Postprandial Lipemia Research Articles

Postprandial plasma lipidome responses to a high-fat meal among healthy women

Postprandial lipemia consists of changes in concentrations and composition of plasma lipids after food intake, commonly presented as increased levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia may also affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) structure and function, resulting in a net decrease in HDL concentrations. Elevated triglycerides (TG) and reduced HDL levels have been positively associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases development. Here, we investigated the plasma lipidome composition of 12 clinically healthy, nonobese and young women in response to an acute high-caloric (1135 kcal) and high-fat (64 g) breakfast meal. For this purpose, we employed a detailed untargeted mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach and data was obtained at four sampling points: fasting and 1, 3 and 5 h postprandial. Analysis of variance revealed 73 significantly altered lipid species between all sampling points. Nonetheless, two divergent subgroups have emerged at 5 h postprandial as a function of differential plasma lipidome responses, and were thereby designated slow and fast TG metabolizers. Late responses by slow TG metabolizers were associated with increased concentrations of several species of TG and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Lipidomic analysis of lipoprotein fractions at 5 h postprandial revealed higher TG and PI concentrations in HDL from slow relative to fast TG metabolizers, but not in apoB-containing fraction. These data indicate that modulations in HDL lipidome during prolonged postprandial lipemia may potentially impact HDL functions. A comprehensive characterization of plasma lipidome responses to acute metabolic challenges may contribute to a better understanding of diet/lifestyle regulation in the metabolism of lipid and glucose.

Move it or lose it: limb immobilisation results in impaired postprandial skeletal muscle glucose uptake.

Move it or lose it: limb immobilisation results in impaired postprandial skeletal muscle glucose uptake.

Circulating MicroRNA Responses to Postprandial Lipemia with or without Prior Exercise.

Repeated exposure to a high-fat meal triggers inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to the onset of cardiometabolic diseases. Regular exercise prevents cardiometabolic diseases and a prior bout of acute endurance exercise can counteract the detrimental cardiovascular effects of a subsequent high-fat meal. Circulating microRNAs (ci-miRs) are potential mediators of these vascular effects through regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Therefore, we investigated the expression of ci-miRs related to vascular function (miR-21, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181b, miR-221, miR-222) in plasma from healthy, recreationally to highly active, Caucasian adult men after a high-fat meal with (EX) and without (CON) a preceding bout of cycling exercise. Ci-miR-155 was the only ci-miR for which there was a significant interaction effect of high-fat meal and exercise (p=0.050). Ci-miR-155 significantly increased in the CON group at two (p=0.007) and four hours (p=0.010) after the high-fat meal test, whereas it significantly increased in the EX group only four hours after the meal (p=0.0004). There were significant main effects of the high-fat meal on ci-miR-21 (p=0.01), ci-miR-126 (p=0.02), ci-miR-146a (p=0.02), ci-miR-181b (p=0.02), and ci-miR-221 (p=0.008). Collectively, our results suggest that prior exercise does not prevent high-fat meal-induced increases in vascular-related ci-miRs.

Spirulina liquid extract prevents metabolic disturbances and improves liver sphingolipids profile in hamster fed a high-fat diet.

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and exacerbated oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to determine whether Spirulysat®, a Spirulina liquid extract (SLE) enriched in phycocyanin, would prevent metabolic abnormalities induced by high-fat diet. The effect of acute SLE supplementation on postprandial lipemia and on triton-induced hyperlipidemia was studied in hamster fed control diet (C). The effect of chronic SLE supplementation on lipid content in plasma, liver and aorta, and on glycemia and oxidative stress was studied in hamster fed control (C) or high-fat diet (HF) for two weeks and then treated with SLE for two weeks (CSp and HFSp) or not (C and HF). The acute SLE supplementation lowered plasma cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations after olive oil gavage (P < 0.05) in CSp, while no effect was observed on triglyceridemia. HFD increased plasma MDA, basal glycemia, triglyceridemia, total plasma cholesterol, VLDL, LDL and HDL cholesterol, ceramide, sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide content in liver in HF compared to C (P < 0.05). SLE did not affect SOD and GPx activities nor total antioxidant status in HFSp group but lowered glycemia, glucoceramide and cholesterol in liver and cholesterol in aorta compared to HF (P < 0.05). SLE also decreased HMGCoA and TGF-β1 gene expression in liver (P < 0.05) and tended to lower G6Pase (P = 0.068) gene expression in HFSp compared to HF. Although 2-week SLE supplementation did not affect oxidative stress, it protected from hyperglycemia and lipid accumulation in liver and aorta suggesting a protective effect against metabolic syndrome.

