Pottery Materials Research Articles

Fracture resistance of pottery laminates with intentionally introduced defects

AbstractLaminated ceramics containing layers of pottery materials with high and low Young's moduli were developed to mimic the nacre structure of abalone shells with high resistances against dynamic fractures. The layers with the low Young's modulus moderated crack deflection and impact, thereby exhibiting a high fracture resistance. The ceramic pores were formed by the CO2 gas generated through the oxidation of SiC during firing. The dynamic fracture resistance was enhanced by elastic wave scattering owing to the difference between the Young's moduli of the dense and porous layers. The effect of lamination on the dynamic fracture resistance was observed because the elastic waves were scattered owing to the difference in the elastic modulus between the porous and dense layers, and their propagation to the back sample surface was suppressed. The fracture energy of the 5‐layer laminate was determined to be about four times larger than that of the dense monolayer, which indicates that the introduction of intentional defects is effective in improving the dynamic fracture resistance of the pottery ceramics.

Far from home

After the disappearance of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in the area now known as the Polish Lowlands, we observe a heterogeneous cultural situation. The Late Band Pottery culture (LBPC) and the Stroke-Ornamented Ware culture (SBK) are distinguished here. Generally, none of these communities used grog (ground potsherds, ‘chamotte’) as the main type of clay temper. However, there are exceptions to these production rules. In this article, the presented pottery materials from sites in the Polish Lowlands allow us to conclude that grog temper was important for some of these communities. An attempt to interpret the addition of fragments of other vessels to the pottery clay does not point to the technical advantages of the chamotte itself, but rather to its symbolic meaning – the use of fragments of burned vessels to produce new forms. A great deal of ethnographic data justifies this approach, which is sometimes used in archaeological interpretations. The proposed hypothesis allows us to consider an alternative concept of the origin of some post-LBK communities in the Polish Lowlands.

Unravelling the function of funerary pottery vessels of the 2nd-1st millennia BC in the Dailaman Province (Iran) through typology, petrography, and organic residue analyses.

Pottery vessels often comprise major burial goods at archaeological sites, thus providing valuable information for reconstructing past mortuary practices. However, because of the uncertainty of its function or use, which has been interpreted mostly through typological studies alone, the analytical potential of pottery as a burial good has not been fully exploited. This study applied bio-chemical and geochemical analyses for the first time to funerary pottery vessels of the Iron Age of North Iran to examine their function and use. The study materials are from the necropolis of Ghalekuti, Dailaman, excavated in the 1960s. Direct radiocarbon dating conducted on human and animal bones in the graves and typological analysis of the pottery anchored the chronological position of the pottery materials to the 2nd and 1st millennium BC. A petrographic analysis revealed that pottery vessels can be classified into six fabric types, including those with coarse tempers that are effective for cooking. Pottery pastes with finer inclusions less suited for cooking appeared during the early first millennium BC (Iron Age III). To obtain further insight into the function of the pottery, we conducted organic residue analyses. The results demonstrated that the vessels retained remains of botanical and animal origin. In particular, jars with tubular spouts, characteristic of the Iron Age III period, were likely specialised for botanical products. Interestingly, both carcass and dairy products from ruminant animals (cattle and caprine) were processed in short-neck jars and bowls, including spouted bowls, suggesting their use in a liquid state. Products from ruminants, particularly dairy products, may have played a significant role in the daily and ritual use of pottery vessels during the study period in Northern Iran. These results indicate that a range of pottery vessels used for specific purposes before the burial was offered for graves, helping us better understand the mortuary practices of Iron Age Iran.

The Analysis of feldspar characteristic as ceramic material at Mount Ragas, Jepara, Central Java

