Potassium Deficiency Symptoms Research Articles

Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas Tanaman Pangan Melalui Pendidikan Diagnosa Visual Hara Tanaman

Increasing farmers' human resources in evaluating plant nutrients is an important part of increasing plant productivity, family food security and farmer income. Therefore, we researchers, carry out training activities for farming communities. The training was held in the Pal Sembilan village office hall, Sungai Kakap District. Attended by village officials, heads of farmer groups and members of farmer groups, Pal Sembilan village with a total of 30 people. The training was carried out by discussing procedures for visually observing deficiencies and excesses of plant nutrients. Farmers gain knowledge through short lectures, brochures with visual images of plant nutrients, and land management recommendations. Recommendations for improvement on land that has a pH of 4.5 and land conditions that are characterized by oxidized Fe, Al, and Mn are to wash the land first, or rinse the land first from Fe, Al, and Mn poisoning, and the recommended application of dolomite is 2 tons. /ha for land that does not have water management, during the process of increasing soil pH, it is not recommended to use N fertilizer, and spraying fungicides to reduce fungi that previously lived in acidic soil conditions. The extension location has symptoms of potassium deficiency, so it is recommended to provide rice straw to reduce the need for inorganic potassium fertilizer by 70-90%.

Recognizing Potassium Deficiency Symptoms in Soybean with ANN on FPGA

HighlightsIdentifying the deficiency of potassium macronutrients in the soybean crop using artificial neural network (ANN).Image processing based on ANN using a reconfigurable device.Processing and representation of data in neurons are in floating point.Abstract. Precision agriculture aims to improve the production of field crops using different techniques to manage the planting stages, such as the monitoring of field crops by images, fertilization control, nutrient analysis of the soil, and pest and weed control. By investigating field images, a plant leaf can be used to identify the lack of nutrients or the presence of diseases. This study developed a system that identifies the macronutrient deficiency of potassium in soybean crops by analyzing leaves. The methodology of this study was developed using different abstractions (Matlab and FPGA) to obtain consolidated results and facilitate low-level abstraction. The main contribution of this study is developing a multilayer artificial neural network system for a reconfigurable device. The developed system was applied in the image segmentation to determine potassium deficiency using soybean leaves and compared with a high-level abstraction system. The results of the reconfigurable device show that the mean hit percentages are 92%, 96%, and 95% in the leaf, trefoil, and field, respectively. The mean square error values were in the range of 10-2 and the quality factor was between 8.5 and 9.0. Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, Digital image processing, Potassium deficiency, Reconfigurable device, Soybean.

Cotton yield response to soil applied potassium across the U. S. Cotton Belt

AbstractAcross the U.S. Cotton Belt, potassium (K) deficiency symptoms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have become more common over the past decade. In 2015–2017, an experiment was conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, two regions in Texas, and Virginia for a total of 23 site‐years. The objectives were (a) to quantify soil K levels at‐depth in representative soils where cotton is commonly grown in major cotton production regions with observed K deficiencies; and (b) to evaluate the effects of application method and K rates on cotton lint yield, loan value, and return on fertilizer investment. Granular and liquid potassium chloride were broadcast or injected, respectively, 2–4 wk prior to planting at 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg K2O ha−1. Locations other than Texas and Oklahoma generally had soil K levels <less than 150 mg kg−1, the Mehlich III critical K level, and thus, a yield response to applied K fertilizer was expected. However, among the 23 site‐years, a treatment effect was determined at 5 site‐years. Two of those, Williamson County, Texas, and Virginia endured severe moisture stress and resulted in low yields (<526 kg lint ha−1). A positive lint yield response to knife‐injected 0–0–15 was determined in 2015 at the Lubbock County, Texas, location—a location with high yield (>1,653 kg lint ha−1). Inconsistent yield responses among locations indicate that K dynamics in the soil–cotton plant system are not well understood and deserve continued investigation.

