Potential Growth Rate Research Articles

Understanding the relationships between species' demography and functional traits is crucial for gaining a mechanistic understanding of community dynamics. While leaf morphology represents a key functional dimension for plants worldwide (i.e., the leaf economics spectrum), its ability to explain variation in trees' life history strategies remains limited. Plant growth is influenced by both leaf morphology and allocation; hence, incorporating both dimensions is essential but rarely done. Additionally, trait–performance relationships have mainly been studied in tropical communities, leaving gaps in our understanding of temperate forests where different seasonality patterns may alter these relationships. We examined whether species' leaf area index (leaf area per crown size, LAI), a measure of leaf allocation, explains the variation of juvenile tree species' potential growth rates in a winter‐deciduous broadleaf forest. LAI has not been characterized as a species‐level trait, but its ability to predict plant productivity at the ecosystem scale highlights its potential for explaining plant growth. We evaluated species' maximum LAI both individually and in conjunction with wood density (WD) and leaf mass per area (LMA). We expected that models would improve when both leaf morphology (LMA) and leaf allocation (LAI) were included and that species with denser crowns would have higher potential growth rates. LAI and LMA were significant predictors of growth but only when both were incorporated, and together explained a high proportion of species' growth variations (R2adj = 0.59). We found evidence of a trade‐off between LAI and LMA, with a negative relationship between them and each having a positive influence on species' growth, suggesting that there are multiple allocation strategies to achieve fast growth. A surprisingly positive LMA–growth relationship contrasts with observations from tropical forests. We did not find significant relationships with WD in this forest. Our results highlight that incorporating leaf allocation improves models of trait–performance relationships. They also suggest, in agreement with the limited literature, that temperate forests may exhibit different trait–performance relationships from those of tropical forests, where LMA is negatively related to growth and WD is often important. Clarifying the details and contexts of trait–performance relationships is crucial for applying the functional trait framework to understanding community structure and dynamics of forests globally.

Abstract Dynamic efficiency is an important concept in the analysis of consumption, asset pricing, and fiscal policies. Using an illustrative overlapping generations model, this study shows that when the interest rate is lower than the growth rate, active fiscal policy can increase both consumption and efficiency. It provides an integrated analysis using different interest rate metrics, comparing the risk‐free rate rf, returns on assets re, and returns on capital rk with the growth rate g. The findings indicate that, in general, rf < g, g < re, and g < rk. This condition suggests that fiscal policy can play a positive role in stimulating consumption. As the economy decelerates, the gap between rf and g continues to narrow. A state‐space model is also used to estimate China's natural interest rate r* and potential growth rate g*, showing that r* < g* and the gap between them has narrowed gradually over the past two decades.

Human capital, which is the basis of national welfare, occupies a central place in economics. The study of the mechanisms influencing economic growth reveals essential aspects, including demographic, educational, and motivational factors. The studied components determine the quality of labor resources, productivity levels, and contribution to the development of high-tech industries. The impact of human capital is expressed through stimulating innovation, increasing competitiveness, and reducing socio-economic inequality.Despite significant achievements in both theory and practice, unified approaches to assessing human capital remain an unsolved task. In the context of globalization and accelerating technological progress, Kazakhstan faces the need to enhance human capital management methods to achieve sustainable growth and socio-economic stability. Considering economic growth models, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating human capital into macroeconomic analysis.The purpose of this study is to develop and apply an econometric model that reflects the impact of investments in human capital on the pace and sustainability of economic growth. The inclusion of educational parameters and technological changes in economic models allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of divergence and convergence between countries. Endogenous growth theories, which focus on internal factors, link innovation potential and economic growth rates to the accumulation of knowledge and skills. The study's findings highlight the need to invest in education, healthcare, and vocational training. These measures create conditions for long-term economic development, thereby increasing societal welfare and strengthening national economies' competitiveness.An economic policy focused on inclusive growth and equitable distribution of benefits is becoming the key to sustainable development. Maintaining the high quality of human capital requires an integrated approach, encompassing the development of effective educational strategies, the intensification of research activities, and the increased availability of resources. Consequently, human capital is the primary driver of long-term innovative development and societal welfare.