The ceramic industry in Indonesia is growing rapidly so it needs a lot of raw and mixture materials for ceramics. One of the materials needed in the manufacture of ceramics is feldspar. At Mount Ragas, located in Clering Village, Donorojo, Jepara, Central Java, there are feldspar deposits which have the potential to supply the demand of the ceramic industry. The purpose of the study was to determine the geological conditions, mineralogical composition, chemical composition and characteristic of feldspar in ceramic industry. The research methods used were geological mapping, petrographic analysis and XRF geochemical analysis. The lithology of research area consists of andesite and alluvium deposits. Andesite is composed of plagioclase (andesine), alkali feldspar, quartz, hornblende, pyroxene and opaque mineral. The chemical composition of feldspar consists of SiO2 (61.03-65.01%), Al2O3 (20.23-22.5%), K2O (5.27-5.52%), Na2O (4.65-5.1%), CaO (0.43-0.65%), Fe2O3 (0.61-2.13%), MgO (<0.01%), MnO2 (<0.01%), TiO2 (0.09-0.11%), Cr2O3 (<0.01%), LOI (1.65-1.73%). Based on SNI No. 1145-1984, no samples meet the requirements for porcelain materials, only sample SMP-05 meets the requirements for sanitary materials and samples SMP-04, SMP-05 and SMP-06 meet the requirements for pottery material. Based on the standard from PT Semarang Mineral Pembangunan, feldspar samples that meet the requirements for glass materials are SMP-04 and SMP-05 and samples that meet the requirements for ceramic materials are SMP-01, SMP-02, SMP-03 and SMP-06.

Dietary Practices of the Gauja Livs: Lipid Residue Analyses of the Turaida Hillfort and Pūteļi Cemetery Pottery Material

This study reports the first comprehensive data on the dietary aspects of Gauja Livs in the 11th–12th century CE. This region is presently lacking in bioarchaeological material (human bones and ancient plant remains), which is typically used for decoding the ancient diet. To tackle this problem pottery fragments from Turaida hillfort and Pūteļi cemetery were studied using Lipid Residue Analysis. Samples included both pottery clay matrix and burnt foodcrusts. The main goal of the study was to obtain direct information on the food substances consumed by the Gauja Livs, based on the pottery material from Turaida hillfort and from the local cemetery to reassess existing assumptions about their dietary practices both in mundane and ritual contexts. The lipid residue results revealed the main food groups consumed by the community contained terrestrial animal and aquatic products, but also provided insights into a potential mixing of different foodstuffs. Some of the expected foodstuffs were not found in or on the analysed pottery, leaving the possibility for a hypothetical use of cooking practices that might have excluded ceramic vessels. This research also gives preliminary indications of gender-based dietary patterns if assessed in context with other studies from the eastern Baltic Sea region in the pre-medieval and early medieval period.

Integrating Navajo Pottery Techniques To Improve Silver Nanoparticle-Enabled Ceramic Water Filters for Disinfection.

Point-of-use treatment technologies can increase access to safe drinking water in rural areas. Sustained use of these technologies is uncommon due to oversight of community needs, user-perceived risks, long-term maintenance, and conflict with traditional practices. Nanosilver-enabled ceramic water filters are unique due to the use of locally sourced materials available at or near the target community; however, technical limitations persist (e.g., nanosilver's uncontrolled release and passivation from sulfide or chloride). This work aims to overcome these limitations by impregnating nanosilver onto ceramics with a Navajo pottery rosin, collected from pinyon trees with a third-generation artisan. Here, we investigate this sustainable and novel material for drinking water treatment; the study ranges from a proof of concept to testing under realistic conditions. Results show that when embedded in a thin film, the biopolymer controlled ionic silver dissolution and prevented silver passivation from sulfide and chloride. When applied to ceramic filters, the biopolymer effectively immobilized nanosilver in a range of waters. Over a 25 day study to emulate household-use conditions, this coating method sustained disinfection of a coculture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria while controlling biofouling. Overall, the use of this Navajo pottery material can facilitate adoption while providing the needed technological advancement to these widely used treatment devices.

