL and BG-11 was 5.27–10.63%, 4.06–5.90% higher at a solar inclination angle of 47.9° as compared to 32.9°. The average temperature and radiation of FPPBR were recorded ≈3.90 ± 0.40% and ≈17.28 ± 2.23% higher at a solar inclination angle of 47.9° as compared to a solar inclination angle of 32.9°. The inclined radiation was acquired the maximum area of FPPBR. Results indicated that solar inclination angles enhanced the productivity of algae in FPPBR.

Destruction of Mycotoxins in Poultry Waste under Anaerobic Conditions within Methanogenesis Catalyzed by Artificial Microbial Consortia.

To reduce the toxicity of modern feeds polluted by mycotoxins, various sorbents are added to them when feeding animals. A part of the mycotoxins is excreted from the body of animals with these sorbents and remains in the manure. As a result, bulk animal wastes containing mixtures of mycotoxins are formed. It is known that it is partially possible to decrease the initial concentration of mycotoxins in the process of anaerobic digestion (AD) of contaminated methanogenic substrates. The aim of this review was to analyze the recent results in destruction of mycotoxins under the action of enzymes present in cells of anaerobic consortia catalyzing methanogenesis of wastes. The possible improvement of the functioning of the anaerobic artificial consortia during detoxification of mycotoxins in the bird droppings is discussed. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of effective functioning of microbial enzymes that catalyze the detoxification of mycotoxins, both at the stage of preparation of poultry manure for methanogenesis and directly in the anaerobic process itself. The sorbents with mycotoxins which appeared in the poultry wastes composed one of the topics of interest in this review. The preliminary alkaline treatment of poultry excreta before processing in AD was considered from the standpoint of effectively reducing the concentrations of mycotoxins in the waste.

Biogas: An Alternative Energy Source for Domestic and Small-Scale Industrial Use in Nigeria

In Nigeria today, there is a lot of waste that is being generated on a daily basis. From Domestic wastes to kitchen wastes, poultry and livestock not excluded. Due to the current energy crisis and climate change, the country could benefit greatly from an alternative energy source which is eco-friendly, renewable, sustainable and efficient. This alternative energy source is called ‘’Biogas”. Biogas is formed by anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biogas can be produced from kitchen wastes, cow dungs, poultry, pig faeces, etc. These wastes from the Bio-digester can later be treated as a by-product to give a nutrient rich organic fertilizer that can be used in farmlands and gardens. This paper outlines the benefits of organic waste and its potentials for domestic as well as industrial use when compared to other conventional fuels. The selected organic wastes that were thoroughly analyzed in this research work are; Human excreta, Pig excreta, sheep and goat excreta, abattoir waste, poultry excreta, cattle excreta, crop residue and municipal waste. Using computational techniques based on standard measurement. It was deduced that Nigeria generates about 591 million tons of the selected organic waste per annum. The results obtained from the research work shows that biogas has the potential of yielding about 32.29 billion m3 of biogas equivalent to 178 894 587.6 MWh. This estimated biogas yield will completely displace use of kerosene and coal for domestic cooking hereby reducing the consumption of wood fuel by 70%. The research also gives a recommendation for government and also the NGOs to encourage waste to energy mobilization and support its implementation in rural areas of the country.

Effect of Incorporating Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) Meal into Broiler Diets on Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen from Poultry Excreta: A Review

Poultry feeds are formulated using soybean meal and animal by-products as sources of protein. Animal proteins like fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal are being shunned in formulating poultry feeds nowadays because they are associated with zoonotic diseases like salmonellosis and this has left soybean meal as the only source of dietary protein in broiler feeds. Soybean meal is in short supply in Zimbabwe and this country is relying on some soybean meal imports from South Africa and Zambia resulting in prices of poultry feed and broiler meat going upwards. Cheap and locally available alternative sources of protein to soybean meal must be found in order to reduce the cost of making poultry feed. The selected alternative source of protein must have protein which is highly digestible such that the bulk of this protein can be metabolized and utilized by broilers to synthesize meat leaving a little of it to be excreted through faeces and urine. Highly digestible protein is very important in broiler feed making because this reduces the amount of nitrogen lost through poultry excreta into the environment. Cowpea has been chosen to entirely or partially replace soybean meal in this review paper because it is locally grown, drought tolerant, cheap and its true protein digestibility (TPD) of 71% to 76% is generally comparable to 81% to 83% of soybean meal. Nowadays, people are concerned about protecting the environment from being polluted by wastes from industrial and agricultural activities. Poultry farming pollutes the environment with ammonia emitted from poultry excreta. The grain legumes used in formulating broiler feed such as soybean meal contain anti-nutritional factors which reduce protein digestibility and increase nitrogen excretion through poultry faeces. The nitrogen in faeces is volatilized into ammonia, emitted into the atmosphere and cause eutrophication of surface waters. Therefore, the effect of incorporating cowpea meal in broiler diets on environmental pollution by nitrogen excretion from broiler faeces needs to be explored.

