Pottery Materials Research Articles

Removal of copper(II) from aqueous solution by Jordanian pottery materials

The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of removing some heavy metals from water by a low-cost adsorbent, like Jordanian raw pottery. Five types of raw and modified pottery materials have been investigated. The effects of initial metal concentration, agitation time, pH and temperature on the removal of Cu(II) were studied. A pseudo-first order was used to test the adsorption kinetics. In order to investigate the sorption isotherm, two equilibrium models, the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, were analyzed. The effect of solution pH on the adsorption onto pottery was studied in the pH range 1–5. The adsorption was exothermic at ambient temperature and the computation of the parameters, Δ H, Δ S and Δ G, indicated the interactions to be thermodynamically favorable.

Sedentism and pre-contact tribal organization on the northern plains: colonial imposition or indigenous development?

This paper explores the influence of sedentary and semi-sedentary ‘tribally’ organized Eastern Woodlands and Middle Missouri horticultural villagers on Canadian plains hunter-gatherer social organization during the millennium prior to European contact. So-called tribal organization of Canadian plains bison hunters has been suggested to have been caused by the acquisition of domesticated horses from Europeans, which enabled the ritualized mass killing of bison, large group size and a more complex material culture. That is, the complex culture of plains groups at the time of European contact is held to be the result of that contact. It is clear, however, that the material culture correlates of semi-sedentism, complexity and tribal social organization begin to appear in the archaeological record of the Canadian plains with the development of horticultural villages to the south and east, and the appearance of certain aspects of village material culture (primarily specific types of pottery and lithic raw materials) in Canadian plains archaeological assemblages well prior to any European influence. Expansion of horticulture slowed dramatically upon encountering the plains peoples who, I suggest, adopted certain aspects of the culture of their horticultural neighbours and sometime invaders, including a segmentary tribal social organization, sodalities and limited use of traded horticultural products, primarily maize. By adopting a communal bison-hunting subsistence system that included the construction of gathering facilities such as pounds and jumps, people were able to increase their food production capabilities while reinforcing their tribal social structure. These cultural changes would have occurred as a result of resistance to the expansion of apparently aggressive horticultural neighbours combined with acculturation to a changing world system of food production. The complex culture of Canadian plains peoples appeared well prior to the appearance of Europeans and is an indigenous development.

Removal of mercury from water using pottery

Summary In a previous study, the sorption of radiocobalt by powdered pottery materials was investigated. The use of these materials as immobilization matrix for liquid radioactive waste requires the employment of pottery vessels. Therefore, the present study aims to give detailed investigations of the decontamination of radionuclides and toxic elements using pottery containers. These investigations are equally useful to elucidate how far these vessels can be utilized for water purification through decontamination of toxic and heavy metals. The radionuclide or heavy metal removal capability using pottery pots, as low cost sorbents, has been investigated for both radioactive (203Hg) and stable mercury. The results indicated that Hg2+ is better removed by pottery from neutral to alkaline solutions. The capacity of the used pottery container (100 ml in volume) for complete removal of mercury was found to reach 3 × 10-4 mol/l, and the time needed was 8 hours. The sorption process was suggested to occur via adsorption and ion exchange. The effect of presence of humic or fulvic acid, as ligands abundant in water, is also investigated. The results imply that, in absence of humic or fulvic acid the sorption follows the expected behaviour, i.e. sorption sites with similar affinity for mercury. In presence of humic or fulvic acid, additional sorption sites are available by the organic molecule when it is associated to the pottery.

Agre og miler ved Filsø

Agre og miler ved Filsø

Ringkøbing i middelalderen

Ringkøbing i middelalderen

Early Islamic Pottery Materials and Techniques

Early Islamic Pottery Materials and Techniques

Potential of pottery materials in manufacturing radioactive waste containers

Various pottery materials were evaluated for possible use in manufacturing containers for radioactive waste. Their potential was examined from the viewpoints of the effectiveness of disposal and the changes induced in them by gamma rays. Samples of these materials were irradiated with high-energy neutrons and gamma rays in a reactor near its core. the physical and mechanical properties of the materials before and after gamma irradiation (in a 60Co gamma cell) were compared. The study showed that pottery materials are resistant to radiation. Therefore, they were proposed for manufacturing drums for disposal of radioactive waste of high gamma activity.