The investment–saving relationship has been the subject of much debate. On the one hand, there is the conventional mainstream neoclassical school of thought that advocates for the idea that saving determines investment. On the other hand, heterodox economists (mainly in the post-Keynesian/structuralist tradition) posit an inverse relationship between these variables. This article empirically investigates the direction of causality in order to contribute to the existing literature on the topic. To this end, two Granger panel tests are applied to a dataset of 106 countries over the period from 1980 to 2023. The econometric techniques used are effective in accounting for both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity in the data. In summary, our findings align with the theoretical models that posit bidirectional causality as the most probable explanation of the mechanism driving investment and saving. More specifically, they are consistent with post-Keynesian (demand-led) assumptions describing an open economy operating below its maximum potential growth rate within a current account solvency constraint.

The paper puts forward a hypothesis that the policy aimed at limiting Russia's global economic relations on the part of the United States, Great Britain and the European Union may influence the potential of economies differently than was assumed when this policy was formed, and the results of this policy are assessed. The potential of economies was measured by gross fixed capital formation. The estimates of the dynamics of capital accumulation in the paper are given by constructing econometric models of fixed capital accumulation in different periods of the 21st century. UN data and Rosstat data were used. It was established that the potential of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 21st century was growing at a high rate, significantly exceeding the rate of growth of the potential of the economies of the largest European countries, with stagnation of the potential of the economies of the United States and Great Britain. The anti-Russian economic policy of the United States and the European Union contributed to the formation of a trend of growth of the economic potential of the United States and an increase in the rate of growth of the economic potential of France. This policy led to the development of a decline in the potential of the economy of Harmony and did not affect the potential of the economy of Great Britain, which did not overcome the trend of stagnation. The growth of the US and French economies was, to a certain extent, achieved at the expense of the decline in the potential of the German economy. The growth rate of the Russian economy's potential has somewhat slowed down since 2014. However, already in the 2020s, the growth rate of economic potential has recovered to the level of the beginning of the 21st century, which exceeded the growth rate of the US economy's potential by 3.4 times.

Objective: Today, in order to achieve high economic growth, it is one of the most urgent issues to develop scientific-methodical approaches and recommendations for the management of the region's financial potential and the scientific-methodological justification of the mechanism of inter-budgetary relations and its improvement, in order to improve the effectiveness of regional management. Method: In this regard, this article analyzes the regions' financial potential, budget policy and economic growth rates. Results: Based on this, scientific views, suggestions and recommendations are developed. Novelty: The article offers a scientific-methodical framework aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of inter-budgetary relations and regional financial management, contributing new insights to regional economic policy studies.

This study was conducted on New Zealand White male and female rabbits over a period of 133 days to ascertain their potential growth rates, body composition for major body parts, and chemical makeup. A total of 220 New Zealand White rabbits, evenly distributed between males and females, were used for this study. One hundred rabbits for potential growth were weighed from day 14 to day 140, while twelve rabbits, six males and six females, were randomly selected at days 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 112, and 140 for carcass analysis. Although the rate of maturation was faster in females than in males, the Gompertz equation fitted separately to the growth data for males and females indicated that the body weights were similar throughout the trial (0.0243 vs. 0.0239), but males had a higher mature weight (315 g) than the females (309 g). Mature body protein weights averaged 1497 g in males and 843 g in females, and mature body lipid contents averaged 252 and 227 g, respectively. The rate of maturation per day of pelt-free body protein of males and females was 0.0103 and 0.0172, while that of body lipids was 0.0410 and 0.0471, respectively. Separate equations were required for males and females to describe the allometric relationship between protein and lipids in the pelt-free body. The rate of maturation of pelts in females was higher than in males (0.0249 vs. 0.0214/d), and the mature weight was lower (456 vs. 523 g, respectively).