On the lunula stone pendants and their taiga counterparts

The paper provides brief information about crescent-shaped or moon-shaped stone pendants from the Bronze Age sites of Southern and Western Siberia. These artifacts belong to the category of rather rare finds. Across the vast territory from Cisbaikalia in the east to the Middle Irtysh Basin in the west only about 50 such items are known from the complexes of Glazkovo, Okunevo, Elunino, Odino, Krotovo, and Stepanovo archaeo-logical cultures. In most cases, lunula pendants originate from the burial complexes. Particular attention is paid to the items associated with the archaeological cultures of the taiga zone of Western Siberia (Kulyegan, Polymyat, and Vary-Khadyta). The context of 13 finds, their raw material and shape has been characterized in detail. The items of the forest series feature small dimensions: a length from 4.7–5 to 8.5 cm and a thickness from 0.17 to 0.45 cm. In comparison with the larger artefacts of the Glazkovo, Krotovo, and Odino Cultures, the taiga pendants look like their miniature imitations. Most of the items were found in the settlements. The Eneolithic — Early Bronze Age archaeological sites of the taiga Ob Basin, whose materials contain lunula pendants, belong to the 3rd — early 2nd mil. BC. This chronological range coincides with the presence of such artifacts in the forest-steppe zone. The peculiar stone pendants are interpreted as an attribute of a new symbolism in the cultures of the forest communi-ties, introduced by the Seima-Turbino groups of the population. Migrations of the Seima-Turbino populations along the Ob and Irtysh Rivers were accompanied by the mass distribution in the taiga zone of large fortified dwellings, new types of metal tools and weapons, advanced metal production technologies, and the widespread use of tin bronzes. They explain the similarity of the pottery materials and stone inventory of the taiga and the forest-steppe sites. The discovery of stone pendants in various forest zone regions, including its Arctic outskirts, allows one to interpret them as a characteristic Siberian symbolic attribute of the Palaeometal Period.

경주지역 도질토기 출현기 토기생산체계 검토

The background of the emergence of Dojil (stoneware;陶質土器) pottery in the second half of the 3rd century in Yeongnam is technical achievements such as changes in the structure of kilns that enable high-temperature firing and improvement of operating methods, and the overall development and establishment of pottery production systems in society. The process of replacing the existing pottery production system by the emergence of pottery is achieved throughout Yeongnam, including Gyeongju, Gimhae, and Haman. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the Wajil (soft stoneware;瓦質土器) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to Dojil pottery occurred at a relatively slow. This seems to be related to the relative absence of pottery materials from the 4th century in Gyeongju. It was judged that the coexistence and integration process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system in the Gyeongju area was not studied in detail. Therefore, based on this awareness of the problem, the pottery production system of the period of appearance of the Dojil pottery in Gyeongju was examined. First of all, it was set up the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pottery as a model that can observe the form by connecting Wajil-Dojil pottery. Other pottery was observed together to review the complex aspects of technical elements. Like other regions, various phenomena that appear in the coexistence process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system have been confirmed in the Gyeongju area. Therefore, until now, no production sites have been identified in the Gyeongju area, but it was concluded that the development process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system would have been similar to that of the The background of the emergence of Dojil (stoneware;陶質土器) pottery in the second half of the 3rd century in Yeongnam is technical achievements such as changes in the structure of kilns that enable high-temperature firing and improvement of operating methods, and the overall development and establishment of pottery production systems in society. The process of replacing the existing pottery production system by the emergence of pottery is achieved throughout Yeongnam, including Gyeongju, Gimhae, and Haman. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the Wajil (soft stoneware;瓦質土器) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to Dojil pottery occurred at a relatively slow. This seems to be related to the relative absence of pottery materials from the 4th century in Gyeongju. It was judged that the coexistence and integration process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system in the Gyeongju area was not studied in detail. Therefore, based on this awareness of the problem, the pottery production system of the period of appearance of the Dojil pottery in Gyeongju was examined. First of all, it was set up the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pottery as a model that can observe the form by connecting Wajil-Dojil pottery. Other pottery was observed together to review the complex aspects of technical elements. Like other regions, various phenomena that appear in the coexistence process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system have been confirmed in the Gyeongju area. Therefore, until now, no production sites have been identified in the Gyeongju area, but it was concluded that the development process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system would have been similar to that of the surrounding area.

