Postural Balance Test Research Articles

Taekwondo Training Improves Balance in Volunteers Over 40

Balance deteriorates with age, and may eventually lead to falling accidents which may threaten independent living. As Taekwondo contains various highly dynamic movement patterns, Taekwondo practice may sustain or improve balance. Therefore, in 24 middle-aged healthy volunteers (40–71 year) we investigated effects of age-adapted Taekwondo training of 1 h a week during 1 year on various balance parameters, such as: motor orientation ability (primary outcome measure), postural and static balance test, single leg stance, one leg hop test, and a questionnaire. Motor orientation ability significantly increased in favor of the antero-posterior direction with a difference of 0.62° toward anterior compared to pre-training measurement, when participants corrected the tilted platform rather toward the posterior direction; female gender being an independent outcome predictor. On postural balance measurements sway path improved in all 19 participants, with a median of 9.3 mm/s (range 0.71–45.86), and sway area in 15 participants with 4.2 mm2/s (range 17.39–1.22). Static balance improved with an average of 5.34 s for the right leg, and with almost 4 s for the left. Median single leg stance duration increased in 17 participants with 5 s (range 1–16), and in 13 participants with 8 s (range 1–18). The average one leg hop test distance increased (not statistically significant) with 9.5 cm. The questionnaire reported a better “ability to maintain balance” in 16. In conclusion, our data suggest that age-adapted Taekwondo training improves various aspects of balance control in healthy people over the age of 40.

The ability to maintain postural balance in adolescents with mild intellectual disability and adolescents with typical development

Falls are common among people with intellectual disabilities. In literature there is a limited number of studies which deal with this problem. The main objective of this research is to analyze the ability to maintain postural balance in adolescents with mild intellectual disability (ID) by comparing it to their peers who do not have ID. The sample included 64 male adolescents, aged 16 to 18, out of which 32 belonged to the experimental group (e-group) and had mild ID, while the control group (c-group) consisted of 32 adolescents of typical population. The ability to maintain postural balance in both groups was tested by using three tests: Expanded Timed Up and Go Test (ETUGT), Modified Functional Reach Test (M-FRT) and One-leg Stance (OLS). The research was conducted in the period from 2008 to 2010 in 'Petar Leković' Secondary School, Belgrade (Serbia), as well as in the Institution for people with special needs 'Caritas' in Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The results show that the use of ETUG test showed a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of time needed for the completion of the test, while on the M-FR test the participants from e-group achieved significantly lower results than the c-group. The OLS test showed that the participants of both groups completed the test equally well on both legs when not blindfolded, while the experimental group achieved significantly lower results on both legs when blindfolded. The results suggest that adolescents with ID achieve lower results on most of the applied postural balance tests when compared to typical adolescent population.

Protective effect of methanolic extract of Garcinia indica fruits in 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Context:Several studies have reported that antioxidants play an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Garcinia indica extract is a natural antioxidant, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of methanolic extract of Garcinia indica (GIM) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxicity for striatal dopaminergic neurons in the rat.Materials and Methods:Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups namely control, 6-OHDA model, and GIM (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight suspended in one ml of 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose). The treatment was started three days before surgery and continued for next 14 days. The surgery was done on third day in all groups for administration of 6-OHDA into the right striatum and right substantia nigra, whereas control group injected with 6-OHDA vehicle. Various behavior and biochemical tests (Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, Stepping test, Initiation time, Postural balance test, and Disengage time) were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of GIM. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test was used to compare inter-group differences. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:GIM had significant (P<0.05, P<0.01) preventive effect in biochemical tests, i.e., dopamine and its metabolites measurement and in various behavior tests, i.e., apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, stepping test, initiation time, postural balance test, and disengage time as compared to 6-OHDA-treated rats.Conclusions:Our results demonstrated that GIM acted as an effective neuroprotective agent for striatal dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of PD.

The influence of anthropometric factors on postural balance: the relationship between body composition and posturographic measurements in young adults

OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of anthropometric characteristics and gender on postural balance in adults. One hundred individuals were examined (50 males, 50 females; age range 20-40 years).METHODS:The following body composition measurements were collected (using bone densitometry measurements): fat percentage (% fat), tissue (g), fat (g), lean mass (g), bone mineral content (g), and bone mineral density (g/cm2). In addition, the following anthropometric measurements were collected: body mass (kg), height (cm), length of the trunk-cephalic region (cm), length of the lower limbs (cm) and length of the upper limbs (cm). The following indices were calculated: body mass index (kg/m2), waist-hip ratio and the support base (cm2). Also, a postural balance test was performed using posturography variables with open and closed eyes.RESULTS:The analysis revealed poor correlations between postural balance and the anthropometric variables. A multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the whole group (female and male) height explained 12% of the medial-lateral displacement, 10% of the speed of oscillation, and 11% of the displacement area. The length of the trunk-cephalic length explained 6% of the displacement in the anteroposterior direction. With eyes closed, the support base and height explained 18% of the medial displacement, and the lateral height explained 10% of the displacement speed and 5% of the scroll area.CONCLUSION:Measured using posturography, the postural balance was only slightly influenced by the anthropometric variables, both with open and closed eyes. Height was the anthropometric variable that most influenced postural balance, both in the whole group and separately for each gender. Postural balance was more influenced by anthropometric factors in males than females.