The study attempts to measure the productivity performance in terms of total factor productivity (TFP) growth of the Indian Iron and Steel Industry for the entire period, 1997–1998 to 2016–2017, at both national and regional levels. Output growth is decomposed into the perspiration, component (factor accumulation) and inspiration component (TFP growth). The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based Malmquist Productivity Index has been used as a technique to obtain TFP growth. It is deduced that the inspiration component of output growth (i.e., TFP growth) is contributing significantly as the growth of TFP in the Indian Iron and Steel Industry has been found to be growing at an average growth rate of 10.28% per annum. However, a negative growth of the perspiration component to the tune of −7.99% per annum has restricted the Indian Iron and Steel Industry from achieving potential growth rates. If we assume that input growth is zero, the industry must grow at a potential growth rate equal to the TFP growth of 10.28%. However, if the growth of the input becomes positive, the industry can record much higher growth rates of Iron and Steel output. JEL: C610, D240, L610

Organic polar small molecules exhibit spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) in vacuum-deposited amorphous films. This phenomenon arises because of the asymmetric molecular interactions at the interface between the film surface and vacuum during the deposition process. Here, we investigate the impact of functional groups on the SOP of bent-shaped polar molecules. The results demonstrate that the differences in polarizability between the head and tail functional groups in polar molecules drive the orientation polarization in the films. Enhancing the SOP involves the introduction of two functional groups with distinct polarizabilities in the head and tail groups to promote asymmetric interactions. The developed polar molecule, incorporating bulky alkyl and sulfonyl groups, exhibits a high surface potential growth rate of +321 mV nm−1 in the SOP film. These findings enable the precise control of the molecular orientation in amorphous films and the development of highly polarized electret materials without charging processes.

Developing countries in Southeast Asia are still relatively young compared to other regions around the world. However, recent statistics suggest that the situation is beginning to change in this regard, with many of these populations aging at a much faster rate than in many other countries. These developments require urgent policy action to create a sustainable path to economic growth before demographic changes become less benign in the medium term. discusses the economic consequences of population aging, rising economic support ratios, and declining potential growth rates. It is critical for developing countries in Southeast Asia to increase their total productivity (TFP) growth rates to achieve more sustainable economic outcomes. By conducting panel regressions using data from 82 countries over the study period 1996–2019, our study shows that increasing research and development (R&D) spending and facilitating structural changes that transform the digital economy landscape are key policy options that boost TFP growth. Globalization has significantly affected the economy, ecology, and society over the past decade. Meanwhile, the green economy has emerged as an important policy framework for growth and development in both developed and developing countries. The current study is an attempt to provide a detailed overview of globalization, green economy, and climate challenges to draw some implications. There is disagreement between competing green economy discourses and various definitions, all of which have problems. Recognizing the environmental impacts of natural resource depletion and the economic benefits of environmental management are common examples of operationalizations of the green economy. The new study also examines the impact of climate change on the green economy and infrastructure development.

The national capital of Indonesia is in the early stages of relocation from the island of Java to East Kalimantan; Indonesia's new capital city (Ibu Kota Negara; IKN) will be called Nusantara. The development of IKN will utilise the concept of a forest city representing the lowland forest of Borneo containing its rich biodiversity. To realize this concept, sufficient data and information regarding the status of tree diversity in this area is required. To provide this information, research was conducted in sample plots totaling 20.75 ha spread over eight locations in East Kalimantan. The selection of priority tree species for rehabilitation was carried out by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with the criteria of conservation status, endemicity, climax species, distribution, food potential, ethnobotanical potential, animal food, and tree growth rates. In the sample plots, we found 5,745 trees representing 571 species with the family Dipterocarpaceae dominating, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Malvaceae and Annonaceae. Based on the priority categories of restoration, most of the species proposed for planting belong to the Dipterocarpaceae, in the genera Anisoptera (2 species), Anthoshorea (2 species), Cotylelobium (1 species), Dipterocarpus (3 species), Dryobalanops (1 species), Hopea (3 species), Richetia (3 species), Rubroshorea (7 species), Shorea (4 species), and Vatica (4 species). Hopea rudiformis is a Critically Endangered and Borneo endemic species with the highest score, and the only species included in 1st priority, followed by 14 species in 2nd priority, 62 species in 3rd priority, and the remainder in 4th priority. About 18% of tree species with potential food sources can be planted to meet the 10% target of forest cover to contribute to food security in IKN. Samboja Research Forest, Sungai Wain Protection Forest, and Bangkirai Hill are forested areas with high tree species diversity and can act as a source of seeds for the IKN nursery.