A comprehensive archaeometric research on Roman ceramics of Sinop (Black Sea)

AbstractA multi analytical approach was applied to Roman ceramics excavated from the city center and the Church‐Necropolis area in Kılıçlı plateau (Boyabat) in Sinop/Black Sea, Turkey. The samples were exposed to various characterization methods including spectroscopic, microscopic and thermal techniques. The relatively high amounts of CaO suggested use of calcareous clay batches for most of the Gülümoğlu Roman (GR) and Boyabat Roman (BR) potsherds. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two main groups excluding GR‐7. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) pointed out two sub‐groups for the BR samples, and GR‐7 was out of the groups. The statistical approach suggested two different raw materials for GR and BR pottery which could be assigned to use of local raw materials for each settlement. The sub‐groups in BR samples and the clear distinction of GR‐7 also pointed out diverse clay sources would have been used in pottery production. The mineralogical components of the potsherds indicated a firing temperature range of 900°C in average. A comparison of the chemical and mineralogical compositions of the potsherds with the former works proposed that most of the samples show similarities with some of the formerly investigated ceramic groups of Hellenistic and Roman periods in Sinop. Considering the whole data, the Roman potsherds in the present study are thought to represent the local wares of Sinop and they might have been manufactured in one of the pottery ateliers located on the coastline in the south of Sinop peninsula.

Gazed Pottery: an Archaeometric-Cognitive Approach to Material Culture Visuality

This paper presents a study of visual perception through the application of eye-tracking of prehistoric ceramics. The study is a feasible methodology to understand the agency of material culture through quantitative techniques, which allows for the analyses of possible relationships between visual-perceptual behaviour, material culture and social complexity. In particular, the horizontality of gaze is shown to be associated with pottery from early periods and its verticality increases in pottery materials from later, more complex societies. These, and other results, confirm that differential patterns of visual response by observers are determined by the material characteristics of each ceramic style. Implications for improved interpretation of archaeological phenomena are discussed including the possibilities of new applications for heritage management. Therefore, eye-tracking analysis appears to be a powerful and profitable archaeometric technique.

Tell-tale fragments: The pottery use of a 6000-year-old community at Bükkábrány

A settlement of the Middle Copper Age Hunyadihalom culture (3900–3700 BC) was unearthed in the vicinity of Bükkábrány during excavations led by András Kalli and Eszter K. Tutkovics between 2012 and 2014. The statistical analysis of the pottery material indicates that the community used a diverse set of vessels, with pieces carefully crafted to meet certain requirements connected to their intended functions. The investigation suggests that, although the storage of goods and food preparation likely occurred in smaller quantities, thus involving smaller groups of people, the joint consumption of the prepared meals held a significant role.

Baden culture settlement at Grodkowice site 4, Kłaj municipality, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in the context of pottery material

This paper presents results of excavations conducted by Zdzisław Sochacki at Grodkowice site 4 in 1959, 1962-1963. An area of 1.15 h was explored during these three seasons and 50 features of the Baden culture were unearthed. The recovered materials have never been published completely. Some of them, together with the whole field documentation, were lost. However, the storerooms of the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw accommodate a collection of pottery vessels from this site, and these vessels were subjected to a number of analyses.&#x0D; As a result of multi-proxy approach in the analysis of the pottery, mainly examination focussing on plant macro-remains, it was possible to establish the type of the economy of the Baden culture society at the site. Mineral and petrographic analyses indicated the composition and details of vessel production. Another important aspect of the study is an attempt at establishing the chronology of the settlement in relation to the pottery style. Radiocarbon dating contributed to clarification of this issue.&#x0D; The settlement at Grodkowice is definitely very interesting, and importantly, one of the few explored settlements. Although some of the material was lost, it was possible to fill a gap on the map of Baden culture settlement activity in the region of Wieliczka and Bochnia.

Zavodoukovskoe 11 — a fortified settlement of the Late Bronze Age of the Trans-Urals

