Synthesis Of Potassium Research Articles

Zincke reaction in the synthesis of novel glutaconaldehyde derivatives: Synthesis of potassium 2,10-diamino-1,1,3,9,11,11-hexacyanoundeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaen-1-ide and its application for fluorimetric quantitative determination of Fe3+ ions

Under the conditions of a modified “one-pot” Zincke reaction, novel aza-merocyanines based on the dimer of malononitrile, pyridine, and α-iodonicotinonitrile derivatives were synthesized. It was demonstrated that in the presence of weak bases, the solutions of the obtained compounds exhibit fluorescence with λmaxem around 660 nm, accompanied by a color change from pale yellow to violet. Interaction of these aza-merocyanines with the potassium salt of the malononitrile dimer yielded a new glutaconaldehyde derivative, which can be used for the quantitative fluorimetric determination of Fe3+ ions at low concentrations.

Development of amine modified [formula omitted]CO3/Al2O3 solid sorbent with exhaustion indicator for direct air capture of CO2

Air quality has a significant impact on the health of the people especially inside buildings that use closed air conditioning systems. When the indoor air quality level is below the standard but the people are unable to detect and continue to work in that area, it may affect to human health and cause respiratory disease. In this study, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sorbent based on the synthesis of potassium carbonate/gamma-alumina (K2CO3/γ-Al2O3) modified with amine-based solvents was developed. The sorbent exhaustion was indicated by observing the indicator color change for indoor direct air capture of CO2. The results showed that the modified sorbent had adsorption capacity around 60–64 mg CO2/g sorbent under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The modified sorbent could successfully demonstrate its exhaustion by changing color of the sorbent. In addition, the exhaustion sorbents could also be reused by thermal regeneration process using conventional microwave oven due to the low power consumption and less regeneration time.

Use and evaluation of new organic fertilizers in the cultivation of Abelmoschus esculenthus (Okra)

Research objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the properties and effect of certain organic fertilizers that can be used in organic farming in comparison with fertilizers of inorganic origin on Abelmoschus esculenthus plants. In addition, the interactions that can develop with microorganisms in the rhizosphere and the possible beneficial effects on transplant stress, nutrient uptake by roots and reduction of plant mortality were investigated. Materials and Methods: The experiments, which began in May 2022, were conducted in the greenhouses of CREA-OF in Pescia on plants placed in pots 12 cm in diameter and on which fertilizers of organic and inorganic origin were evaluated. In September 2022, plant height, number of leaves, leaf surface area, vegetative weight, root volume, root length, seeds per plant, number, weight, girth and length of pods, total substrate bacteria, substrate pH and number of dead plants were analysed. Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the application of organic nitrogen and potassium fertilizers can significantly improve the quality and yield of Abelmoschus esculenthus plants. In general, a significant increase in height and vegetative and root growth of the plants was observed, especially in nitrogen and potassium synthesis, with an improvement also in the number of fruits and seeds per plant. Plant mortality also decreased significantly compared to the control with synthetic fertilizers, and microbial colonisation of the substrate increased, which probably affected the plants by influencing both vegetative and root growth and defence against biotic stressors. Conclusions: Organic fertiliser trials showed that these products can significantly improve plant growth by positively affecting the soil microbial component. This is an additional opportunity, especially for those farmers who not only seek to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers, but also want to use sustainable techniques that better preserve plants and soils, while guaranteeing the production of quality products.

Development of structurally extended benzosiloxaboroles - synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation.

The synthesis of potassium 6-hydroxy-7-chloro-1,1-dimethyl-3,3-difluorobenzo-1,2,3-siloxaborolate 5b from readily available 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol was developed. This compound proved useful in various derivatizations resulting in a wide range of O-functionalized benzosiloxaboroles. Reactions of 5b with selected substituted benzoyl chlorides gave rise to a series of respective derivatives with 6-benzoate side groups attached to the benzosiloxaborole core. Furthermore, treatment of 5b with substituted benzenesufonyl chlorides afforded several benzosiloxaboroles bearing functionalized benzenesulfonate moieties at the 6 position. The synthesis of related chloropyridine-2-yloxy substituted benzosiloxaboroles was accomplished by a standard approach involving silylation/boronation of appropriate heterodiaryl ethers. Investigation of biological activity of obtained compounds revealed that some benzoate and most benzenesulfonate derivatives exhibit high activity against Gram-positive cocci such as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300 with the MIC values in the range of 0.39–3.12 mg L−1. Some benzenesulfonate derivatives showed also potent activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and E. faecium ATCC 6057 with MIC = 6.25 mg L−1. Importantly, for the most promising cocci-active benzenesulfonate derivatives the obtained MIC values were far below the cytotoxicity limit determined with respect to human normal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5). For those derivatives, the obtained IC50 values were higher than 12.3 mg L−1. The results of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity indicate that the tested compounds can be considered as potential antibacterial agents.