Objective – problems of discrepancy between rate of potential growth of economic systems and possibility of ensuring reproductive processes due to intensive use of natural resources, as well as risks of environmental disasters are shown. Methods – strategic management in determining factors of macroeconomic growth, based on systems approach, socio-economic mechanism for managing competitiveness of agro-industrial complex is considered. Results – the study revealed insufficient attention to primary initiatives for stabilizing agro-industrial production related to monitoring indicators in this area, which necessitated the search for new models aimed at eliminating such contradictions. Over the past two decades, a number of programs have been implemented in Kazakhstan aimed at stable progress, innovative transformations in agricultural sector at international, national and regional levels. Conclusions - the authors believe that in order to achieve complex economic, social and environmental goals of building economy of the republic, it is necessary to adjust the existing concept of transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to sustainable development based on development of long-term and tactical plans and measures to reduce existing risks. The balance of target indicators is possible if the conditions for interaction of certain elements are met: conducting agricultural activities and complying with environmental standards; stimulating social component and generating consumer demand for environmentally friendly goods; reducing harmful impact on the environment and rural areas; increasing the profitability of agricultural entities and increasing the level of employment; it is important to expand markets for agricultural products. To support domestic food exports, it is necessary not only to modernize and increase processing and storage capacities, but also take measures to update the rolling stock and logistics schemes. The results obtained can be used by all participants in the process of transforming agriculture in the context of digitalization.

Understanding the relationships between bacteria, their ecological and genomic traits, and their environment is important to elucidate microbial community dynamics and their roles in ecosystem functioning. Here, we examined the relationships between soil properties and bacterial traits within highly managed agricultural soil systems subjected to arable crop rotations or management as permanent grass. We assessed the bacterial communities using metabarcoding and assigned each amplicon trait scores for rRNA copy number, genome size, and guanine-cytosine (GC) content, which are classically associated with potential growth rates and specialization. We also calculated the niche breadth trait of each amplicon as a measure of social ubiquity within the examined samples. Within this soil system, we demonstrated that pH was the primary driver of bacterial traits. The weighted mean trait scores of the samples revealed that bacterial communities associated with soils at lower pH (<7) tended to have larger genomes (potential plasticity), have more rRNA (higher growth rate potential), and are more ubiquitous (have less niche specialization) than the bacterial communities from higher pH soils. Our findings highlight not only the association between pH and bacterial community composition but also the importance of pH in driving community functionality by directly influencing genomic and niche traits.

Subject and Purpose. One of today’s challenges in contemporary radio physics is exploring the terahertz frequency range which holds immense promise for revolutionary new applications in part at the level of wireless communication systems. A substantial frequency capacity of the range theoretically permits a usable frequency band expansion to a hundred terahertz. The data transfer rate can increase by many orders of magnitude, surpassing the capabilities of current networks. An urgent research priority involves assessing the potential growth rates of wireless communication network resources. The immediate purpose of this paper is to suggest simple mathematical models developed to predict the growth rates of wireless (cellular) communication network resources over the next 20 to 25 years. Methods and Methodology. The research problem receives analytical consideration, systems analysis, and mathematical modeling of the evolutionary pace of wireless communication in new generations. Results. Using average data on the parameters of 1G to 5G communication networks and 6G in development, we have built regression models representative of the evolution of information transfer rates and data transmission durations until the year 2050. Equations have been derived describing the evolution of the main parameters of wireless communications. The information rate increase since 1979 is shown to obey the instability equation, wherein the main parameter of the communication system exhibits exponential growth. Models featuring accelerated evolution have been proposed along with more realistic, slowed evolution models considering the saturation effect and a substantial slowdown in the information transfer rates. The saturation effect is associated with the exponential growth of the characteristic evolution time and determined by the data rate growth slowdown, with fundamental, conditionally fundamental, and scientific-technical constraints considered. It has been substantiated that 8G is not expected sooner than 2040—2045 and will likely terminate the wireless communication evolution, with a maximum information transfer rate of 300 to 1000 Tbit/s in the terahertz range. Conclusions. The mathematical models developed by the authors are simple and capable of predicting the growth dynamics of wireless communication network resources.