Introduction of Closed Pores into Pottery Body by Addition of Microspherical Hollow Flyash Powder

The microstructures of ceramics obtained by firing a pottery material blended with hollow ceramic microspheres of flyash origin to introduce closed pores into the ceramics were examined. The bulk density of the ceramics was found to decrease proportionally to the flyash balloon content, and it was slightly bigger than the apparent density when the firing temperature was set to 1260°C (standard temperature for firing the pottery material). The addition of flyash balloon resulted in the formation of both open and closed pores in the ceramics. The open pore ratio increased linearly with flyash content up to 57 vol%, and the ratio upturned further above 57%. The closed pore ratio increased approximately with the volume of the flyash balloons. The pore formation mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction measurements. The optimum firing temperature for achieving a well-vitrified body increased with decreasing potassium content due to the diffusion of potassium from the pottery material to the flyash balloons. Interspaces among the balloons contributed to the open pore volume at the balloon concentrations larger than 57 vol%. Light ceramics were successfully produced by firing at 1350°C which caused the sealing of the open pores.

The source of raw materials for Roman pottery from Leptiminus, Tunisia

AbstractLeptiminus, a Roman port city on the west coast of Tunisia, North Africa, exported olive oil and a garum fish paste to Rome. Excavations have uncovered many facilities including kilns and a potter's workshop, indicating an extensive ceramic industry. The vessels, manufactured at Leptiminus, included African red‐slip fineware, coarseware, and amphorae. A petrographic study of pottery sherds showed them to contain very similar temper, rounded aeolian sand grains and limestone, but varying in proportions to produce different textures. An investigation of the source of raw materials for the pottery found three distinct types of clay within a 50 km radius of Leptiminus: grey Miocene, brown Pliocene, and green Late Pliocene clay. Statistical analysis of trace element compositions, using induced neutron activation, of clays and sherds showed that the Pliocene brown clay was used to create all types of pottery. The specific clay horizon, used in Roman times, has apparently been removed by quarrying. However, a lateral continuation of this bed was found 7 m beneath the Leptiminus site 290. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Determination of zinc in clay and pottery materials by instrumental neutron activation analysis

The problems of determination of zinc in clay, ceramics and soils via 65Zn using INAA are discussed. The applicability of different approaches for solving the influence of 46Sc and 152Eu by gamma-spectrometry on the line of 65Zn at 1115.5 keV are experimentally evaluated. The application of the correction program ANGES for the calculation of the net peak area is demonstrated. All discussed approaches are checked by analyses of 10 SRM"s: Ohio Red Clay, Lefkandi brick, IAEA-SRM-Soil-1, IAEA-SRM-Soil-5, IAEA-SRM-Soil-7, IAEA-SRM-SL-3, GBW-08303, GBW-07406, NIST-SRM-2709 and BCR-SRM-520.

リサイクル原料から固相合成させたフェライトを担持した陶磁器質材料

Recently, there has been a strong interest in recycling technologies for industrial waste. In this study, pottery materials containing Mn-Zn ferrite were manufactured by solid-phase reaction sintering, using grinding sludge from bearings and recycled powder from dry-cell batteries. Evaluation of the materials characteristics, confirmed that Mn-Zn ferrite was generated in fired products. The ferrite content was higher after reduced atmosphere firing than after oxidized atmosphere firing, and increased as the firing temperature rose. The electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics of the fired products had practical efficiency at 1180°C and 1200°C reduced atmosphere firing, but had low efficiency at 1160°C reduced atmosphere firing and 1200°C oxidized atmosphere firing.