Determinants of Postprandial Triglycerides Across the Spectrum of Aging

Abstract Objectives Elevated postprandial triglycerides (TG) are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and older adults exhibit greater postprandial lipemia (PPL) compared to younger adults. However, determinants of PPL, especially in older populations, remain poorly defined. This cross-sectional study examined the influence of body composition, lifestyle behaviors, and metabolic risk factors for PPL across the aging spectrum. Methods We recruited individuals evenly distributed between the ages of 50–89 years (50% male; 50% female). Participants completed diet and physical activity questionnaires and wore an accelerometer for 5 days. Body composition was measured via bioelectrical impedance. Following an overnight fast, participants also completed an abbreviated fat tolerance test: a blood draw was performed before and 4 hours after consumption of a high-fat meal (9 kcal/kg; 73% fat) to determine fasting and peak postprandial metabolic responses. Results 56 participants (age groups: 50s, n = 15; 60s, n = 15; 70s, n = 15; 80s, n = 11) completed the study. Fasting TG did not differ across age groups (50s: 99.7 ± 50.1 mg/dL; 60s: 114.3 ± 71.1 mg/dL; 70s: 102.9 ± 45.0 mg/dL; 80s: 86.9 ± 39.5 mg/dL; P = 0.63). There was also no difference in 4-hour TG across age groups (50s: 162.9 ± 76.9 mg/dL; 60s: 181.9 ± 99.9 mg/dL; 70s: 130.8 ± 82.0 mg/dL; 80s: 130.8 ± 60.6 mg/dL; P = 0.40). Across age groups, variables significantly correlated (p's &amp;lt; 0.05) with 4-hour TG included BMI (r = 0.29), visceral adiposity (r = 0.31), ALT (r = 0.37), fasting glucose (r = 0.27), 4-hour glucose (r = 0.34) and alcohol intake (r = 0.33). In a backward elimination regression (R2 = 0.31), the most predictive variables of 4-hour TG were 4-hour glucose (β = 0.31; P = 0.01), ALT (β = 0.33; P = 0.007), and alcohol intake (β = 0.25; P = 0.04). Conclusions In older adults aged 50–89, we identified ALT, postprandial glucose, and alcohol intake as key determinants of postprandial TG. Future studies should aim to explore the relationship between liver health, insulin resistance, alcohol intake, and PPL across the aging spectrum. Funding Sources Donna Cadwalader Research and Development Grant, College of Education and Human Sciences and Oklahoma State University Foundation.

Emulsion Colloidal Gastric Stability and Lipid Droplet Physical State Modulate Gastric Emptying and Short-Term Satiety in Healthy Men

Abstract Objectives The aim of this randomized crossover study was to investigate the influences of TAG droplet physical state at 37°C and emulsion gastric colloidal stability on gastric emptying (GE), postprandial lipemia and satiety in healthy men. It was hypothesized that emulsions susceptible to flocculation in the stomach would augment GE compared to acid stable emulsions, and that the acute lipemic and satiety responses would be attenuated for emulsions containing crystalline TAG and/or an acid unstable emulsifier. Methods Twenty % palm stearin or palm olein emulsions with similar particle size distributions where formulated using either Tween80 (acid stable emulsifier) or Span60 (acid unstable emulsifier). The four emulsions contained partially crystalline droplets that remained stable (SS) or destabilized (SU) or contained liquid droplets that remained stable (LS) or destabilized (LU) when exposed to simulated in vitro gastric conditions. Fifteen healthy adult male non-restrained eaters (mean ± SD age: 24.9 ± 4.5; BMI: 26.0 ± 2.0 kg/m2; fasting TAG: 0.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L) consumed 250 mL of one of the emulsions on four occasions separated by at least 6 days. Baseline fasting and 6-hr postprandial ultrasound gastric antrum measurements, satiety visual analogue scales (VAS), and blood samples for analysis of plasma TAG and hunger and satiety hormones were collected. Results Gastric antrum area decreased faster (P ≤ 0.01) for the acid unstable emulsions (SU and LU) indicating faster GE. Postprandial TAG response did not differ significantly between any of the emulsions, but there were differences in postprandial satiety responses. 3-hr incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was significantly lower for hunger (P = 0.021) and desire to eat (P = 0.031) ratings and 6-hr iAUC was significantly higher for ghrelin (P = 0.028) with LS compared to SU. Plasma PYY and GLP-1 change from baseline values were also higher following consumption of LS compared to LU (P = 0.028) (for PYY), and compared to SU (P = 0.008) and LU (P = 0.001) (for GLP-1). Conclusions Emulsion phase separation in the stomach was associated with delayed GE, which corresponded to enhanced satiety with the acid stable emulsion containing TAG in the liquid state. Funding Sources Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.