EFECTO ADITIVO DE ENSILADOS DE POLLINAZA, CERDAZA Y UREA MEZCLADOS CON MELAZA DE CAÑA Y SUBPRODUCTO DE PANADERÍA EN DIETAS PARA CORDEROS

<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of silages from non-conventional sources of nitrogen and soluble carbohydrates in feeding lambs is controversial in terms of nutrient supply; due to the minimum number of studies reported to date of <em>in vitro</em> evaluations that allow measuring its nutritional value in ruminants. <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the additive effect and fermentation potential of silages plus concentrates in diets for lambs on the <em>in vitro</em> gas production kinetics. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Six diets (silage + concentrate) were evaluated in a factorial arrangement of 3 N sources (dried poultry litter, fresh swine manure, agricultural urea) × 2 carbohydrate sources (sugar cane molasses, bakery by-product). The diets contained: a) silage (400 g/kg DM) and b) concentrates (600 g/kg DM) based on soybean meal, ground corn, wheat bran, corn stover, fish meal, and vitamin and mineral premix. Average gas production data were analyzed with PROC MIXED and the gas production curves were fitted into the Exponential Logistic model with PROC NLMIXED. <strong>Results:</strong> The PO+MC (151.87 mL/gas MS) and CF+MC (153.12 mL/gas MS) treatments had higher average gas production during incubation. An additive effect was observed on the maximum asymptote of gas production in the CF+MC (+ 4.26%) and PO+MC (+ 3.75%) diets (<em>P</em><0.01). Diets based on PO or CF combined with MC and SPP had higher IVDMD, IVOMD, and IVNDFD than the control treatment (UR). <strong>I</strong><strong>mplications: </strong>The inclusion in diets for growing lambs of corn stover silage based on rapidly fermentable carbohydrate sources with non-protein nitrogen from pig and poultry excreta in diets for growing lambs has associative effects on nutrient degradability and its fermentation potential in small ruminant feed. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The PO+MC treatment has a higher potential for gas production due to the associative effect of its components. </p>

Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Poultry Excreta Used for Vegetable Farming in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

The transfer of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans is of concern in recent times. One potential source of such transfer is the untreated poultry excreta used as manure in farming. We aim to identify bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli in poultry excreta in Sierra Leone. This was a cross-sectional study of fresh poultry excreta samples collected from four commercial poultry sites in Freetown, Sierra Leone, from June–September 2021. Bacterial isolates were tested against eight antibiotics using established standards. Of 100 samples, 93 showed Escherichia coli (93%): of those, eight isolates also had Salmonella (8%). E. coli was 100% resistant to all three ‘Watch’ drugs (erythromycin, cefoxitin and streptomycin) and tetracycline. E. coli was least resistant to ampicillin (12%), followed by chloramphenicol (35%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance was 95.6%. Multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.5–0.7 (optimal < 0.2), indicating high prior exposure to antibiotics in these poultries. Such high levels of resistance in E. coli isolated from poultry excreta could pose a serious threat to humans. We recommend (i) routine surveillance to monitor antibiotic resistance in poultry excreta, (ii) using poultry excreta as manure only after treatment and (iii) restricting the use of antibiotics as prophylactics and growth promoters in poultry feeds.