Synthesis, structure and in vitro cytotoxicity of platinum(II) complexes containing eugenol and a quinolin-8-ol-derived chelator.

The synthesis of potassium (η2-4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol)trichloridoplatinate(II), K[PtCl3(C10H12O2)], (1), starting from Zeise's salt and Ocimum sanctum L. oil has been optimized. Starting from (1), three new platinum(II) complexes, namely (η2-4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol)chlorido(2-methylquinolin-8-olato-κ2N,O)platinum(II), (2), (η2-4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol)chlorido(5-nitroquinolin-8-olato-κ2N,O)platinum(II), (3), and (η2-4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol)chlorido(5,7-dichloroquinolin-8-olato-κ2N,O)platinum(II), [Pt(C9H4Cl2NO)Cl(C10H12O2)], (4), containing eugenol and a quinolin-8-ol derivative (R-OQ), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, MS, IR, 1H NMR and NOESY spectra. For (1) and (4), single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were also carried out. Complexes (2)-(4) show good inhibiting abilities on three human cancer cell lines, i.e. KB, Hep-G2 and LU, with IC50 values of 1.42-17.8 µM. Complex (3) gives an impressively high activity against KB, Hep-G2, LU and MCF-7, with IC50 values of 1.42-4.91 µM, which are much lower than those of cisplatin and some other platinum(II) complexes.

Influence of surface modifiers on hydrothermal synthesis of K x Na(1−x)NbO3

The synthesis of potassium–sodium niobate lead-free piezoelectric ceramics has been widely studied during the past decade because of the promising industrial application of these materials. We here report the effect of different additives or surface modifiers (such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, hexamethylenetetramine, and Triton X-100) on the synthesis of K x Na1−x NbO3 by a hydrothermal process. To achieve this purpose, ceramic powders are prepared using a 0.6 KOH/NaOH ratio, with a total OH− concentration of 8N under hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C. Surface modifiers are used aiming to avoid agglomeration, to modify the particle surface morphology and to improve the sample density after sintering. It is worth to note that the potassium concentration in K x Na(1−x)NbO3 was increased by the incorporation of the surface modifiers. In this way, K x Na1−x NbO3-based ceramics exhibit enhanced electrical properties.

Synthesis of potassium 2,6-di(alkoxycarbonyl)-3-methyl-4-nitroso-5-[pyridin-3(4)-yl]phenolates

Synthesis of potassium 2,6-di(alkoxycarbonyl)-3-methyl-4-nitroso-5-[pyridin-3(4)-yl]phenolates

Tuning coordination in s-block carbazol-9-yl complexes.

1,3,6,8-Tetra-tert-butylcarbazol-9-yl and 1,8-diaryl-3,6-di(tert-butyl)carbazol-9-yl ligands have been utilized in the synthesis of potassium and magnesium complexes. The potassium complexes (1,3,6,8-tBu4carb)K(THF)4 (1; carb=C12H4N), [(1,8-Xyl2-3,6-tBu2carb)K(THF)]2 (2; Xyl=3,5-Me2C6H3) and (1,8-Mes2-3,6-tBu2carb)K(THF)2 (3; Mes=2,4,6-Me3C6H2) were reacted with MgI2 to give the Hauser bases 1,3,6,8-tBu4carbMgI(THF)2 (4) and 1,8-Ar2-3,6-tBu2carbMgI(THF) (Ar=Xyl 5, Ar=Mes 6). Structural investigations of the potassium and magnesium derivatives highlight significant differences in the coordination motifs, which depend on the nature of the 1- and 8-substituents: 1,8-di(tert-butyl)-substituted ligands gave π-type compounds (1 and 4), in which the carbazolyl ligand acts as a multi-hapto donor, with the metal cations positioned below the coordination plane in a half-sandwich conformation, whereas the use of 1,8-diaryl substituted ligands gave σ-type complexes (2 and 6). Space-filling diagrams and percent buried volume calculations indicated that aryl-substituted carbazolyl ligands offer a steric cleft better suited to stabilization of low-coordinate magnesium complexes.

Molten salt synthesis of potassium and barium niobates

The interaction of powdered niobium oxide with molten potassium and barium nitrate salts containing KOH was studied. It was shown that KNbO3 can be obtained with the use of binary mixtures of the KOH-KNO3 system. The BaNb2O6 compound can be synthesized in melts of the KNO3-Ba(NO3)2 system. The treatment of Nb2O5 with melts of the system KNO3-Ba(NO3)2-KOH with various KOH percentages allowed us to obtain mixtures of Ba5Nb4O15.33 with Nb12O29 or Ba5Nb4O15.48 with K0.8Ba0.2NbO3.