This publication is aimed at introducing the Late Bronze Age materials obtained during the five-year excava-tions of the fortified settlement of Zavodoukovskoe 11 located in the forest-steppe area of the Tobol River basin. This is the first site of the Pakhomovskaya Culture with defense structures. The aim of the analysis of its materials is their comprehensive characterization and determination of their place among the Andronoid antiquities of the Late Bronze Age. In the paper, the methods of planistratigraphic observation, relative and absolute dating, and typological and traceological determination of artefacts have been used, as well as statistical analyses in the study of the pottery. The Late Bronze Age complex comprises remains of six structures, most of the pits beyond their boundaries, and defense lines represented by the earthwork of a mound and two non-contemporaneous ditches. The buildings investigated at the settlement of Zavodoukovskoe 11 can be characterized as frame-and-pillar semiburied dwellings (half-dugouts?) of a rectangular or square shape, with an entrance porch or with an additional chamber — a housekeeping area, as well as with the inground hearths delineated by grooves. These housebuilding elements bear a similarity with the materials of other Pakhomovskaya Culture sites. The Late Iron Age toolset of Zavodoukovskoe 11 bears evidence of a population engaged in fishing, metalwork, leathermaking, pottery making, spinning, and stone working. The faunal materials and fishing items suggest that the economy of the Pakhomovskaya population was complex, combining elements of producing and procuring. The pottery com-plex of Zavodoukovskoe 11 is a peculiar one and combines ornamental traits of two cultural traditions — Pakho-movskaya and Suzgun. The high density of wire staples, rows of vertical impressions, and horizontal lines formed by comb stamp impart a Suzgun flair to the ceramics of Zavodoukovskoe 11. The similarity of the pottery of this site with both Pakhomovskaya as well as Suzgun pottery materials may indicate its transitional nature, the direct succession between the two Cultures. On the basis of the existing chronological margins for the Andronoid Cul-tures, radiocarbon dates from the Zavodoukovskoe 11 site, and specifics of its pottery complex, it has been sug-gested that this fortified settlement likely was functioning in the 13th–12th centuries.

KARAKTERISTIK DAN POTENSI BATULEMPUNG RAMBATAN DAERAH PARUNGGALIH DAN SEKITARNYA KECAMATAN BODEH KABUPATEN PEMALANG PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

The Parunggalih area, Pemalang composed by sedimentary rocks that have ductile properties and have geological structures complex such as fold, faults and joints as a result of compression regime. The main lithology that composes Parunggalih area is claystone with a state that is formed has a fairly high slope. The purpose of this research was to identify the characteristics of claystone in the form of physical, mineralogy and geochemical properties as well as it’s geological potential in Parunggallih area, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java. Geographically of researched area lies at the coordinates of 7°0’00” S - 7°5’00” S and 109°25’00” E - 109°30’00” E and area extent ± 9 km x 9 km.The method used in this research is based on direct geology observation in the field and laboratory analysis in the form of mineralogy X-Ray Diffraction/XRD, Scanning Electron Microscope/SEM and geochemical X-Ray Fluorescence/XRF.The stratigraphy of researched area (old to young) composed by Rambatan claystone unit, Rambatan alternating calcarenite and claystone unit, Halang sandstone unit and alluvial deposit. Laboratory analysis was carried out on two samples of Rambatan claystone. The mineralogy analysis result of XRD and SEM showed that clay minerals found in were illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and chlorite. The geochemistry analysis result of XRF showed the claystone suitable for pottery material and portland cement types I, III, IV and V, however, it can’t be used in paper, pharmacy and cosmetics industry due to the chemical content which does not meet the requirement. The negative potential of claystone in the researched area can result in mass movement and bumpy roads.

The Jomon people cohabitated with cockroaches—The prehistoric pottery impressions reveal the existence of sanitary pests

It is unclear when cockroaches, a worldwide representative sanitary pest, began to cohabit with humans. Some cockroach oothecae were incorporated into pottery material during the Jomon period in Japan, and archaeologists have successfully identified them using a new investigation method. Identification of cockroach ootheca impressions in Jomon pottery in this study suggests the possibility that the Smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, which is currently recognised as an exotic species, is a synanthropic species native to Japan. In addition, it reveals that the modern geographical distribution of the two major native cockroach species was already established during the Jomon period. This study presents new evidence for the establishment of domiciliary cockroaches and demonstrates that the pottery impression method is highly effective for detecting insects (house pests) that are difficult to find in archaeological soil owing to their physical weakness and ecological niches.

Analisis Bahan Gerabah Pada Temuan Hasil Ekskavasi di Kawasan Lembah Behoa

The Behoa Valley Area is one of megalithic cultural heritage from the early metal era (paleometallic) and the supporting communities was already familiar with technology of pottery creation. The discovery of pottery fragments dominates each research carried out in this site. This paper aims to understand the source of the pottery materials by comparing modern pottery materials used by the current community around the site. Total of 26 samples were used, consist of 24 pottery fragments sampled from sites in The Behoa Valley area, one pottery fragment sampled from Pangawumbu, and one pottery fragment sampled from craftsman in Doda village. Method of analysis used in this research is chemical element analysis, conducted towards the clay matrix and carried out microscopically using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Chemical element analysis of the clay matrix are used to understand the pottery clusters based on chemical element composition contained in the clay matrix. Pottery clusters then discovered from statistical analysis using Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis methods. Based on the result of the chemical elements analysis, it is revealed that pottery material from the sites in The Behoa Valley area has similarity with pottery material from craftsman around the site.