A Culinary Dose of Herbs and Spices Improves 24-Hour Blood Pressure in Adults at Risk for Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Randomized, Crossover, Controlled-Feeding Study

Abstract Objectives Intake of a herb/spice containing meal attenuates post-prandial lipemia, hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, and improves endothelial function. No randomized controlled trials have examined the cardiometabolic effects of longer-term intake of mixed herbs and spices. We aimed to assess the effect of an average American diet containing herbs and spices at 0.5 (Low Spice Diet; LSD), 3.3 (Moderate Spice Diet; MSD) and 6.6 (High Spice Diet; HSD) g/day/2100 kcal on lipids/lipoproteins as well as other risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in at-risk adults. Methods A three-period, randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study including 71 participants (55% female; 44 ± 11 years, BMI 29.7 ± 2.9 kg/m2; waist circumference 102.4 ± 7.3 cm) was conducted. Each diet was provided for 4-weeks with a minimum 2-week wash-out period. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and the end of each diet period. On 2 separate days at each time point a fasting blood draw was taken for analysis of lipids/lipoproteins, glucose and insulin. A SphygmoCor XCEL was used for pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity assessment, and participants wore an ambulatory blood pressure monitor for a 24-hour period. Results No between-diet effects were observed for LDL-cholesterol, the primary outcome. Between-diet differences were observed for mean 24-hour systolic (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and diastolic (P &amp;lt; 0.001) blood pressure. The HSD lowered mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the MSD (−2.2 mmHg; 95% CI −0.7, −3.8; P = 0.002 and −1.6 mmHg; 95% CI −0.6, −2.5; P &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) and LSD (−2.1 mmHg; 95% CI −3.6, −0.6; P = 0.004 and −1.7 mmHg; 95% CI −0.7, −2.7; P &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively); no differences were detected between the LSD and MSD. No between-diet effects were observed for clinic measured blood pressure, markers of glycemia, or vascular function. Conclusions In the context of a suboptimal U.S. style diet, addition of a culinary dose of mixed herbs and spices (6.6 g/day/2100kcal) improved 24-hour blood pressure after 4-weeks, compared to lower doses (0.5 and 3.3 g/day/2100 kcal), in adults at elevated risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Funding Sources McCormick Science Institute and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (1UL1TR002014–01).

Palmitic acid–rich oils with and without interesterification lower postprandial lipemia and increase atherogenic lipoproteins compared with a MUFA-rich oil: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundInteresterified (IE) fats are widely used in place of trans fats; however, little is known about their metabolism.ObjectivesTo test the impact of a commonly consumed IE compared with a non-IE equivalent fat on in vivo postprandial and in vitro lipid metabolism, compared with a reference oil [rapeseed oil (RO)].MethodsA double-blinded, 3-phase crossover, randomized controlled trial was performed in healthy adults (n = 20) aged 45–75 y. Postprandial plasma triacylglycerol and lipoprotein responses (including stable isotope tracing) to a test meal (50 g fat) were evaluated over 8 h. The test fats were IE 80:20 palm stearin/palm kernel fat, an identical non-IE fat, and RO (control). In vitro, mechanisms of digestion were explored using a dynamic gastric model (DGM).ResultsPlasma triacylglycerol 8-h incremental area under the curves were lower following non-IE compared with RO [–1.7 mmol/L⋅h (95% CI: –3.3, –0.0)], but there were no differences between IE and RO or IE and non-IE. LDL particles were smaller following IE and non-IE compared with RO (P = 0.005). Extra extra large, extra large, and large VLDL particle concentrations were higher following IE and non-IE compared with RO at 6–8 h (P < 0.05). No differences in the appearance of [13C]palmitic acid in plasma triacylglycerol were observed between IE and non-IE fats. DGM revealed differences in phase separation of the IE and non-IE meals and delayed release of SFAs compared with RO.ConclusionsInteresterification did not modify fat digestion, postprandial lipemia, or lipid metabolism measured by stable isotope and DGM analysis. Despite the lower lipemia following the SFA-rich fats, increased proatherogenic large triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein remnant and small LDL particles following the SFA-rich fats relative to RO adds a new postprandial dimension to the mechanistic evidence linking SFAs to cardiovascular disease risk.

Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Induced by Postprandial Lipemia.

Postprandial lipemia plays an important role in the formation, occurrence, and development of atherosclerosis, and it is closely related to coronary heart disease and other diseases involving endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and other mechanisms. Therefore, it has become a focus area for further research. The studies on postprandial lipemia mainly include TG, TRL, VLDL, CM, and remnant cholesterol. Diurnal triglyceride patterns and postprandial hyperlipidemia are very relevant and are now insufficiently covered. The possible mechanisms between postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease have been reviewed in this article by referring to relevant literature in recent years. The research progress on the effects of postprandial lipemia on endothelial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation is highlighted. The intervention of postprandial lipemia is discussed. Non-medicinal intervention such as diet and exercise improves postprandial lipemia. As medicinal intervention, statin, fibrate, ezetimibe, omega-3 fatty acids, and niacin have been found to improve postprandial lipid levels. Novel medications such as pemafibrate, PCSK9, and apoCIII inhibitors have been the focus of research in recent years. Gut microbiota is closely related to lipid metabolism, and some studies have indicated that intestinal microorganisms may affect lipid metabolism as environmental factors. Whether intervention of gut microbiota can reduce postprandial lipemia, and therefore against AS, may be worthy of further study.