Analysis of the Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Livestock and Poultry Farming Pollution and Assessment of the Environmental Pollution Load in Anhui Province

Anhui Province is located in the eastern China, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and contains three major basins, i.e., the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, and Xin’an River basins. Based on the statistical data of livestock and poultry quantity and farmland area in Anhui Province in 2019, ArcGIS was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) pollutants in Anhui Province in order to explore the potential pollution risk posed by livestock and poultry farming to the farmland and the water environment in Anhui Province. The equivalent pollution load method was adopted to compare and assess the release of LPE pollutants in various cities and to analyze the causes. Through the calculation of the farmland carrying capacity load and early warning value of LPE and the water load of livestock and poultry pollutant release based on the equivalent pollution index method, a comprehensive assessment of the potential pollution risk posed by livestock and poultry farming on farmland and the water environment in Anhui Province was carried out. In this study, the spatial distribution of the livestock and poultry pollution in Anhui Province was analyzed, the effect of the pollution load of the livestock and poultry on the cultivated land and water environment was evaluated, and suggestions for environmental protection measures are provided. The results of this study revealed that the total pig equivalent of the livestock and poultry farming in Anhui Province was 55,068,400 and the LPE output was 47,778,600 t in 2019. The LPE pollutant output was 1,707,700 t, and the total release was 510,400 t. The release of pollutant chemical oxygen demand (COD) accounted for 71.67% of the total release. The average farmland load of the pig manure equivalent was 8.09 t/hm2 in the province. The average pollutant diffusion concentration of in the water was 31.63 mg/L. The average equivalent pollution index of LPE was 5.23, indicating a mild pollution impact on the water environment. Overall, the spatial distribution of the LPE pollutant output and pig manure equivalent farmland load in Anhui Province increased from south to north. Fuyang and Suzhou cities had a high risk of water environment pollution and should be the key regions for livestock and poultry pollution prevention and control measures. The optimization of the layout of livestock and poultry farming areas, smoothing the cycles of crop and livestock farming, and the vigorous promotion of the resource utilization of the LPE are proposed.

Applied Research Note: Evaluation of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial as a strategy to reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions from poultry excreta using a practical monitoring method

Effective implementation of noxious odor mitigation strategies requires a thorough understanding of production causes, a clear definition of harmful odor limits, and practical and effective methods to measure emissions into the environment. With the increasing demand for poultry products and consequently, intensification of production systems, there is a need for versatile odor remediation approaches. Hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) is a pungent noxious gas associated with poultry farms. The presence and intensity of H 2 S from animal excreta is the result of the dynamic balance of its formation and reduction, under primarily anaerobic microbial fermentation conditions. Unlike other odors such as ammonia, H 2 S production and emission is a less researched subject. In the present study, a practical monitoring method was devised to evaluate the efficacy of a Bacillus -based microbial product as a strategy to remediate H 2 S emissions from poultry excreta. The evaluated excreta were preconditioned with distilled water and then incubated for 24 h under controlled temperature before odor measurement. Plastic containers were used as incubation units, and H 2 S diffusion tubes were used as the monitoring tool. Hydrogen sulfide emitted from the excreta of broilers fed the microbial product was reduced on average by 42.9% compared to a nonmicrobial fed group. Under the current trial conditions, H 2 S emitted from growing broiler chicken excreta was easily detectable and variation was low. Moreover, the method allowed dynamic and quick H 2 S monitoring that will further offer tools to the commercial poultry industry for evaluating the effectiveness of feeding strategies in odor remediation.

Effect of granular fertilizer of disinfected chicken dung application on crop productivity and soil fertility

On dark gray forest and leached chernozem soils of the Tambov region, the effectiveness of using new granular organic fertilizer from poultry excreta was evaluated. After disinfection of the litter by deep drying, the total content of NPK in the fertilizer constitutes 11-12%, the content of trace elements is about 1g/kg. Field experiments conducted in 2019 showed that the yield increase from the introduction of the studied organic fertilizer at a dose of 4-8 t/ha on spring wheat was 25-30%, on spring barley - 20-23%, on sugar beets from the introduction of 8 t/ha - 10-12%, on potatoes - 40-50%, on tomatoes from 6 t/ha - 30-32% Profitability from the use of this fertilizer on cereals is 130-145%, on technical crops - 140-150%, on vegetables - 230-250%. Optimal fertilizer doses contribute to increasing protein in wheat grains by 1.5%, sugar content in sugar beets by 8-9%, starch content in potatoes by 3-4%, and sugar, dry substances and vitamin C content in tomatoes by 1-2%. The introduction of fertilizer in doses higher than optimal contributes to the increase of basic nutrients and micronutrients content in the soil.