Scenes from the past: CT in the archaeologic study of ancient Greek ceramics.

Introduction The first pottery was made about 6,000 b.c. during the transition between the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. It was during this time that man developed a new method of providing himself with food: agriculture. This new method largely replaced hunting and gathering, which had been used since the dawn of mankind. This important change took place in Mesopotamia, an area between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. Agriculture produces food supplies and made it necessary to store food. The need for solid containers emerged, and a technique for making pots developed. At first, pottery was made without the use of a potter’s wheel. About 2,500 b.c., the slow-turning wheel was invented in the Levant (ie, the area along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea). The Greeks introduced the fastturning potter’s wheel in 900 b.c. The use of a potter’s wheel made it possible to produce more sophisticated pottery (1). Ever since its inception, pottery has performed functions related to eating and drinking, storage, and transport. Once pottery material has been fired, it is virtually indestructible and cannot be recycled. Therefore, for any culture, pottery is the richest category of archaeologic finds, and its abundance makes it the best tool for dating. The shape and decoration of pottery demonstrate gradual development over time. The development of shape depends on many factors, the most important being changes in the use of ceramics and the reigning fashion. Other factors include improvement or decline in pottery-making techniques for economic reasons, the fuel used in the firing process, and the quality of the available clay. Decorations are unique and are dictated by the reigning fashion and by influences from abroad due to foreign trade (1). The archaeologist has to establish the time frame involved. Comparative stratigraphy is the method used to determine relative chronology in development. This method operates on the assumption that artifacts found in the same bottom layer are of the same age and that the deepest layer is the oldest one. Comparative stratigraphy enables archaeologists to reconstruct the relative chronology of a painter’s or potter’s output. Graves and destruction levels, which can be assumed to contain contemporary materials, link the various developmental stages of the material they contain (1). This information, combined with data gleaned from ancient authors, yields the framework for absolute dating. Because of its abundance as well as the continuous and rapid changes in fashion and in details of shape and decoration, Greek pottery underlies the chronology of all archaeologic phenomena in Europe, North Africa, and the Near East dating from the first millennium b.c. Thanks to their excellent clay, ancient Greek potters were able to turn pottery with highly sophisticated shapes on their wheels. Greek pottery

Analyse d'un ensemble de terre sigillée

Wim de Clerc and Johan Deschieter, Prospections in Steene-Pitgam : analysis of a set of sigiliated earthenware. Over the past few years, the amateur archaelogist Ph. Ducrocq systematically prospected the surroundings of the communes of Steen-Pitgam. The eleven « dumping grounds » of archaeological artefacts that he located belong to an extensive Roman salt extraction site. Among the pottery material, sigiliated earthenware occupies a significant position. The typological, stylistic and quantitative analysis of this pottery brings chronological precisions regarding the Gallo-Roman occupation in Steene-Pitgam, and testifies of a development of the site in the Ilnd century. The set of terra sigillata remains stretches from the Nero period to the middle of the Illrd century. From the economic point of view one can assert that this site was supplied by the workshops of the south, the centre and the east of Gaul. The analysis of the Steene-Pitgam terra sigillata earthenware allows to add new elements to the study of this pottery in northern France and to tackle at the same time some general issues. Nevertheless, it remains obvious that results gathered from surface material must be confronted with well confined contexts from the site and with other regional sites.

Le site archéologique du Khant (région de Saint-Louis du Sénégal) : nouveaux éléments

An impressive find of fishing material was excavated from the archaeological site of Khant in Senegal, discovered in 1969.After a geographical description of the Khant basin and a study of the paleoenvironment, excavations of archaeological finds (pottery and lithic materials, bone tools, harpoons, hooks, axes, ornemental objects) and of faunal materials are reviewed. Datings suggest that the site of Khant belongs to the Atlantic Neolithic of Western Mauritania.As a part of the site has been irretrievably lost, it is not possible, considering the present state of research and data, to clarify the question of the origin, traditions and period of settlement of the people of Khant, the more so as a stratigraphic study demonstrates that the site and deposits are no longer in their original position. It is however possible to state that the Khant culture does not belong to the late Neolithic.