Potential Combination of Bittern Water with Vitamin B Complex for Mineral Deficiency Therapy in Cattle: A Literature Study

Bittern water is a byproduct of the crystallization process from the manufacture of salt which have high concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium and other trace minerals Bittern water is known to treat osteoporosis, postprandial hyperlipidemia, oral infections and increase salivary secretion. The mineral content in bittern water is not only beneficial for humans but also for animal health. Cows are one of the animals that are prone to various health problems such as mineral balance and metabolism disorders in the body, especially during pregnancy and after giving birth. In addition to minerals, vitamin B complex is often used to improve the health quality of cows. However, until now, the use of bittern water and the combination with vitamin B complex for animal treatment is still very rare. The formulation of multivitamin-mineral preparations is quite complex to do so that there are several things that need to be considered in order to obtain a good and quality formula. This review article was created to gather information regarding the benefits of the mineral content contained in bittern water and vitamin B complex as a treatment to treat various health problems for cattle, as well as what important factors should be considered in multivitamin-mineral preparations. Based on literature search, it was found that the combination of bittern water and vitamin B complex has the potential to overcome health problems in cows, where the main minerals in bittern water are proven to improve magnesium status in the blood, increase calcium intake and reduce the incidence of milk fever, increase milk production and components, and improve immune status. While vitamin B complex is widely used as a supplement to increase metabolism, energy status in cows balances rumen pH, maintains microbiota balance in riumen and helps increase milk production. The combination of bittern water and vitamin B complex can synergistically improve mineral status, energy, and immune response, as well as improve disease symptoms. There are also important factors that must be considered in multivitamin-mineral dosage formulations for animals, namely bioavailability, stability, and dosage form.

The reliability of an abbreviated fat tolerance test: A comparison to the oral glucose tolerance test.

Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is predictive of cardiovascular disease risk, but the current method for assessing PPL is a burdensome process. Recently, the validity of an abbreviated fat tolerance test (AFTT) has been demonstrated. As a continuation of this research, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the AFTT and compare it to the reliability of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In this randomized crossover trial, 20 healthy adults (10 male and 10 female) completed 2 AFTTs and 2 OGTTs, each separated by a 1-week washout. For the AFTT, triglycerides (TG) were measured at baseline and 4h post-consumption of a high-fat meal, during which time participants were able to leave the lab. For the OGTT, we measured blood glucose at baseline and 2h post-consumption of a 75-g pure glucose solution, and participants remained in the lab. To determine reliability, we calculated within-subject coefficient of variation (WCV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The mean 4-h TG WCV for the AFTT was 12.6%, while the mean 2-h glucose WCV for the OGTT was 10.5%. ICC values for 4-h TG and TG change were 0.79 and 0.71, respectively, while ICC values for 2-h glucose and glucose change were 0.66 and 0.56, respectively. Based on WCV and ICC, the TG response to an AFTT was similarly reliable to the glucose response to an OGTT in our sample of healthy adults, supporting the AFTT's potential as a standard clinical test for determining PPL. However, reliability of the AFTT needs to be further tested in individuals at greater risk for cardiometabolic disease.

Effects of two consecutive mixed meals high in palmitic acid or stearic acid on 8-h postprandial lipemia and glycemia in healthy-weight and overweight men and postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial

PurposePalmitic and stearic acids have different effects on fasting serum lipoproteins. However, the effects on postprandial lipemia and glycemia are less clear. Also, the effects of a second meal may differ from those of the first meal. Therefore, we studied the effects of two consecutive mixed meals high in palmitic acid- or stearic acid-rich fat blends on postprandial lipemia and glycemia.MethodsIn a randomized, crossover study, 32 participants followed 4-week diets rich in palmitic or stearic acids, At the end of each dietary period, participants consumed two consecutive meals each containing ± 50 g of the corresponding fat blend.ResultsPostprandial concentrations of triacylglycerol (diet-effect: − 0.18 mmol/L; p = 0.001) and apolipoprotein B48 (diet-effect: − 0.68 mg/L; p = 0.002) were lower after stearic-acid than after palmitic-acid intake. Consequently, total (iAUC0–8 h) and first meal (iAUC0–4 h) responses were lower after stearic-acid intake (p ≤ 0.01). Second meal responses (iAUC4–8 h) were not different. Postprandial changes between the diets in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-peptide differed significantly over time (p < 0.001 and p = 0.020 for diet*time effects, respectively), while those for glucose and insulin did not. The dAUC0–8 h, dAUC0–4 h, and dAUC4–8 h for NEFA were larger after stearic-acid intake (p ≤ 0.05). No differences were observed in the iAUCs of C-peptide, glucose, and insulin. However, second meal responses for glucose and insulin (iAUC4–8 h) tended to be lower after stearic-acid intake (p < 0.10).ConclusionConsumption of the stearic acid-rich meals lowered postprandial lipemia as compared with palmitic acid. After the second stearic acid-rich meal, concentrations of C-peptide peaked earlier and those of NEFA decreased more.Clinical trial registry This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02835651 on July 18, 2016.