The effect of pottery material composition as subsurface irrigation on the growth of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) in Alfisols and Entisol

Climate change requires the agricultural sector to be more precise in water management. Rainfed lands and irrigated lands with no year-round water supply require an efficient way of using water in the dry season. One of the efforts to utilize irrigation efficiently is to develop subsurface seepage irrigation techniques using pottery. This study aims to determine the composition of the pottery material, the ratio of sand, silt and clay which is optimal for the growth of chilli plants. The experiment was carried out with plots arranged in a nested design with a treatment of five pottery materials with different compositions of clay, soil and sand, and tested on entisol and alfisol soils. The results showed that the pottery irrigation with a combination of pottery material composition on two types of soil affected the weight of chilli fruit. Pottery with a composition of 70% clay and 30% sand is the most effective pottery for chilli and yields on surface growth irrigation.

Research on the Application of Polymer Materials in Contemporary Ceramic Art Creation.

Ceramicized polymer composites are prepared by adding various additives into the polymer matrix, such as functional clay fillers, porcelain-forming additives, crosslinking agents, flame retardants, reinforcement agents, etc. In recent years, polymer materials have been widely used in the preparation of ceramic materials. Moreover, the addition of polymer materials in ceramic materials results in increased bending in the ceramic body, and its mechanical strength has been greatly improved; this advantage has led many contemporary ceramists to use polymer materials in the creation of ceramic works, providing ceramic creation more space for operation. The introduction of polymer materials into ceramic materials brings more possibilities than traditional ceramic creation based on the tests of toughness, strength, and yield of the ceramic body. This article investigates ceramic raw materials with high-polymer material ceramic function, high-polymer materials for modern pottery to convey the artistic expression of porcelain texture, as well as the use of high-polymer materials in gel-powered three-dimensional (3D) printing to refine the injection molding process, all of which solve the difficulties of creating delicate artworks in modern ceramic art creation. This paper mainly adopts the research method of recording and comparing the numerical value of adding ceramic materials into polymer materials and the physical shape after firing in ceramic creation, to form a relatively stable numerical value and firing curve for a certain type of ceramic creation form. In this regard, the integration of modern ceramic creation and polymer materials makes ceramic works a relatively special style in contemporary art, increasing its cultural connotation and visual tension.

Formoso Stilt Village: An Incised-Punctate/Arauquinoid Tradition Phase in Maranh&amp;#227;o, Brazilian Amazon

Dwellings on stilts were a common type of construction in the lowlands of South America from the pre-colonial period to the present day. The main function of these houses on stilts is to protect their inhabitants from the constant Amazon floods during the rainy season. This article examines the Formoso stilt village, located in the Baixada Maranhense, in the easternmost portion of the Brazilian Amazon. The analysis of the pottery material revealed technological characteristics of the Incised-Punctate/Arauquinoid Tradition Phase of the Northeast of South America lowlands. Radiocarbon dating between 1566-1469 BP indicates that this stilt village is as old as those located in the Venezuela and Guianas, if not even older. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of stilts of the settlement corroborated to pottery analysis showed alinear/rectangular ceremonial space connected by stilts to the circular/residen- cial area. Formoso stilt village presents an unprecedented form of indigenous habitation never before described in Anthropology and Archaeology of the Lowlands of South America.

Pottery from Tomb MMA 28 at Deir el-Bahari: preliminary remarks

The clearance of Tomb MMA 28 at Deir el-Bahari yielded mixed pottery material dating from the Middle Kingdom to modern times. The article presents, in chronological order, some of the most characteristic vessels representing each phase (with the exception of the late Roman period, which is to be studied separately). Among them are Middle Kingdom pointed bottles and Marl C jars, New Kingdom double and triple bottles, kernoi, beer jars and blue-painted pottery, as well as Ptolemaic painted pottery.