Possibilidades de interpretação do conteúdo simbólico da arte gráfica guarani.

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The Tomb of Iniuia: Preliminary Report on the Saqqara Excavations, 1993

This report outlines the results of the 1993 season of the joint EES-Leiden Museum Expedition in the New Kingdom necropolis of Memphis at Saqqara. Excavations were started in the area south of the tomb of Horemheb, where a group of mud-brick tombs of the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Dynasty are situated. One of these, the tomb of Iniuia, Overseer of the Cattle of Amun and High Steward in Memphis, was excavated. One of the chapels is decorated with wall-paintings, and is the first of its kind to be found in this part of Saqqara in a reasonably good condition. The main chapel was covered with a mud-brick pyramid, the lower part of which is still in place. A number of reliefs and fragments, partly deriving from this pyramid-chapel and betraying Amarna influence, were found. The substructure of the tomb consists of two burial chambers. Progress was made with the study of pottery and skeletal material excavated during former seasons in the tomb-complex of Maya and Meryt. The tomb of Iniuia was restored and chapels A and B of the tomb of Maya were reconstructed.

Excavations at Sabratha 1948–1951 II. The Finds, Pt. 1: The Amphorae, Coarse Pottery and Building Materials. By John Dore and Nina Keay.

<i>Excavations at Sabratha 1948–1951 II. The Finds, Pt. 1: The Amphorae, Coarse Pottery and Building Materials</i>. By John Dore and Nina Keay.

Bavay : le site de la «Terre à trois coins» : évaluation archéologique

While proceeding to an archaeological assessment prior to the development of a residential area in Bavay, we could make out several levels of destruction, probably connected to as many habitats. The weather conditions and the time awarded did not allow us to carry out excavations on a larger scale, but the discovery of a money trove (still under analysis by R. Delmaire, professor at the Université de Lille III) will certainly enable us to date these destruction layers (terminus post quern : 253)- An important pottery material was also collected : by comparing it with other regional sites, one can date it to the first half of the IHrd century, a very ill-known period in Bavay. This preliminary study of this major site (outside the forum, there is up to now very little information available with regard to the organisation of the city) will find itself confirmed only if the excavations can be carried through.

Znaki na dnach naczyń z dworu obronnego w Orłowie

Archeological investigations of the fortified manor in Orłów, parish of Bedlno, province of Płock provided a very interesting pottery material. In total, 12 318 fragments of utensils included 1390 bottoms of which 22 with signs were gathered. The choice of signs of Orłów utensils is rather inconspicuous. The sign of a simple cross drawn with a thin line of arms length from 2 to 3 cm appearing on 17 specimens was the most common. In four cases the sign of Maltese cross and in one case the cross inscribed in a circle were observed. It is hard to determine whether there are identical signs among them because of the bad state of preserved specimens (the majority of them is rubbed away). Almost all bottoms with signs belong to group A – i.e. pottery so called "traditional" and only three should be prescribed to group AB – possessing features of both traditional and "progressing" technology (biscuit-fire in reduction process). All signed bottoms date back to the second half of the XIIIth century – the first half of the XVth century. Analysing the function of signs three fundamental conceptions arise: proprietary signs of producers, proprietary signs of buyers and magic signs. As to Orłów signs the last conception seems to be the most probable.

Intensive survey of prehistoric sites in the Stilo region, Calabria.

The results of a two-year field survey in Calabria are described. A number of specially designed ‘intensive’ field survey methods were devised and tested, and the results quantified.Through typological and fabric analysis of the pottery material recovered on the survey, some indication of the changing patterns of settlement in the region are detectable, and these have a number of implications relating to the questions of internal settlement organization and exchange patterns of neolithic and later prehistoric societies in Southern Italy.