Imbalance between nitrogen and potassium fertilization influences potassium deficiency symptoms in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves

Chlorosis at leaf margins is a typical symptom of potassium (K) deficiency, but inappropriate application of K with other nutrients often masks symptoms of K deficiency. A two-year field experiment was conducted to measure the interactive effects of N and K on leaf photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation and the resulting growth dilution effect on K concentration and leaf K deficiency symptoms. N application aggravated the imbalance of N and K nutrients and further exacerbated K deficiency symptoms under K limitation. Synergistic effects of N and K promoted plant growth, amplified the growth dilution effect, and reduced the critical K concentration in leaves. Using 90% of the maximum shoot biomass as a threshold, the critical K concentration was 0.72% at the recommended N (N180) fertilization level. The critical K concentration increased by 62.5% owing to the reduced biomass under insufficient N (N90) supply. In contrast, high N (N270) reduced the critical K concentration (0.64%), accelerating chlorophyll decomposition and exacerbating K deficiency symptoms. The basis of changing the critical K concentration by magnifying growth dilution effect was the functional synergistic effect of N and K on photosynthetic characteristics. Under insufficient N, the low maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) limited the net photosynthetic rate (An) and necessitated more K to maintain high CO2 transmission capacity, to improve the total conductance gtot /Vcmax ratio. High N supply increased gtot and Vcmax, possibly mitigating the effect of K reduction on photosynthesis. In conclusion, it is unwise to judge K status of plants only by K concentration without accounting for crop mass (or dilution effect), critical K concentration and deficiency symptoms are affected by N fertilization, and the synergistic effect of N and K on leaf photosynthesis is the foundation of maximal growth of plants under diverse critical K concentrations.

Potassium mediates coordination of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance by modifications of leaf anatomy.

Typical symptoms of potassium deficiency, characterized as chlorosis or withered necrosis, occur concomitantly with downregulated photosynthesis and impaired leaf water transport. However, the prominent limitations and mechanisms underlying the concerted decreases of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance are poorly understood. Monocots and dicots were investigated based on responses of photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance and their components and the correlated anatomical determinants to potassium deficiency. We found a conserved pattern in which leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance concurrently decreased under potassium starvation. However, monocots and dicots showed two different hydraulic-redesign strategies: Dicots tended to show a decreased minor vein density, whereas monocots reduced the size of the bundle sheath and its extensions, rather than the minor vein density; both of these strategies may restrain xylem and outside-xylem hydraulic conductance. Additionally, potassium-deprived leaves developed with fewer mesophyll cell-to-cell connections, leading to a reduced area being available for liquid-phase flow. Further quantitative analysis revealed that mesophyll conductance to CO2 and outside-xylem hydraulic resistance were the major contributors to photosynthetic limitation and increased hydraulic resistance, at more than 50% and 60%, respectively. These results emphasize the importance of potassium in the coordinated regulation of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance through modifications of leaf anatomy.

The Effect of Three Rootstock Cultivars, Potassium Soil Applications and Foliar Sprays on Yield and Quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Ronelle in South Africa

The early black cultivar Ronelle is the major export table grape produced in the northern summer rainfall area of South Arica. In a rootstock trial at Roodeplaat near Pretoria, low yield, poor quality and low export mass as well as typical potassium (K) deficiency symptoms were observed for Ronelle grafted onto 110 Richter, despite K saturation percentages of 6,3% and 6,0% in the topsoil and subsoil respectively. The effect of 500 kg ha-1 and 1 000 kg ha-1 soil-applied K combined with a 0,02% foliar application of K was investigated for Ronelle grafted onto 110 R (V. rupestris x V. Berlandieri), 101-14 Mgt (Y. riparia x V. rupestris) and 143 B Mgt (v. riparia x V. vinifera). The K fertilizer treatments were applied only once, before budbreak. Three foliar sprays were applied annually, at two-week intervals, commencing at 15 cm shoot length. Results after two seasons showed that neither high levels of K fertilizer, nor K foliar sprays improved yield or quality of Ronelle on 110 R. The K content of leaves was not significantly affected by any of the K treatments. Leaf K levels of 110 R were significantly lower compared to those of 143 Mgt, but the leaf K content of all three graft combinations was above the minimum norm. Apparently there is no effective cure for established Ronelle/110 R vineyards with K deficiency problems and it is recommended that the Ronelle/110 R graft combination is not used in future.