Postprandial lipemia causes oxidative stress in dogs

Oxidative stress (OS) has been strongly associated with postprandial lipemia (PPL) in humans, and still requires further investigation in dogs. However, since lipemia interferes with spectrophotometric determinations such as those used to assess OS, the present study investigated the effect of PPL on OS parameters of healthy dogs. Twenty dogs had lipemic postprandial samples compared to the average of two non-lipemic moments. Subsequently, PPL was simulated in vitro using a commercial lipid emulsion and twelve pools of non-lipemic serum of these dogs were used to simulate the minimum, median and maximum concentrations of triglycerides obtained during the lipemic state. Serum OS parameters were assessed using the antioxidants uric acid, albumin and total bilirubin; total antioxidant capacity (TAC); total oxidant capacity (TOC); and lipid peroxidation. In vivo PPL caused an increase in albumin, TAC-CUPRAC, TAC-FRAP, uric acid (p < 0.0001), TOC (p = 0.0012) and total bilirubin (p = 0.0245); reduction of TAC-ABTS (p = 0.0008); and did not alter the lipid peroxidation (p = 0.8983). In vitro, levels of albumin increased at the three lipemic concentrations (p < 0.0001), uric acid increased in the median and maximum levels (p < 0.0001), and total bilirubin concentration increased only at the maximum lipemic level (p = 0.0012). All lipemic levels tested increased TAC-ABTS (p = 0.0011) and TAC-FRAP (p < 0.0001). TAC-CUPRAC (p = 0.5002), TOC (p = 0.5938) and lipid peroxidation (p = 0.4235) were not affected by in vitro lipemia. In conclusion, both the in vivo postprandial state and in vitro simulated lipemia affect oxidative stress markers in dogs depending on the oxidative stress marker, and thus the postprandial state and/or lipemic samples should be avoided.

The attenuation of postprandial lipemia by aerobic exercise depends on allelic variations of the Apolipoprotein B gene

To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) related to allelic variants of the apolipoprotein B ( APOB ) gene. All volunteers participated in three randomly selected trials, with at least 48 h between sessions: control (no exercise), MOD-EX (moderate exercise) and INT-EX (intense exercise). Two groups of healthy young men composed of 11 and 19 carriers of the C/C and T/C genotypes of the APOB gene (rs693) were constituted. Each exercise test (MOD-EX and INT-EX) were done until the 500-kcal expenditure and were completed 30-min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM). Venous blood was collected before the exercise test and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the HFM. PPL was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as the kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was adopted at P < 0.05 level. The C/C group exhibited a decrease in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein levels following both MOD-EX (1378 ± 787 vs 1069 ± 537; 837 ± 122 vs 830 ± 150; 206 ± 78 vs 186 ± 59, respectively) and INT-EX (1378 ± 787 vs 1119 ± 526; 837 ± 122 vs 828 ± 151; 206 ± 78 vs 174 ± 93, respectively). Interestingly, the T/C group was insensitive to any of the attempts to reduce circulating fat. Moderate and intense aerobic exercise were both equally effective in attenuating PPL in the C/C carriers of the APOB gene. Étudier l’effet de l’exercice aérobie sur la lipémie postprandiale (PPL) liée aux variantes alléliques du gène de l’apolipoprotéine B (APOB). Tous les volontaires ont participé à trois essais sélectionnés au hasard, avec au moins 48 h entre les sessions: contrôle (pas d’exercice), MOD-EX (exercice modéré) et INT-EX (exercice intense). Deux groupes de jeunes hommes en bonne santé composés de 11 et 19 porteurs des génotypes C/C et T/C du gène APOB (rs693) ont été constitués. Chaque test d’effort (MOD-EX et INT-EX) a été effectué jusqu’à la dépense de 500 kcal et a été achevé 30 min avant l’ingestion d’un repas riche en graisses (HFM). Le sang veineux a été prélevé avant l’épreuve d’effort et 1, 2, 3 et 4 h après la HFM. La PPL a été évaluée en utilisant l’aire sous l’approche de la courbe ainsi que le profil cinétique des variables lipidiques moyennes. La signification statistique a été adoptée au niveau p < 0,05. Le groupe C/C a montré une diminution des triglycérides plasmatiques, du cholestérol total et des taux de lipoprotéines de très basse densité après les deux MOD-EX (1378 ± 787 vs 1069 ± 537 ; 837 ± 122 vs 830 ± 150; 206 ± 78 vs 186 ± 59, respectivement) et INT-EX (1378 ± 787 contre 1119 ± 526; 837 ± 122 contre 828 ± 151; 206 ± 78 contre 174 ± 93, respectivement). Fait intéressant, le groupe T/C était insensible à toutes les tentatives de réduction des graisses en circulation. L’exercice aérobie modéré et intense étaient tous deux également efficaces pour atténuer la PPL dans les porteurs C/C du gène APOB .