Seasonal Variations in Biogas Production from Excreta of Monogastric Farm Animals under Tropical Climate

The present study analysed the changes in the quantity and composition of biogas produced from the excreta of swine, rabbit and poultry during monsoon and summer seasons. The highest volume of biogas production was observed in rabbit excreta (0.0813 ± 0.0007m3), followed by poultry excreta (0.0778 ± 0.0005 m3) and swine excreta (0.0738 ± 0.0004 m3). Methane concentration was higher in biogas produced from rabbit excreta (70.96 ± 0.19) followed by that from poultry excreta (66.87 ± 0.21) and swine excreta (62.41 ± 0.20), whereas carbon dioxide concentration was highest in swine excreta (28.07 ± 0 .32) followed by rabbit excreta (24.54 ± 0.15) and poultry excreta (22.14 ± 0.14). The biogas production was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the summer season compared to monsoon in all three substrates. It was observed that daily mean temperature had a significant positive relationship and relative humidity had a negative relationship with the quantity of biogas produced (P less than 0.01). The gas production also had a significant positive correlation with the temperature and pH of the digesta.

Novel approach for harvesting of microalgal biomass using electric geyser waste material deposit as flocculant in coupling with poultry excreta leachate

The aim of this work was to study the flocculation efficiency of algal biomass (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) in coupling with waste materials i.e. poultry excreta leachate by using other waste material which was obtained from deposition of scaling in electric geyser.Utilization of electric geyser waste material deposit (EGWMD) for flocculation is a novel approach because of various elements which are replica of chemical flocculants responsible for flocculation mechanism in culture medium. Flocculation process was optimized by response surface methodology and 98.21% flocculation efficiency was achieved with designed process parameters as temperature 32.5 °C, flocculant dose 275 mgL-1, pH 5 and time 30 min. The reusability of spent medium was also analyzed at 70.2% and 32.5% flocculation efficiency with two successive steps. The cellular morphology of pre-harvested and post-harvested Chlorella pyrenoidosa was also observed. EGWMD is abundant and freely available that has no application till now and can alternate of chemical flocculants.

Effects of Dietary Palygorskite Supplementation on Cecal Microbial Community Structure and the Abundance of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Broiler Chickens Fed With Chlortetracycline

AbstractAntibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) have been regarded as emerging contaminants that threaten public health worldwide. Poultry excreta, often used as a fertilizer in agriculture, are a major route for the proliferation and dissemination of ARGs in the environment. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of dietary palygorskite (Plg) supplementation as nutritional manipulation for the modulation of microbial community structure and the attenuation of ARGs in the cecal contents of broilers fed with chlortetracycline (CTC). In total, 256 one-day-old, mixed-sex, broiler chicks were allocated randomly into a 2 × 2 factorial design of four treatments, which consisted of two levels of CTC (0 or 50 mg/kg) and Plg (0 or 10 g/kg). By employing in vivo feeding and slaughter experiments, after collecting the cecal contents and extracting the total genomic DNA, 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable amplicon pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR-based approaches were used to address the impact of Plg on microbiota and the abundance of ARGs in broilers. The results showed that broilers given a diet supplemented with Plg had greater α-diversity indices including Chao1, phylogenetic diversity tree, and observed-species index calculations, when compared with those without Plg supplementation. Birds given a diet supplemented with Plg had fewer Firmicutes at the phylum level, but a greater abundance of Alistipes at the bacterial genus level. Dietary Plg counteracted the CTC-induced increased abundance of ARGs, among which tet(K) had a pronounced decrease, along with a similar decreased tendency for other measured ARGs and intI1. Overall, the results indicated that Plg supplementation caused pronounced changes in cecal microbial diversity and microbiota community composition of broilers, and effectively reduced ARGs, indicating that Plg supplementation is a potential alternative measure for the attenuation of ARGs in the cecal contents of broilers.

New innovative technologies for obtaining compost using forestry and agriculture waste

The use of organic fertilizers creates optimal conditions for obtaining standard planting material. The technology of obtaining organomineral compost via storing bunker method using sawdust, poultry excreta and waste of mushroom production is presented. It was established that at a 60 -65% humidity of organomineral compost, the degree of its readiness is 3-5 months. The use of agricultural and forestry wastes contributes to their more efficient use in forest nursery production. The rational use of non-traditional organic fertilizers in the form of mushroom waste and sawdust will help reduce the burden on the environmental condition. To grow standard forest species seedlings and increase soil fertility, it is necessary to use both pure organic fertilizers and compost as they contain nutrients in plant-accessible form.