Spatiotemporal Pattern of Potassium Deficiency Symptoms and K + Concentration in Cotton Leaf

In order to explore the physiological mechanism of an unusual phenomenon that potassium (K) deficiency symptom first occurs in medium and upper leaves rather than lower leaves of cotton plants, field experiments were conducted at Shangzhuang Experimental Station of China Agricultural University with a low K soil (64.0 to 70.9 mg kg of available K) in Beijing (40o08′N, 116o10′E) during 2013 and 2014 growing season, using CCRI 41 (Gossypium hirsutum L.; susceptible to K deficiency) as material. There were three potassium treatments: control (no potassium applied), low potassium (225 kg K2O hm) and high potassium (375 kg K2O hm). We observed potassium deficiency symptoms of the main stem leaves from squaring stage to late stage of flowering and boll period and determined the content of K + of blade. It was found that K deficiency symptoms developed upward from the leaf located at the tenth node or so of mainstem, and those leaves below this node did not show symptoms during the whole season. However, this type of upward development of K deficiency symptoms was not successive; some leaves at medium part of mainstem (the 16th node or so) were always normal or near normal. There was no necessary link between the pattern of K deficiency symptoms and K concentration in cotton leaves. The latter generally increased with the leaf position raised from bottom to top, which is in accord with the common pattern under K deficiency. However, the increased magnitude from bottom to top and the leaf position with a larger increase in K concentration were different at contrasting growth stages, as well as between 2013 and 2014. The K concentration in most leaves decreased faster or slower over time. Nevertheless, some young or functional leaves (e.g. from the 7th to 14th node in 2013, and from the 13th to 16th node in 2014) showed an in第 12期 陈 乔等: 田间条件下棉花叶片缺钾症状及钾含量的时空动态研究 1889 crease of K concentration during the period from squaring stage to peak blooming stage. In conclusion, the spatiotemporal pattern of K deficiency symptoms in cotton leaves is more complicated than expected; and according to K concentration in leaves we cannot explain it well. The further study should focus on the susceptibility to K deficiency in leaves at different positions, and K redistribution in whole plant.

The potential of glauconitic sandstone as a potassium fertilizer for olive plants

This study evaluated the potential of glauconitic sandstone as a fertilizer for supplying potassium to plants. The glauconite sandstone (Maraveh, Iran), as analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, was composed of 2.24% potassium oxide plus high contents of silicon, aluminum and ferric oxide. One-year old olive trees, Olea europaea L., were grown in sand or hydroponic culture in a greenhouse under three potassium treatments. Modified Hoagland nutrient solutions based on potassium treatments including 0.5 mM K+, 5 mM K+ and 400 g glauconitic sandstone powders (per 10 L in hydroponics and per 2.5 L in sand instead of K+ supply) were used in both cultures. Plants grown under the three different potassium treatments did not show any potassium deficiency symptoms. In the sand culture, growth and potassium content were higher in plants fed with 5 mM potassium than with the other two potassium treatments. Growth retardation and decreased potassium content in plants fed with 0.5 mM potassium were more severe in the hydroponic culture than in the sand culture. However, plants fed with 400 g glauconitic sandstone showed higher growth in the hydroponic culture than the sand culture. Thus, glauconitic sandstone has the ability to release potassium and can be utilized in combination with other potassium fertilizers.

Fertilization Rate and Placement Effects on Areca Palms Transplanted from Containers or a Field Nursery

Areca palms (Dypsis lutescens [(H. Wendl.) Beentje and J. Dransf.]) were transplanted from containers or a field nursery and were treated with fertilizer placed at the bottom of the planting hole, incorporated into the backfill, or on the surface of the root ball to determine the effects of fertilizer placement at planting on palm growth and quality. Fertilizer was applied at 0, 250 g (20 g N), or 500 g (40 g N) per tree for each placement method to determine fertilization rate effects. Areca palms transplanted from containers grew best when fertilizer was incorporated into the backfill, but any fertilizer placement or rate was better than no fertilizer. When areca palms were transplanted from a field nursery, there was no consistently best fertilizer placement method. However, fertilized plants grew better and had less severe nitrogen and potassium deficiency symptoms than unfertilized palms. There was no benefit to higher fertilization rate for either container- or field-grown areca palms.