Quantile-dependent expressivity of serum C-reactive protein concentrations in family sets.

Background“Quantile-dependent expressivity” occurs when the effect size of a genetic variant depends upon whether the phenotype (e.g., C-reactive protein, CRP) is high or low relative to its distribution. We have previously shown that the heritabilities (h2) of coffee and alcohol consumption, postprandial lipemia, lipoproteins, leptin, adiponectin, adiposity, and pulmonary function are quantile-specific. Whether CRP heritability is quantile-specific is currently unknown.MethodsSerum CRP concentrations from 2,036 sibships and 6,144 offspring-parent pairs were analyzed from the Framingham Heart Study. Quantile-specific heritability from full-sib (βFS, h2 ={(1 + 8rspouseβFS)0.5 − 1}/(2rspouse)) and offspring-parent regression slopes (βOP, h2 = 2βOP/(1 + rspouse)) were estimated robustly by quantile regression with nonparametric significance determined from 1,000 bootstrap samples.ResultsQuantile-specific h2 (±SE) increased with increasing percentiles of the offspring’s age- and sex-adjusted CRP distribution when estimated from βOP (Ptrend = 0.0004): 0.02 ± 0.01 at the 10th, 0.04 ± 0.01 at the 25th, 0.10 ± 0.02 at the 50th, 0.20 ± 0.05 at the 75th, and 0.33 ± 0.10 at the 90th percentile, and when estimated from βFS (Ptrend = 0.0008): 0.03±0.01 at the 10th, 0.06 ± 0.02 at the 25th, 0.14 ± 0.03 at the 50th, 0.24 ± 0.05 at the 75th, and 0.53 ± 0.21 at the 90th percentile.ConclusionHeritability of serum CRP concentration is quantile-specific, which may explain or contribute to the inflated CRP differences between CRP (rs1130864, rs1205, rs1800947, rs2794521, rs3091244), FGB (rs1800787), IL-6 (rs1800795, rs1800796), IL6R (rs8192284), TNF-α (rs1800629) and APOE genotypes following CABG surgery, stroke, TIA, curative esophagectomy, intensive periodontal therapy, or acute exercise; during acute coronary syndrome or Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia; or in patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, ankylosing spondylitis, obesity or inflammatory bowel disease or who smoke.

Multicompartmental non-invasive sensing of postprandial lipemia in humans with multispectral optoacoustic tomography

ObjectivePostprandial lipid profiling (PLP), a risk indicator of cardiometabolic disease, is based on frequent blood sampling over several hours after a meal, an approach that is invasive and inconvenient. Non-invasive PLP may offer an alternative for disseminated human monitoring. Herein, we investigate the use of clinical multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) for non-invasive, label-free PLP via direct lipid-sensing in human vasculature and soft tissues. MethodsFour (n = 4) subjects (3 females and 1 male, age: 28 ± 7 years) were enrolled in the current pilot study. We longitudinally measured the lipid signals in arteries, veins, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissues of all participants at 30-min intervals for 6 h after the oral consumption of a high-fat meal. ResultsOptoacoustic lipid-signal analysis showed on average a 63.4% intra-arterial increase at ~ 4 h postprandially, an 83.9% intra-venous increase at ~ 3 h, a 120.8% intra-muscular increase at ~ 3 h, and a 32.8% subcutaneous fat increase at ~ 4 h. ConclusionMSOT provides the potential to study lipid metabolism that could lead to novel diagnostics and prevention strategies by label-free, non-invasive detection of tissue biomarkers implicated in cardiometabolic diseases.

High-throughput LC-MS method to investigate postprandial lipemia: considerations for future precision nutrition research.

Elevated postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet methods to quantitate postmeal handling of dietary lipids in humans are limited. This study tested a new method to track dietary lipid appearance using a stable isotope tracer (2H11-oleate) in liquid meals containing three levels of fat [low fat (LF), 15 g; moderate fat (MF), 30 g; high fat (HF), 60 g]. Meals were fed to 12 healthy men [means ± SD, age 31.3 ± 9.2 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2] during four randomized study visits; the HF meal was administered twice for reproducibility. Blood was collected over 8 h postprandially, triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL), and particles with a Svedberg flotation rate >400 (Sf > 400, n = 8) were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and labeling of two TG species (54:3 and 52:2) was quantified by LC-MS. Total plasma TRL-TG concentrations were threefold greater than Sf > 400-TG. Both Sf > 400- and TRL-TG 54:3 were present at higher concentrations than 52:2, and singly labeled TG concentrations were higher than doubly labeled. Furthermore, TG 54:3 and the singly labeled molecules demonstrated higher plasma absolute entry rates differing significantly across fat levels within a single TG species (P < 0.01). Calculation of fractional entry showed no significant differences in label handling supporting the utility of either TG species for appearance rate calculations. These data demonstrate the utility of labeling research meals with stable isotopes to investigate human postprandial lipemia while simultaneously highlighting the importance of examining individual responses. Meal type and timing, control of prestudy activities, and effects of sex on outcomes should match the research goals. The method, optimized here, will be beneficial to conduct basic science research in precision nutrition and clinical drug development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel method to test human intestinal lipid handling using stable isotope labeling is presented and, for the first time, plasma appearance and lipid turnover were quantified in 12 healthy men following meals with varying amounts of fat. The method can be applied to studies in precision nutrition characterizing individual response to support basic science research or drug development. This report discusses key questions for consideration in precision nutrition that were highlighted by the data.