This paper aims to assess the effect of monetary policy on inflation in Sub-Saharan Africa. The recent global economic crises have greatly brought about pervasive price distortions in many economies of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, a credible and sound monetary policy can provide a solution by influencing real economic outcomes. This paper employs the system General Method of Moment (GMM) technique based on a sample of 23 countries in SSA using a quarterly panel dataset for the period 2013-2022. According to the paper, contractionary monetary policy leads to a fall in inflation, and vice versa. Additionally, the inflation, interest rate, potential growth rate, and exchange rate negatively and significantly influence inflation in SSA. Further, inflation square, public debt, and oil prices positively and significantly influence inflation in SSA. Moreover, type of exchange rate regimes pursued by countries in SSA positively influences inflation. Monetary policy significantly influences inflation in SSA. This paper contributes to knowledge in terms of the monetary policy and inflation relationship and sheds more insight into how monetary policy brings probable changes in inflation in SSA, which informs policy decisions of monetary authorities.

The long-term care insurance system is a crucial social service policy for disabled and elderly individuals with dementia in the context of the unfeasible traditional family old-age care model. Through the support of the social insurance model for old-age care security, it effectively addresses and meets the actual needs of long-term care recipients. This has become a significant way to alleviate the burden of disabled and demented elderly individuals, mitigate the impacts of ageing, and create employment opportunities for family caregivers. Using the long-term care insurance pilot policy implemented in Qingdao in 2012 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper estimates the influence of long-term care insurance on the labor market performance of the pilot city using the synthetic control method of project policy evaluation. Several robustness tests of the labor market effects of long-term care insurance are conducted, utilizing two placebo methods based on time and space, and the ranked test method. The study's findings demonstrate that the implementation of the long-term care insurance policy pilot has a constructive influence on the employment choices of workers in the labor market. Specifically, it encourages participation in the workforce and expands the scale of labor force participation in the pilot cities. Furthermore, the policy's effect strengthens over time and has a marked positive effect on average employee wages, thereby spurring labor supply growth. Through further analysis, it can be determined that the pilot cities have contributed to an average annual growth of around 1 million people in total labor force participation between 2013-2017, surpassing the potential growth rate by approximately 10.5%. Additionally, during this period, the average employee wage displays a linear upward trend with a maximum increase of over 5,000 pounds per capita per year. This suggests a substantial effect on the overall performance of the labor market due to its growth-promoting influence. In addition, the analysis of the heterogeneity of its impact mechanism demonstrates that the long-term care insurance policy aims to enhance the willingness of tertiary industry workers to work and considerably increase the likelihood of their entry into the labor market. It also improves labor income expectations of urban private and self-employed workers, resulting in a virtuous circle of enhanced labor and employment driven by the increased value of labor and the strengthened willingness to participate.

Microzooplankton grazing is widely recognized as an important process of heterotrophic prokaryote and phytoplankton biomass removal. However, few studies have specifically addressed microbial mortality in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon. This study aimed to assess the growth and mortality of heterotrophic prokaryotes and phytoplankton in this ecosystem using the dilution technique. The results revealed significant seasonal variations in the growth and grazing rates of both heterotrophic prokaryotes and phytoplankton, with mean grazing rates slightly exceeding the mean potential instantaneous growth rates. This indicates that microzooplankton consume a substantial proportion of both microbial groups in the lagoon. For specific phytoplankton taxa, the wide range of observed grazing rates suggests grazer selectivity, highlighting the need for future research to examine the dynamics of each phytoplankton group more closely.

Soil microbial growth, a vital biogeochemical process, governs both the accrual and loss of soil carbon. Here, we investigate the biogeography of soil microbiome potential growth rates and show that microbiomes in resource-rich (high organic matter and nutrients) and acid-neutral soils from cold and humid regions exhibit high potential growth. Conversely, in resource-poor, dry, hot, and hypersaline soils, soil microbiomes display lower potential growth rates, suggesting trade-offs between growth and resource acquisition or stress tolerance. In addition, the potential growth rates of soil microbiomes positively correlates with genome size and the number of ribosomal RNA operons but negatively correlates with optimum temperature, biomass carbon-to-phosphorus and nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios. The spatial variation of microbial potential growth rates aligns with several macroecological theories. These findings not only enhance our understanding of microbial adaptation to diverse environments but also aid in realistically parameterizing microbial physiology in soil carbon cycling models.