The forms and availability to plants of soil potassium as related to mineralogy for upland Oxisols and Ultisols from Thailand

Potassium (K) deficiency is widespread in crops on highly weathered upland soils under a tropical monsoonal climate. Critical assessment of the forms of K in soils and of the ability of soils to release K for plant uptake is important for the proper management of K in crop production. The relationships between different pools of K were investigated as a function of silt and clay mineralogy for 14 upland Oxisols and 26 upland Ultisols soils from Thailand. Most soils contained no K-minerals in the silt fraction. XRD showed that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral with variously minor or moderate amounts of illite, hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite and smectite present in some soils. For some soils, both conventional and synchrotron XRD were unable to detect illite. Analytical TEM including EFTEM of individual clay crystals showed that clay in the apparently illite-free samples contained very small amounts of illite. Many kaolinite particles appear to contain K which may be present in illite interleaved with kaolinite crystals. A glasshouse K-depletion experiment was conducted to assess the K supply capacity and changes in chemical forms of K and K-minerals using exhaustive K depletion by Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). Potassium deficiency symptoms and mortality of plants occurred on light textured soils, whereas plants survived for six harvests for Oxisols with clay texture, relatively high CEC and higher NH4OAc-K (exchangeable K plus water-soluble K). There is a strong linear relationship of unit slope between NH4OAc-K and cumulative K uptake by plants indicating that NH4OAc-K is a major form of K available to plants. Thus K-bearing minerals contributed little K to plants over the time scale of the experiment and XRD patterns of whole soil samples, silt and clay from soils after cropping mostly showed no change from those for the initial soil. An exception was for a single surface soil clay where a minor amount of smectite was formed from illite by K release to plants.

Effects of Paper-Mill Sludge as a Mulch versus Topsoil Incorporation on Potassium Uptake and the Grain Yield of Rain-Fed Wheat in a High Specific Surface Loess Soil with Illite Dominance in Clay Fraction

A field experiment with rain-fed winter wheat investigated the nutritional aspects of paper-mill sludge as a mulch and incorporated into the topsoil. Treatments with chemical fertilizers were also used as controls. Paper-mill sludge used as mulch with high rate (100 MG ha−1) and also the combined N and K mineral fertilizer treatments increased yield when a low potassium otherwise caused potassium deficiency in wheat with high specific surface soil. High soil Ca : K molar ratio by incorporation lowered potassium uptake and yield, with visual symptoms of potassium deficiency. A very high Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG) for K exchange against Ca + Mg (16.58 (L/mole)0.5) produced a nonlinear normalized exchange isotherm in favor of potassium with these soils containing high illite. Ca and K which are released by sludge decomposition are diverged in soil when mobilized by rain infiltration, lowering Ca : K molar ratio. Low soil Ca : K molar ratio may be expected by surface sludge application relative to incorporation, due to greater rain infiltration through upper soil layers and their effluent pore volumes per unit depth. Ca from triple superphosphate by the P, N, and K mineral fertilizers combined also reduced potassium uptake and yield relative to N and K combined.

Potassium Deficiency in Palms

This document is about symptoms of potassium (K) deficiency among palm species. This disease appears first on the oldest leaves. Older leaflets of some palms such as Dictyosperma album (hurricane palm) are mottled with yellowish spots that are translucent when viewed from below. In other palms such as Dypsis cabadae (cabada palm), Howea spp. (kentia palms) and Roystonea spp. (royal palms), symptoms appear on older leaves as marginal or tip necrosis with little or no yellowish spotting present (Figures 2 and 3). The leaflets in Roystonea, Dypsis, and other pinnate-leaved species showing marginal or tip necrosis often appear withered and frizzled.