Efectos protectores de las proantocianidinas a nivel intestinal frente a estrés termooxidativo por ingestión de aceite de girasol utilizado en fritura

The repeated frying of food in sunflower oil produces thermo-oxidation and polymerization, potentially negative for health. The reaction of the gastrointestinal system to these compounds is unknown. Proanthocyanidins have antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties. We hypothesize that a carob-fruit extract rich in proanthocyanidins (CFE) improves the defense of the intestine against thermo-oxidative aggression. In sunflower oil, the thermo-oxidation produced by repeated frying of fish was studied while, in Wistar rats, the effect of jointly administering altered sunflower oil and CFE on: the digestion of thermo-oxidized compounds, postprandial lipaemia, proteins involved in lipid absorption, antioxidant and hemoxygenase-1 activity and expression in the small intestine. Twelve male Wistar rats, 200-250 g were cannulated for one week with the mixture of the thermo-oxidized oil-CFE or the thermo-oxidized oil. Thermo-oxidation was determined in sunflower oil and in the postprandial-fat of the gastrointestinal lumen, postprandial lipaemia, the proteins NPC1L1, ACAT-2 and MTP, and the antioxidant status in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. High thermo-oxidation and polymerization levels were found on sunflower oil and fat in the gastrointestinal lumen. The administration of thermo-oxidized sunflower oil-CFE decreases the digestibility of the oil and the polymeric/thermo-oxidized compounds, reduces postprandial lipaemia, increases NPC1L1, ACAT-2, and MTP, and improves the intestinal antioxidant status and excretion of fecal polymers. The use of CFE reduces postprandial lipaemia and guarantees an adequate intestinal antioxidant status against thermo-oxidized lipids.

Thirty Minutes of Moderate-Intensity Downhill or Level Running Has No Effect on Postprandial Lipemia

Elevated postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations are linked to a relatively high risk of cardiovascular disease. Eccentric endurance exercise, such as downhill walking and running, can provide metabolic benefits similar to concentric exercise. However, whether eccentric exercise affects postprandial lipemia remains unknown. Nine healthy young men performed level running (trial) or downhill running (DR trial, -15% slope) at 60% [INSIDE:1]O2max or rest (CON trial) for 30 min in a randomized crossover design. The participants were fed a high-fat meal the next day. Blood and expired gas samples were collected before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after the meal. Muscle soreness was measured using a visual analog scale. The DR trial induced mild muscle damage. During the 6-h postprandial period, serum TG concentrations and area under the curve (AUC) were similar across the three trials. The DR trial had a significantly higher AUC of nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and a significantly lower AUC of glucose concentrations than the CON trial. The results suggested that neither moderate-intensity DR nor running a level surface had a significant effect on lipemia after a high-fat meal. However, DR improved the postprandial glycemic response.