Effect of low-temperature drying on the nitrogenous compounds and inositol phosphates in broiler chickens and cecectomized laying hen excreta.

We investigated how the chemical composition of broiler chicken and cecectomized laying hen excreta is affected by drying in a forced-air drying chamber at low temperatures. Excreta that was immediately frozen after voiding provided the reference values. The excreta were dried in drying chambers for 4hr, 6hr, and 12hr at 23°C or 33°C in the broiler experiment and 19°C or 29°C in the cecectomized laying hen experiment. The total N and inositol phosphate concentrations in the excreta of broiler chickens and cecectomized laying hens were not influenced (p>.050), except for one inositol tetrakisphosphate isomer (p=.026) in broilers. Compared to fresh excreta, drying did not affect the ammonia concentrations in the cecectomized laying hen experiment (p>.050), but the ammonia concentration was lower when dried for 12hr at 33°C in the broiler experiment (p=.002). Amino acid concentrations in cecectomized laying hen excreta decreased until 4hr of drying and then increased at both drying temperatures (p<.001). The results indicate that the applicability of drying poultry excreta at low temperatures in forced-air drying chambers to determine the chemical compound concentrations is trait-dependent. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether these results are also dependent upon the amount of excreta stored in the drying chambers.

Enhancement of Nutrients in Poultry Excreta through Formulated Microbial Consortium along with Bio Fertilizer Microorganisms

The present investigation deals with efficiency of the formulated microbial consortium on poultry excreta to enhance the macronutrient levels. In this context we have purchased selective strains of microbes from MTCC which effectively treat and enhance the nutrients level in manure. Usage of specific microbes could prove potential means of degrading some such complex environmental pollutants converts into available macronutrients through treatment. The poultry excreta were treated as such in the bare layer shed after shifted birds from the cages. The first shed was called control. There will be no treatment only sprayed chlorine free water to maintain the proper moisture level (30-35%). In the second shed was treated with formulated microbial consortium, first week alone sprayed the consortium then weekly once sprayed chlorine free water to maintain proper moisture, in the third shed was treated with formulated microbial consortium together with biofertilizer microbes, first week sprayed formulated microbial consortium after fifteen days biofertilizer microbes had been sprayed and the rest of the weeks chlorine free water was sprayed to maintain the proper moisture level. After treatment physico chemical parameters had been analysed to evaluate the performance of the microbial consortium. The physico chemical analysis proved that the nutrients level was increased in the third poultry shed. Meanwhile, the composting time considerably decreased which increased the hope to treat poultry excreta effectively. The results showed significant (p<0.05) differences within the amount of major total and available NPK levels.

Efficacy of Liquid Protein Hydrolysate from Chicken Feather by Pseudomonas sp. on the Growth of Cucumis sativus

Keratin, which made up the chicken feather, is difficult to be broken down by the proteolytic enzyme. Annually, millions of tons of chicken feathers are disposed of worldwide as waste without realizing the high protein content in the feather. Due to the presence of keratinase from keratinolytic bacteria, chicken feathers are disposed of together with poultry excreta. Therefore, this study is conducted to study the ability of liquid protein hydrolysate produced by bacteria in poultry excreta to utilize into biofertilizing and biocontrol. Keratinolytic bacteria are identified from poultry excreta by screening. The isolated enzyme was optimized in various conditions such as different pH, temperature, and feather concentration as well as nitrogen and carbon sources. Enzymatic activity increased gradually from 1% to 5% in carbon and nitrogen sources. Liquid protein hydrolysate was used to study the biofertilizing ability on the growth of Cucumis sativus and antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas sp. has the capability to degrade the feather on 10th day due to the high enzymatic activity. Pseudomonas sp. shows high enzymatic activity at 37⁰C, pH 8, and feather concentration at 0.5%. The chlorophyll estimation shows a p-value&lt;0.05 after being treated with liquid protein hydrolysate. Liquid protein hydrolysate promoted the growth of Cucumis sativus as well as Pseudomonas sp. The antibacterial properties can also be seen against Escherichia coli. In a nutshell, chicken feather produces liquid protein hydrolysate, which has biofertilizing properties. The full potential of liquid hydrolysate can be understood with further analysis of peptide in protein hydrolysate.