EFFICACY OF SOYBEAN-BASE LIQUID FERTILIZER FOR GREENHOUSE CROPS

A soybean-base liquid fertilizer [Daniels Plant Food, Sherman TX, USA; 10 nitrogen (N):1.8 phophorus (P):2.5 potassium (K)] for petunia was compared for efficacy to two formulations of 20N:4.4P:16.6K with 40 and 70% of the nitrogen in the reduced form. Petunias treated with the soybean-base fertilizer were taller, flowered in 4.5% less time, had the highest plant rating for foliar color and plant form, and did not differ in plant dry weight from the control (40% reduced nitrogen). Foliar nitrogen concentration was not affected by fertilizer source. Also, cyclamen grown with the soybean-base fertilizer had similar plant and corm growth and formed 47% more flowers than the control. Foliar levels of potassium although lower were adequate in the soybean-base fertilized plants. Ammonium toxicity and potassium deficiency symptoms did not occur with either species. While the substrate pH in the high reduced nitrogen soybean-base treatment was expected to be lower, it was higher or similar to the control in each species.

The vital role of potassium in the osmotic mechanism of stomata aperture modulation and its link with potassium deficiency

Potassium deficiency symptoms of crops are well documented. However, the role of potassium in relation to the osmo-modulation of leaf stomata apertures was only discovered in the early 1970s. Our findings related to the differences between the osmotic properties of KCl and sucrose solutions provided an insight into that mechanism. In this report those findings are re-examined using a minor modification in the way their osmotic properties are calculated. The modification did not result in significant changes to the previous calculations. The properties of the KCl and sucrose solutions were subsequently compared with those of an extended series of inorganic and organic solutes. The calculations re-confirm that the osmotic properties of different solutes vary considerably. Research into the osmotic properties of solutes found in plant tissues may help elucidate other subtle plant physiological mechanisms. The findings highlight the vital role of potassium in plants. Its deficiency probably triggers a signal that results in the flow of potassium from the older leaves to support stomata modulation in the young leaves. This facilitates the survival of the plant, but leads to the necrosis of the older leaves and retarded growth.

Soil Potassium Deficiency Affects Soybean Phloem Nitrogen and Soybean Aphid Populations

The soybean aphid is an invasive pest in the midwest United States, with frequent population outbreaks. Previous work has shown that aphid population densities are higher on potassium-deficient soybean than on healthy soybean. The experiments reported here test the hypotheses that the potassium nutrition of the host plant affects the forms of phloem nitrogen available to soybean aphids, and subsequently, their abundance. In field surveys and an exclusion cage study when aphid populations were high, soybean plants with potassium deficiency symptoms had a higher density of soybean aphids than plants without deficiency symptoms. In clip cage experiments, this effect was caused by earlier aphid reproduction and higher numbers of aphid nymphs per mother on plants growing in lower-potassium soil. In phloem exudation samples, the percentage of asparagine, an important amino acid for aphid nutrition, increased with decreasing soil potassium, perhaps because of potassium's role in the nitrogen use of the plant. Taken together, these results show that soybean potassium deficiency can lead to higher populations of soybean aphid through a bottom-up effect. A possible mechanism for this relationship is that soybean potassium deficiency improves the nitrogen nutrition of these N-limited insects. By releasing these herbivores from N limitation, host plant potassium deficiency may allow soybean aphid populations to reach higher levels more rapidly in the field.

Potassium and Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms of Ixora

Ixoras (Ixora L.) growing in calcareous sandy soils are highly susceptible to a reddish leaf spot disorder. Symptoms appear on the oldest leaves of a shoot and consist of irregular diffuse brownish-red blotches on slightly chlorotic leaves. Symptoms of K deficiency, P deficiency, and both K and P deficiency were induced in container-grown Ixora `Nora Grant' by withholding the appropriate element from the fertilization regime. Potassium-deficient ixoras showed sharply delimited necrotic spotting on the oldest leaves, were stunted in overall size, and retained fewer leaves per shoot than control plants. Phosphorus-deficient plants showed no spotting, but had uniformly brownish-red older leaves and olive-green younger foliage. Plants deficient in both elements displayed symptoms similar to those observed on landscape plants. Symptomatic experimental and landscape ixoras all had low foliar concentrations of both K and P.