Oral Fat Tolerance Test in Male and Female C57Bl/6 Mice

Postprandial hyperlipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and it can be evaluated by an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). There is no consensus on how to perform the OFTT in rodents, especially in the C57BL/6 mice strain. Furthermore, there is no consensus in the literature regarding several variables involved in the test (e.g., dietary lipid source and fasting duration), and consequently, there is no standardization for the OFTT protocol. Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate a protocol for OFTT in male and female C57BL/6 mice. Briefly, mice underwent a 2 h-fasting period followed by blood collection from the tail and orogastric gavage of 200 &amp;mu;l soybean oil. Blood was collected again at 1, 2, and 3 h after gavage, and centrifuged for triglyceride quantitation through a colorimetric enzymatic assay. Triglyceridemia was evaluated throughout the test, and the area under the curve was calculated. The present protocol contributes to standardizing the OFTT protocol in C57BL/6 mice and enables future research regarding the influence of sex and cardiometabolic diseases on postprandial lipemia., [摘要]餐后高脂血症是心血管疾病的重要危险因素，可通过口服脂肪耐量试验（OFTT）进行评估。关于如何在啮齿动物中执行 OFTT 没有达成共识，尤其是在 C57Bl/6 小鼠品系中。此外，关于测试中涉及的几个变量（例如，膳食脂质来源和禁食持续时间）在文献中没有达成共识，因此，对于 OFTT 协议没有标准化。因此，我们旨在展示雄性和雌性 C57Bl/6 小鼠的 OFTT 协议。简而言之，小鼠经历了 2 小时的禁食期，然后从尾巴和口胃管中采集了 200 μl 的血液。豆油。血液在1，2再次收集，和管饲后3小时，并离心甘油三酯孔定量吨通过比色酶分析通货膨胀。在整个测试过程中评估甘油三酯血症，并计算曲线下面积。本协议有助于规范 C57Bl/6 小鼠的 OFTT 协议，并使未来研究性和心脏代谢疾病对餐后脂血症的影响成为可能。[背景]脂质代谢中产生的甘油三酯（TG）的量与心脏代谢疾病的发生和发展具有重要的相关性。餐后高脂血症是一个重要的心血管风险标志物，因为其中通常血脂分数分析，TG是第一食品摄入量（后更改Nordestgaard ，2016）。最近，国际协会建议血脂分析不再需要禁食。首先是因为个体大部分时间都处于餐后状态，其次是因为进食或禁食个体之间的 TG 没有显着差异（Nordestgaard等，2016）。口服脂肪糖耐量试验（OFTT）是评估餐后一种可靠的方法高脂血症，因为它代表了身体的能力，以normaliz &#232;脂质摄入高脂血症，使脂质代谢更深刻的分析。OFTT 包括给予特定食物并监测其在体内的代谢反应（Langsted和Nordestgaard ，2011 年）。 动物模型对于研究代谢和心脏代谢疾病至关重要；然而，有目前没有关于如何在啮齿类动物进行OFTT共识，因此，有间出版OFTT协议广泛的变化。最近的一项研究表明，OFTT结果由米影响的OU &#235;应变，膳食脂质源，空腹持续时间，和性别（落合，2020）。虽然落合等人。表明，其它菌株中号AY在OFTT（更好的响应落合，2020年），C57BL / 6小鼠CONTIN UE是用于研究最多的应变心脏代谢疾病（姆法齐奥和林顿，2001）; 因此，它已经变得至关重要，建立一个协议，以评估餐后血脂这些动物。 在 C57Bl/6 小鼠中进行的绝大多数 OFTT 研究使用橄榄油（Kimura等人，2011 年和 2013 年；Toyoda-Ono等人，2007 年；Hiel等人，2018 年；Sairyo等人，2018 年）；人虽然，有椰子（含油酸富含）的一些报道（埃尔南德斯瓦列霍等，2009），红花（山崎等人。，2012）和玉米（王等人。，2010）油。落合等人。证明橄榄油和大豆油在ddY小鼠中表现出类似的 OFTT 结果( Ochiai , 2020)。同样重要的是要考虑的脂肪给药量，因为剂量报道中所述文献的范围为5毫升/公斤〜17毫升/千克（丰田大野等人，2007;王等人，2010; Sairyo等人。，2018）和所述体积的范围从150微升至400微升（Hernandez的瓦列霍等人，2009;木村等人，2011和2013;山崎等人。，2012）。在第的面对是证据，我们建议200的OFTT餐协议微升豆油，其对应于大约7毫升/公斤。我们没有正确的按体重油量，因为我们注意到预计该米范围内的体重波动的OU &#203;菌株不显著改变的油管理的容积，而且也难以衡量注射器精确。 的空腹持续时间的范围可以从4小时至24小时（丰田大野等人，2007; Hernandez的瓦列霍等人。，2009;王等人，2010;木村等人，2011和2013;山崎等人。， 2012 年；Sairyo等人，2018 年）。考虑到空腹是啮齿动物应激事件（崔等人。，2005）和目前的指导方针^ h umans表明，空腹不再需要TG分析（Nordestgaard等人。，2016），我们提出的2短禁食协议H。最后，S当然也应该被考虑编，因为大多数研究都进行的雄性小鼠（丰田大野等，2007;埃尔南德斯瓦列霍等，2009;王等，2010;木村等人，2011年和2013；Yamazaki等人，2012 年；Hiel等人，2018 年；Sairyo等人，2018 年）。落合等人。表明女性不太容易发生脂质引起的高甘油三酯血症；然而，这些结果报告只ddY系小鼠（落合，2020年），牛逼HUS，我们选择提出了雄性和雌性小鼠的协议。 ANO考虑疗法两个重要的因素是频率和血液取样和米的定时乌斯代谢背景。关于前者，在TG峰将2之间出现小时，脂质给药后3小时（山崎等人。; 2012年Sairyo等人。，2018;落合，2020）。关于后者，一些研究在高脂肪喂养的小鼠中进行了 OFTT ，而其他研究则在健康小鼠中进行。根据落合等人的说法。，高脂肪和高蔗糖喂养一周足以促进 OFTT 期间脂质诱导的高甘油三酯血症（落合，2020）。 基于这些数据，我们的目的是证明使用200在雄性和雌性C57BL / 6小鼠为OFTT协议微升豆油2后- ħ禁食时期。