Coordenação global, equilíbrio, índice de massa corporal e nível de atividade física: um estudo correlacional em idosos de Ivoti, RS, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Buscou-se verificar se existe correlação entre o índice de massa corporal, nível de atividade física em METs, coordenação global e equilíbrio estático de idosos da cidade de Ivoti, RS. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo de corte transversal que avaliou 202 idosos, de ambos os gêneros, residentes em Ivoti-RS e selecionados por conveniência. Para as avaliações foram utilizados testes de coordenação global e de equilíbrio, o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) formato curto, e calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal segundo os pontos de corte propostos: desnutrição: &lt;22,0 kg/m², eutrofia: de 22,0 a 27,0 kg/m² e obesidade: &gt;27,0 kg/m². O nível de atividade foi classificado em Mets-min/semana como: muito ativo de 1500 a 3000 Mets-min./semana; suficientemente ativo, entre 1499 e 600 Mets-min./semana e insuficientemente ativo, menos de 600 Mets-min./semana. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e correlação de Spearman (α = 0,05), através do programa SPSS, versão 16.0. O estudo foi aprovado pelo CEP da Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 62 (30,7%) homens e 140 (69,3%) mulheres, idade média masculina de 69,53 ± 6,23 e feminina de 67,52 ± 5,69 anos. A idade média geral da amostra foi de 68,14 ± 5,92 anos. Foram verificadas associações negativas entre as variáveis IMC e coordenação global e IMC e equilíbrio, r= -0,423 (p&lt;0,01) e r= -0,3060 (p&lt;0,01) respectivamente. Porém, quando estratificadas por gênero, essas associações não foram significativas nos homens. O nível de atividade física demonstrou correlação negativa com a variável IMC (r= -0,219) e com a idade (r= -0,241); da mesma forma, apresentou correlação positiva com a coordenação motora (r= 0,274) e o equilíbrio (r=0,191). Mas o IMC e o equilíbrio, assim como a idade e o equilíbrio, não apresentaram correlação nas pessoas idosas suficientemente ativas. A coordenação global e o equilíbrio estão relacionados positivamente ao nível de atividade física apenas nas mulheres. Entretanto, o IMC está relacionado negativamente ao nível de atividade física em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÃO: Para as mulheres da amostra, o alto valor do IMC gerou possivelmente resultados inferiores no desempenho dos testes de coordenação global e equilíbrio. Tal fato não pôde ser observado entre os homens, mas constatou-se correlação positiva entre o nível de atividade física em METs totais, coordenação global e equilíbrio na amostra total do estudo.

Reproducibility of postural stability scores in blind athletes

Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of postural stability scores in blind athletes. Design: Within-subject, repeated trials of postural stability. Setting: Laboratory located at a physical medicine and rehabilitation center Participants: Eighteen congenitally blind goal-ball players. Main outcome measures : Three postural stability indices: overall, anteroposterior and mediolateral was evaluated. Means of each day and of the best score of each day were calculated from the three test trials. Results: No significant differences were determined between the mean score on each of the two days or between the mean score and the mean of the best score of each day. Intraclass coefficients (ICC) for the two testing days ranged from 0.59 to 0.83 based on the mean value, and from 0.40 to 0.86 based on the best value. The standard error of measurement (SEM) ranged between 0.4-1.1, which was equivalent to 18% of the stability index scores. Conclusions: Based on both ICC and SEM results, findings derived from this postural balance test have acceptable reproducibility in the overall and anteroposterior indices but only fair reproducibility in the mediolateral index.

Recovery of postural stability following conscious sedation with midazolam in the elderly.

To investigate the differences in recovery of postural stability, after obtaining similar intravenous sedation levels with midazolam, in elderly and younger patients undergoing dental surgery. We studied 15 elderly patients (>65 years) and 15 younger patients (<55 years) after intravenous sedation. Midazolam was carefully titrated over 4-5 min until slow response to verbal commands, ptosis of the eyelid, or slight slurring of speech was obtained. Parameters were postural balance tests and an addition test, as a psychomotor function test. The dose of midazolam in the elderly group (0.045 +/- 0.012 mg.kg(-1)) was 62% of that in the younger group (0.074 +/- 0.026 mg.kg(-1)). In evaluation of the percentile rank of a balance test with a visual feedback system, which contained a dynamic balance element, recovery at 60 min in the elderly group was significantly slower than that in the younger group. However, the recovery times for the balance test and the addition test, at which the significantly changed values were restored to the baseline values, were 120 min and 90 min, respectively, in both groups. In the recovery from sedation, elderly patients had more difficulty in acquiring postural adjustment during movement than in maintaining a standing posture. If the dose is carefully administered, however, even elderly patients might be able to return home 2 h after midazolam administration, as could the younger patients.