The growth of plants hinges on a complex interplay of biochemical and physiological activities across various growth stages. These intricate processes dynamically adapt to different environmental conditions, shaping both plant development and productivity. This study explores the impact of greenhouse climate on the growth, yield, and biochemistry of winter-grown cherry tomatoes ‘Cheramy F1’. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) under split plot arrangements (3 Rows) with three replications (3 plants from each row) was adopted. The data were collected on various dates during the period extending from December to March of two consecutive growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, and presented as averages. An analysis of variance was applied to statistically analyze the collected data at a confidence level of p < 0.05. The climatic conditions in the greenhouse were calculated as temperature ranging from a minimum of 10.5 °C to the maximum of 41.3 °C by an average of 21.2 °C during the vegetative stage and from 8.2 °C to 32.3 °C by an average of 20.9 °C during the fruit-bearing stage, with an average CO2 concentration fluctuated within the range of 385.61 ppm to 510.30 ppm and an average light intensity of 94.62 to 240.45 W/m². This study assessed various growth parameters such as plant height, leaf growth, stem diameter, leaf spacing, leaf count, leaf area, and inflorescence count per plant, and suggested the optimum range of greenhouse conditions for each stage. The key results of this study revealed the Progressive Growth Report (PGR), predicting daily potential growth rates of plants: plant height, 2.86 to 3.81 cm/day; growth rate of mature older leaf: 0.003988 m2/day; middle younger leaf: 0.008733 m2/day; top nascent leaf: 0.010722 m2/day; three to five leaves per week; and one inflorescence per week. In our accidental observation, we noticed unusual plant growth and yield responses because of the various growing postures and positions that the plants adopted in the greenhouse. An exceedingly significant difference among the inflorescences was found in view of their growth, productivity and biochemical composition. A non-significant interaction was found between the fruit keeping quality (shelf days), fruit height, fruit diameter, and inflorescence number. The present study results highlight the possible responses of greenhouse-grown cherry tomatoes to different ranges of temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentrations, offering valuable insights for optimizing greenhouse cherry tomatoes cultivation.

Fruit size and sugar content are key determinants of fruit quality, influenced by environmental factors and agronomic practices and sink strength provided by the genetic potential. Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) produces fruits arranged in inflorescences, whose growth is affected by carbon competition between them. The competitive ability is termed as sink strength, which can be quantified as the potential growth rate under sufficient resource supply and/or no carbon competition among sinks, referred to as non-limiting conditions. Most previous studies did not observe potential growth, thereby failing to adequately evaluate sink strength and to assess the influence of environmental factors and agronomic practices on fruit growth. This study aimed to investigate the potential growth of strawberry fruits and analyze its sink strength dynamics. Non-limiting conditions were established by removing flowers to one fruit per inflorescence in a greenhouse experiment with plants grown in soil and given water and nutrients through drip irrigation. Fruits were harvested every 5 days from 5 to 55 days after anthesis (DAA), measuring the size, weight, and concentrations of major soluble carbohydrates in strawberry (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch. Sink strength was represented by absolute growth rate based on fruit weight, and its components, sink size and sink activity, were represented by weight and relative growth rate, respectively. Fruit volume and weight showed a gradual linear increase at 5 DAA and then rapidly increased, following a single sigmoid curve between 30 and 55 DAA. Fruits primarily accumulated glucose and fructose during early growth, shifting to sucrose after 35 DAA. Starch concentration peaked at 5 DAA and then exponentially decreased. Sink strength exhibited a single peak between 40 DAA and 45 DAA. Sink strength gradually increased with sink size until 30 DAA, whereas sink activity significantly decreased until 30 DAA. Thereafter, sink strength and sink activity exhibited a peak, whereas sink size continued to increase. These results suggest that the major determinant of sink strength was sink size during early fruit growth, shifting to sink activity during late growth.