Spectral features associated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiencies in Eucalyptus saligna seedling leaves

Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) deficiency symptoms were induced in Eucalyptus saligna seedlings. Leaves of these seedlings were measured radiometricaly in order to characterize spectrally the symptoms. It was used the SPECTRON SE-590, linked to a LICOR integrating sphere, running at 0.4 to 0.09 mu m spectral range. The results indicated that only the symptoms related with K deficiency could be spectrally detected in the visible region. The time lag from the beginning of the experiment was fundamental to characterize the symptoms, due to the synergism of the symptoms related with mineral deficiencies. The SPECTRON SE-590 fine spectral resolution proved unnecessary to spectrally characterize the symptoms.

Rendimento de matéria seca de quatro cultivares de alfafa em um latossolo vermelho-amarelo submetido à calagem e adubação potássica

Em casa de vegetação da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba (SP), no período de janeiro a agosto de 1992, foi desenvolvido um experimento com amostra superficial de um latossolo vermelho-amarelo textura argilosa. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 4, com doses de calcário (0; 380; 760 e 1.140 mg kg-1 de terra), doses de potássio (0; 40 e 120 mg kg-1 de terra) e quatro cultivares de alfafa (Crioula, Moapa, Florida 77 e CUF 101). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Efetuou-se o primeiro corte 70 dias após a semeadura, enquanto o segundo corte foi realizado entre 34 e 41 dias após o primeiro. Os cultivares de maior rendimento de matéria seca no primeiro corte foram Florida 77 e CUF 101, que se igualaram aos cultivares Crioula e Moapa no segundo corte. As máximas produções de matéria seca e quantidades totais de nitrogênio estimadas corresponderam às doses de calcário dolomítico entre 886 e 1.095 mg kg-1, que elevaram a saturação por bases do solo para 64,8 a 68,6%, enquanto, para o potássio, esses pontos de máximo foram estimados para doses entre 44,7 e 74,2 mg kg-1. Sintomas visuais de deficiência de potássio foram observados na alfafa, nos tratamentos sem adubação potássica.

Effects of Verticillium dahliae Infection of Cotton Plants (Gossypium hirsutum) on Potassium Levels in Leaf Petioles

Two isolates of Verticillium dahliae, a black microsclerotial isolate and an isolate from potassium deficient cotton plants that forms white colonies on agar media, were examined for their effects on the potassium content of cotton plants. The potassium content of petioles from fully expanded leaves collected at random from branches 6 to 7 nodes below the terminal node were monitored during July and August in 1993 to 1995. Potassium contents of petioles from plants inoculated with V. dahliae did not differ significantly from plants injected with sterile water until the plants were nearing peak boll load. Both isolates caused a gradual development of potassium deficiency symptoms in leaves of inoculated plants and a decrease in petiole potassium, often accompanied by chlorosis and necrosis typical of Verticillium wilt. These results suggest that infection of cotton plants by V. dahliae causes an impairment in the uptake and translocation of potassium that is often associated with the development of potassium deficiency symptoms in leaves of plants with large boll loads.

Partitioning of potassium in the cotton plant during the development of a potassium deficiency

Abstract Visual potassium (K) deficiency symptoms of modern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars are similar to classical descriptions. Unlike classical descriptions, however, they occur first at the top of these more heavily fruiting cultivars and progress from younger to older leaves. Studies were initiated to closely monitor the development of K deficiency symptoms in a modern cotton cultivar. Growth chamber experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to determine how K is partitioned throughout cotton plants during the development of K deficiency symptoms. Experiments were conducted in 8‐L sand filled pots in a growth chamber at the Altheimer Laboratory in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Two treatments were established at the pin‐head square growth stage 35 days after planting and consisted of nutrient solutions containing 0 and 6 mM K. The onset of K deficiency was first detected in upper canopy petioles 4 days after treatment establishment (DATE). On this day, petiole K concentration in the plus‐K treat...