Comparison of unilateral and bilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine-induced axon terminal lesions: evidence for interhemispheric functional coupling of the two nigrostriatal pathways.

Partial lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system can be induced reliably by the intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and are considered to be analogous to the early stages of human Parkinson's disease. Previous studies have established a clear correlation between different doses and placements of the 6-OHDA toxin and the degree of neurodegenerative changes and behavioral impairments. In the present study, the influence of the interdependence between the two nigrostriatal systems in both hemispheres on the effects on sensorimotor behavioral performances after terminal 6-OHDA lesions was investigated. The behavioral effects were correlated to the extent of nigral dopamine neuron cell and striatal tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive fiber loss. Sprague-Dawley rats receiving unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA injections (4 x 5 microg) exhibited a 30-70% reduction in striatal TH-positive fiber density along an anterior-posterior gradient, an 80% loss of nigral dopamine neurons and a mild degree of behavioral impairments as revealed by amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry, and a reduced performance in the stepping and postural balance tests. When the same amount of toxin was injected twice into both hemispheres (2 x 4 x 5 microg), additional behavioral deficits were observed, consisting of a significant, but temporary, weight loss, a stable reduction in general locomotor activity and explorational behavior, and a long-term deficit in skilled forelimb use. This is interesting in light of the morphological findings, in which uni- and bilaterally lesioned animals did not differ significantly in the extent of TH-immunoreactive fiber and dopamine neuron loss within the nigrostriatal system in each lesioned hemisphere. These results indicate that the interdependent regulation of the two nigrostriatal systems may provide some compensatory support for the function and behavioral performance of the lesioned side via the normal unlesioned side, which is lost in animals with bilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal system. Therefore, this model of uni- and bilateral partial lesions of the nigrostriatal system, as characterized in the present study, may foster further exploration of compensatory functional mechanisms active in the early stages of Parkinson's disease and promote development of novel neuroprotective and restorative strategies.

Effect of Work Loan and Respirator Wear on Postural Stability, Heart Rate, and Perceived Exertion

The effects on postural stability (sway) were investigated for different work loads under conditions of wearing a full facepiece respirator and not wearing any respiratory protection device. Fifteen subjects accomplished light (40 W), moderate (85 W), and heavy (125 W) work loads under the two conditions. Measurements of postural sway were nude immediately after each load by using a multicomponent, strain gage-type force platform. Changes in each subject's movement pattern of the center of pressure were quantitated and compared to their initial baseline sway tests. Each subject's heart rate and perceived exertion were also recorded during each condition. A statistically significant effect (p=0.007) caused by work load was observed for total length of sway with or without a respirator. An interaction approaching statistical significance (p=0.056) between work load and respirator use was found. This indicated that sway increased more quickly and in a more consistently linear fashion with increasing work load under the respirator condition (p=0.02) compared to the nonrespirator condition. The results from the respirator condition showed linear increases in postural sway length across the entire range of work loads, but sway length in the nonrespirator condition showed an increase only at 125-W work loads. The greater increase in sway during the postural balance test could be attributable to the increasing Work load-induced proprioceptive fatigue effect on the nervous system's ability to process signals from proprioception systems incongruent with body sway. The heart rate was significantly higher during respirator wear (an increase in heart rate averaging 5.62 beats/min). However, correlations between heart rate and sway length were significant (r=0.87, p=0.0001) only at the 125-W work load for the respirator condition. The implication of this study is that maintenance of optimal physiological work loads with or without respirators is an important ergonomics criterion in fall prevention.

EFFECT OF WORK LOAN AND RESPIRATOR WEAR ON POSTURAL STABILITY, HEART RATE, AND PERCEIVED EXERTION

The effects on postural stability (sway) were investigated for different work loads under conditions of wearing a full facepiece respirator and not wearing any respiratory protection device. Fifteen subjects accomplished light (40 W), moderate (85 W), and heavy (125 W) work loads under the two conditions. Measurements of postural sway were made immediately after each load by using a multicomponent, strain gage-type force platform. Changes in each subject's movement pattern of the center of pressure were quantitated and compared to their initial baseline sway tests. Each subject's heart rate and perceived exertion were also recorded during each condition. A statistically significant effect (p = 0.007) caused by work load was observed for total length of sway with or without a respirator. An interaction approaching statistical significance (p = 0.056) between work load and respirator use was found. This indicated that sway increased more quickly and in a more consistently linear fashion with increasing work load under the respirator condition (p = 0.02) compared to the nonrespirator condition. The results from the respirator condition showed linear increases in postural sway length across the entire range of work loads, but sway length in the nonrespirator condition showed an increase only at 125-W work loads. The greater increase in sway during the postural balance test could be attributable to the increasing work load-induced proprioceptive fatigue effect on the nervous system's ability to process signals from proprioception systems incongruent with body sway. The heart rate was significantly higher during respirator wear (an increase in heart rate averaging 5.62 beats/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)