Cyano-Substituted 2-Carboxyimidazoles: Synthesis of 4-Cyano-1-{[2-(tri­meth­ylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate Potassium Salt

The first example of a monocyano-substituted 2-carboxyimidazole is reported. A synthesis of potassium 4-cyano-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl} -1 H-imidazole-2-carboxylate (2) is demonstrated where the carboxylate group is introduced via bromine-magnesium exchange on a SEM-protected cyanoimidazole followed by reaction with ethyl cyanoformate. The synthesis includes the equilibration of a regioisomeric mixture of SEM-protected imidazoles to give a single product.

Synthesis of potassium and tetra n-butylammonium 2-substituted-1,3-dithianotrifluoroborate salts and addition to chiral cyclic N-acyliminium ions

The synthesis of potassium 2-substituted-1,3-dithianotrifluoroborate salts and tetra- n-butyl ammonium derivatives is described. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions and the corresponding products were obtained in moderate to good yields. The reactivity of these compounds in reactions with chiral cyclic N-acyliminium ions was evaluated.

Mechanistic aspects of the isomerization of Z-vinylic tellurides double bonds in the synthesis of potassium Z-vinyltrifluoroborate salts

Through direct transmetalation reaction of Z-vinylic tellurides with nBuLi was observed the unexpected isomerization of double bonds leading to potassium E-vinyltrifluoroborates salts in low to moderate yields. Using EPR spin trapping experiments the radical species that promoted the stereoinversion of Z-vinylic organometallic species during the preparation of potassium vinyltrifluoroborate salts was identified. The experiments support the proposed mechanism, which is based on the homolytic cleavage of the TenBu bond.

Spontaneous crystallization of zincophosphate sodalite and its modifications

The following study is a continuation of our research on spontaneous synthesis of sodium zincophosphate sodalite by a simple grinding of the substrate components ( e.g. , ZnCl 2 or Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , Na 2 HPO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 ). Rapid crystallization was used for the encapsulation of some substances (elemental sulphur, CdS, KBr, pyridine, hydroquinone) during sodalite structure formation. Attempts to increase the thermal stability of the resulting sodalite by adding some silicon or tin to the starting mixture brought about only a moderate improvement. The synthesis of potassium or ammonium derivatives of zincophosphate did not result in a sodalite structure.

Synthesis of potassium 2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutanoate: a leaf-closing substance of Leucaena leucocephalam

Starting from citraconic anhydride ( 2 ), a six step synthesis of leaf closing substance (±)- erythro potassium 2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methyl-butanoate ( 1 ) has been described with 29% overall yield via diesterification, OsO 4-dihydroxylation, acetonide protection, regioselective mono hydrolysis of unhindered ester moiety, borane–dimethylsulfide induced chemoselective reduction of carboxylic group and hydrolysis pathway. Surprisingly, the sodium borohydride reduction of monoester 5 and lithium borohydride reduction of 11 furnished the undesired regioisomer 7 .

Observational constraints on potassium synthesis during the formation of stars of the Galactic disk

The non-LTE potassium abundances in the atmospheres of 33 Galactic-disk stars are derived and the parameters of the atmospheres of 23 of the stars are determined. Neglecting departures from LTE results in a systematic overestimation of the potassium abundances and an increase in their dispersion, even for differential analyses relative to the Sun. The non-LTE corrections are significant ((−0.2)–(−0.6) dex) and depend on the surface gravities and effective temperatures of the stars. The mean potassium abundance for a sample of ten stars with [Fe/H]∼0.0 is in agreement with the solar and meteoritic abundances (log ɛ ⊙(K)=5.12). As the stellar metallicity increases from [Fe/H]=(−1.0) to (0.2) dex, the [K/Fe] ratio decreases systematically from 0.3 dex to −0.1 dex. The derived dependence [K/Fe]-[Fe/H] is in agreement with the results of published model calculations of the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. This indicates the dominance of explosive oxygen burning in massive type II supernovae during the synthesis of potassium in the Galactic disk.

Synthesis of potassium 3,6-dioxa-Δ 7-4-trifluoromethyl perfluorooctyl sulfonate from hydrolysis of 3,6-dioxa-Δ 7-4-trifluoromethyl perfluorooctyl sulfonyl fluoride. A simple high yield conversion catalyzed by KF

A simple conversion of a perfluoroalkylvinyl ether sulfonyl fluorides, CF 2CFOCF 2CF(CF 3)OCF 2CF 2SO 2F, to the corresponding sulfonate salts without nucleophilic attack on the vinylether function has been developed. The reaction involves KF, water, and acetonitrile resulting in high conversion to the sulfonate salt.

Synthesis of potassium [14C] dicloxacillin

AbstractA synthesis of potassium [14C] dicloxacillin, labelled in the 3‐position of the isoxazole ring, is described. The compound, having the specific activity 21 mCi/mmole, was obtained in 30% overall yield from ethyl [3‐14C] acetoacetate.

Synthesis of Potassium and Sodium 3-Hydroxy-1-Octanesulfonate

Synthesis of Potassium and Sodium 3-Hydroxy-1-Octanesulfonate